| 词条 | QF 5.25-inch naval gun |
| 释义 |
| name = QF 5.25-inch Mark I | image = HMS Sirius guns.jpg | image_size = 300 | caption = 5.25 in dual turret on HMS Sirius. A large number of empty cartridge cases stand on the deck in foreground, fired in support of the Allied invasion of Normandy, June 1944 | origin = United Kingdom | type = Dual-purpose gun | is_ranged = yes | is_artillery = yes | is_UK = yes | service = 1940–1985 (naval)[1] 1942-1960s (land) | used_by = Royal Navy Royal Artillery Royal Australian Artillery | wars = World War II Korean War | designer = | design_date = 1935 | manufacturer = | unit_cost = | production_date = | number = | variants = Mk I, Mk II[2] | spec_label = bore length | weight = Barrel & breech: {{convert|9616|lb|kg|abbr=on}} | length = Total: {{convert|22|ft|11.5|in|m|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} | part_length = Bore: {{convert|21|ft|10.5|in|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} L/50 (cal) | width = | height = | diameter = | crew = | cartridge = Separate QF, {{convert|80|lb|kg|sigfig=4}} SAP or HE | caliber = {{convert|5.25|in|mm|adj=on}} | barrels = | action = | rate = 7-8 rpm sustained fire | velocity = Naval: {{convert|2672|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} [3] Army AA: {{convert|2800|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}[4] | range = Naval: {{convert|23400|yd|m|abbr=on}} at 45 degrees with HE shell at {{convert|2600|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} AA: {{convert|36000|ft|m|abbr=on}}[4] | max_range = Naval: {{convert|24070|yd|m|abbr=on}} at 45 degrees with HE shell at {{convert|2672|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} AA: {{convert|46500|ft|m|abbr=on}}[3] | feed = | sights = | breech = | recoil = | carriage = | elevation = -5 to +70 degrees | traverse = }} The QF 5.25-inch Mark I gun was the heaviest dual-purpose gun used by the Royal Navy during the Second World War. Although considered less than completely successful, it saw extensive service.[5] 267 guns were built.[5] DesignUnlike its French and Italian contemporaries of similar size the QF 5.25 was designed as dual-purpose gun capable of engaging both aircraft and surface targets. Combining the secondary and heavy anti-aircraft armament allowed a significant weight savings for the {{sclass-|King George V|battleship|2 || 1939}}s, which were designed to meet the Washington Naval Treaty limit of 35,000 tons. The gun fired an {{convert|80|lb|kg|abbr=on}} shell, which was considered the largest that a gun crew could easily handle while still having the rate of fire needed for anti-aircraft use. In 1944, VT-fuzed shells became available, making the gun significantly more effective against aircraft. The 5.25 was carried in Mk I twin mountings by the King George V class and in Mk II twin mountings on 9 of the first 11 {{sclass-|Dido|cruiser|0}} anti-aircraft cruisers, the exceptions being {{HMS|Scylla|98|6}} and {{HMS|Charybdis|88|6}} which mounted QF 4.5-inch Mk III guns due to shortages of the 5.25-inch gun. The last five of the Dido class also known as the Bellona-class anti-aircraft cruisers mounted the 5.25-inch in the Remote Power Control RP10 Mk II mountings, which offered much-improved training and elevating speeds. The number of turrets on the Bellona class were reduced from five to four, and the number of light AA guns were increased. The RP10 Mk II mountings were also later used to replace the Mk I mountings on {{HMS|Anson|79|6}}. The last of the Royal Navy's battleships which was commissioned after the war, {{HMS|Vanguard|23|6}}, featured MK I turrets with enlarged gun houses compared to those fitted to the King George V and Dido-class ships, although the width between the guns remained the same.[6] A slightly more powerful Mk II variant was also deployed by the British Army as an anti-aircraft and coast-defence gun. Naval serviceThe RN Gunnery Pocket Book published in 1945 states: These guns are combined High Angle and Low Angle Guns. The Mark II Mounting is found in all Dido class cruisers. The Mark I Mounting is found in King George V class battleships, where they fulfil the combined functions of H.A. Long Range Armament and Secondary Armament against surface craft. The main differences between the two mountings lie in the arrangements of the shellrooms and magazines, and the supply of ammunition to the guns. In this chapter, only the Mark II Mounting, as found in Dido class cruisers, is discussed. The 5.25 in. calibre with separate ammunition is used for dual High Angle and Low Angle Armament, since it gives the reasonable maximum weight of shell which can be loaded by the average gun's crew for sustained periods at all angles of elevation. The maximum rate of fire should be 10-12 rounds per minute.[7][8] A wartime account describes {{HMS|Euryalus|42|6}} firing her 5.25 in guns: We left Suez and headed for the Gulf, where at 1 pm the ship's company closed to action-stations and gave a demonstration of the cruiser's firepower to the army officers. Fire was opened with the 10 5.25" guns in the form of a low angle barrage accompanied by fire from smaller guns. Set to burst at 2000 yds range, a terrific barrage was put up for two minutes and we fired some two hundred rounds of 5.25-inch HE...A wall of bursting shell was thrown up just above sea level and I could see that the army officers were impressed...[9] The ballistic performance of the QF 5.25 was very good, with a maximum range of 24,070 yd (22,010 m) at 45 degrees with an 80 lb (36.3 kg) HE shell.[10] In comparison, the French {{convert|138|mm|in|adj=on|abbr=on}} Mle 1934 guns as used on the {{Sclass-|Mogador|destroyer}}s had a maximum range of 21,872 yards (20,000 m) at 30 degrees with an 88 lb (39.9 kg) SAP shell.[11] While the Italian 135/45 mm gun as used on the {{sclass-|Capitani Romani|cruiser|2}}s had a maximum range of 21,435 yards (19,600 m) at 45 degrees with a 72.1 lb (32.7 kg) AP shell.[12] The QF 5.25 guns performed well on {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|6}} during Operation Halberd, but later Prince of Wales was overwhelmed and sunk while operating as part of Force Z, due to factors unrelated to the guns performance.[13] No Dido-class cruisers were lost from air attack, although four were sunk by submarine or surface-launched torpedoes.[14] However {{HMS|Spartan|95|6}}, a Bellona-class cruiser, was sunk at anchor in 1944 by a Luftwaffe guided missile.[14] According to postwar publications the gunhouses were cramped, and the heavy projectile and cartridge cases resulted in a reduced sustained rate of fire to seven or eight rounds per minute from the designed twelve rounds per minute.[15][20][16] However, these factors do not appear to have reduced HMS Euryalus{{'}}s rate of fire, over a one-minute period, which was typical for a World War II AA engagement.[17] The dual-mount turrets 10 deg/s traversal speed was considered too slow to engage higher-speed aircraft at close range.[18][19] However these elevation and traverse rates were still higher than some contemporary weapons, such as the 10.5 cm SK C/33 twin mounts carried on the German battleships {{ship|German battleship|Bismarck || 2}} and {{ship|German battleship|Tirpitz || 2}}.[20] Ship classesShips with QF 5.25 inch Mark I guns:
Land serviceIn early 1942 the Governor of Gibraltar sought 5.25-in guns for dual anti-aircraft/coast defence role. None was forthcoming. However, later that year Anti-Aircraft Command in UK acquired three twin-gun turrets from the Admiralty, which were installed around London in permanent positions. Trials and use led the army to design a single gun mounting in two marks, both with an underground engine room to provide electrical and hydraulic power for traverse, elevation, fuze setting, ramming and other tasks. Fitted with the standard army Machine Fuze Setter No 10 these guns had a rate of fire of 10 rds/min and a maximum height of 50,000 ft, with an effective height of 36,000 ft.[21] Mark 1A was a mild steel turret for anti aircraft use only, Mk 1B was an armoured turret for anti aircraft and coast defence use. The gun was designated Mk 2. By the end of 1943 only 16 of the new guns had been installed, far below projections. By the end of the war 164 guns had been produced.[22] The high-explosive shells were fuzed with the standard army No 208 mechanical time fuze, used with 3.7 and 4.5-inch anti-aircraft guns. The guns remained in service after World War II and in 1953 11 guns were installed in Gibraltar.[23][24] Late in World War II, seven guns were mounted in Australia and three in New Guinea, in enclosed single-gun anti-aircraft/coast defence turrets.[25] Specifications
AmmunitionSurviving examples
See also
Weapons of comparable role, performance and era
ReferencesNotes1. ^HMNZS Royalist was not decommissioned until 1966, although she appears to have ended "active service" some years before. All other ships were decommissioned by 1962 except PNS Babur which served until 1985. 2. ^Mk I = Mark 1, Mk II = Mark 2. Britain used Roman numerals to denote "Marks" (i.e. models) of ordnance until after World War 2. Hence this article covers the 2 models of QF 5.25-inch gun. 3. ^1 Campbell, Naval Weapons of WW2, p44 4. ^1 Routledge 1994, page 87 5. ^1 Page of Navweapons 6. ^Campbell, p.46 7. ^{{cite book |url=http://www.maritime.org/doc/br224/part1.htm#par159 |title=The Gunnery Pocket Book |year=1945 |page=51}} 8. ^Sired, Enemy Engaged, p23, states: "The Italians did not press home their attacks very hard and I thought they had a lot to put up with, as each (10 5.25 in gun) cruiser could fire 100 rounds of 5.25" HE shell per minute..." Ronald Sired was a gunnery petty officer on board {{HMS|Euryalus|42|6}}. The accuracy of Sired's account was praised by Captain FC Flynn RN. Official Historian of the Naval Campaigns in the Mediterranean 9. ^Sired, Enemy Engaged, p 63. 10. ^Navweapons site, QF Mark I 11. ^Navweapons site, Model 1934 and Model 1934 R1938 12. ^Navweapons site, Models 1937 and 1938 13. ^Battleship, Middlebrook 14. ^1 Raven, Dido Class Cruisers 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/MCGWW2.html |first=Anthony G |last=Williams |title=Medium Calibre guns of the Royal Navy in World War II |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424042426/http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/MCGWW2.html |archivedate=2009-04-24 |df= }} 16. ^Garzke&Dullin, 1980. pp. 228–229 17. ^Hodges, Tribal Class Destroyers, p 32: Diagram of High Level Bomber Attack: A 240 mph target, at 12 thousand feet altitude could expect to be under for fire about 75 seconds, from the time it enters the effective range of the HACS until it flies to within the minimum range of a 5.25 gun elevated to 70 degrees. A Tribal-class destroyer would be able to engage the same target for about 37 seconds. 18. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_525-50_mk1.htm |title=Britain 5.25"/50 (13.4 cm) QF Mark I |publisher=navweaps.com}} 19. ^A 270-knot (500 km/h) target crossing the line of sight at right angles, at 2000 yards (1829 m) range, will move across the line of sight at 4.5 degrees per second. This simple fact of geometry appears to contradict the assertion that a 10-degree-per-second traverse rate was too slow to track a high-speed aircraft. 20. ^Navweaps 10.5 cm/65 (4.1") SK C/33 21. ^Routledge 1994, page 87, 78. "Effective height" was the greatest at which a 400 mph target could be engaged for 30 seconds using Predictor No. 10 (the all-electric US Bell AAA Computer) : hence with a realistic prospect of damaging the target. The shell could travel up to 50,000 ft but with little tracking capability hence little effectiveness. 22. ^Routledge 1994, page 92 23. ^Hogg pg. 105-106 24. ^Routledge pg 77, 92,204, 207, 432 25. ^DW Spethman, "The garrison guns of Australia 1788-1962", pages 145-6. Published by Ron H Mortensen, Inala Qld, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-9775990-8-0}} 26. ^Garzke, p291: " The guns were fully automatic and remotely controlled, with a rate of fire of eighteen rounds per minute." 27. ^Naval Weapons page gives 3 inches at 9,500 yards Citations{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}Bibliography
External links{{Commons category|QF 5.25 inch gun}}
5 : Naval guns of the United Kingdom|World War II naval weapons of the United Kingdom|Naval anti-aircraft guns|133 mm artillery|Coastal artillery |
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