请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Magnetohydrodynamic drive
释义

  1. Principle

  2. Typology

     Marine propulsion  Aircraft propulsion  Passive flow control  Active flow control   Prospects   Spacecraft propulsion 

  3. Fiction

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

A magnetohydrodynamic drive or MHD accelerator is a method for propelling vehicles using only electric and magnetic fields with no moving parts, accelerating an electrically conductive propellant (liquid or gas) with magnetohydrodynamics. The fluid is directed to the rear and as a reaction, the vehicle accelerates forward.[1][2][3]

The first studies examining MHD in the field of marine propulsion date back to the early 1960s.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

Few large-scale working prototypes have been built, as marine MHD propulsion remains impractical due to its low efficiency, limited by the low electrical conductivity of seawater. Increasing current density is limited by Joule heating and water electrolysis in the vicinity of electrodes, and increasing the magnetic field strength is limited by the cost, size and weight (as well as technological limitations) of electromagnets and the power available to feed them.[14][15]

Stronger technical limitations apply to air-breathing MHD propulsion (where ambient air is ionized) that is still limited to theoretical concepts and early experiments.[16][17][18]

Plasma propulsion engines using magnetohydrodynamics for space exploration have also been actively studied as such electromagnetic propulsion offers high thrust and high specific impulse at the same time, and the propellant would last much longer than chemical rockets.[19]

Principle

{{Main|Lorentz force}}{{see also|Magnetohydrodynamic converter}}

The working principle involves the acceleration of an electrically conductive fluid (which can be a liquid or an ionized gas called a plasma) by the Lorentz force, resulting from the cross product of an electric current (motion of charge carriers accelerated by an electric field applied between two electrodes) with a perpendicular magnetic field. The Lorentz force accelerates all charged particles (positive and negative species) in the same direction whatever their sign, and the whole fluid is dragged through collisions. As a reaction, the vehicle is put in motion in the opposite direction.

This is the same working principle as an electric motor (more exactly a linear motor) except that in an MHD drive, the solid moving rotor is replaced by the fluid acting directly as the propellant. As all electromagnetic devices, an MHD accelerator is reversible: if the ambient working fluid is moving relatively to the magnetic field, charge separation induces an electric potential difference that can be harnessed with electrodes: the device then acts as a power source with no moving part transforming the kinetic energy of the incoming fluid into electricity, called an MHD generator.

As the Lorentz force in an MHD converter does not act on a single isolated charged particle nor on electrons in a solid electrical wire, but on a continuous charge distribution in motion, it is a "volumetric" (body) force, a force per unit volume:

where f is the force density (force per unit volume), ρ the charge density (charge per unit volume), E the electric field, J the current density (current per unit area) and B the magnetic field.

Typology

MHD thrusters are classified in two categories according to the way the electromagnetic fields operate:

  • Conduction devices when a direct current flows in the fluid due to an applied voltage between pairs of electrodes, the magnetic field being steady.
  • Induction devices when alternating currents are induced by a rapidly varying magnetic field, as eddy currents. No electrodes are required in this case.

As induction MHD accelerators are electrodeless, they do not exhibit the common issues related to conduction systems (especially Joule heating, bubbles and redox from electrolysis) but need much more intense peak magnetic fields to operate. Since one of the biggest issues with such thrusters is the limited energy available on-board, induction MHD drives have not been developed out of the laboratory.

Both systems can put the working fluid in motion according to two main designs:

  • Internal flow when the fluid is accelerated within and propelled back out of a nozzle of tubular or ring-shaped cross-section, the MHD interaction being concentrated within the pipe (similarly to rocket or jet engines).
  • External flow when the fluid is accelerated around the whole wetted area of the vehicle, the electromagnetic fields extending around the body of the vehicle. The propulsion force results from the pressure distribution on the shell (as lift on a wing, or how ciliate microorganisms such as paramecium move water around them).

Internal flow systems concentrate the MHD interaction in a limited volume, preserving stealth characteristics. External field systems on the contrary have the ability to act on a very large expanse of surrounding water volume with higher efficiency and the ability to decrease drag, increasing the efficiency even further.[12]

Marine propulsion

MHD has no moving parts, which means that a good design might be silent, reliable, and efficient. Additionally, the MHD design eliminates many of the wear and friction pieces of the drivetrain with a directly driven propeller by an engine.

Problems with current technologies include expense and slow speed compared to a propeller driven by an engine.[14][15]

The extra expense is from the large generator that must be driven by an engine. Such a large generator is not required when an engine directly drives a propeller.

The first prototype, a 3-meter (10-feet) long submarine called EMS-1, was designed and tested in 1966 by Stewart Way, a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Way, on leave from his job at Westinghouse Electric, assigned his senior year undergraduate students to build the operational unit. This MHD submarine operated on batteries delivering power to electrodes and electromagnets, which produced a magnetic field of 0.015 tesla. The cruise speed was about 0.4 meter per second (15 inches per second) during the test in the bay of Santa Barbara, California, in accordance with theoretical predictions.[20][21][11][12]

Later, a Japanese prototype, the 3.6-meter long "ST-500", achieved speeds of up to 0.6 m/s in 1979.[22]

In 1991, the world's first full-size prototype Yamato 1 was completed in Japan after 6 years of R&D by the Ship & Ocean Foundation (later known as the Ocean Policy Research Foundation). The ship successfully carried a crew of ten plus passengers at speeds of up to {{convert|15|km/h|knot|abbr=on}} in Kobe Harbour in June 1992.[2][23]

Small-scale ship models were later built and studied extensively in the laboratory, leading to successful comparisons between the measurements and the theoretical prediction of ship terminal speeds.[14][15]

Military research about underwater MHD propulsion included high-speed torpedoes, remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROV), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV), up to larger ones such as submarines.[24]

Aircraft propulsion

{{see also|Flow control (fluid)}}

Passive flow control

First studies of the interaction of plasmas with hypersonic flows around vehicles date back to the late 1950s, with the concept of a new kind of thermal protection system for space capsules during high-speed reentry. As low-pressure air is naturally ionized at such very high velocities and altitude, it was thought to use the effect of a magnetic field produced by an electromagnet to replace thermal ablative shields by a "magnetic shield". Hypersonic ionized flow interacts with the magnetic field, inducing eddy currents in the plasma. The current combines with the magnetic field to give Lorentz forces that oppose the flow and detach the bow shock wave further ahead of the vehicle, lowering the heat flux which is due to the brutal recompression of air behind the stagnation point. Such passive flow control studies are still ongoing, but a large-scale demonstrator has yet to be built.[25][26]

Active flow control

Active flow control by MHD force fields on the contrary involves a direct and imperious action of forces to locally accelerate or slow down the airflow, modifying its velocity, direction, pressure, friction, heat flux parameters, in order to preserve materials and engines from stress, allowing hypersonic flight. It is a field of magnetohydrodynamics also called magnetogasdynamics, magnetoaerodynamics or magnetoplasma aerodynamics, as the working fluid is the air (a gas instead of a liquid) ionized to become electrically conductive (a plasma).

Air ionization is achieved at high altitude (electrical conductivity of air increases as atmospheric pressure reduces according to Paschen's law) using various techniques: high voltage electric arc discharge, RF (microwaves) electromagnetic glow discharge, laser, e-beam or betatron, radioactive source… with or without seeding of low ionization potential alkali substances (like caesium) into the flow.[27][28]

MHD studies applied to aeronautics try to extend the domain of hypersonic planes to higher Mach regimes:

  • Action on the boundary layer to prevent laminar flow to become turbulent.
  • Shock wave mitigation for thermal control and reduction of the wave drag and form drag. Some theoretical studies suggest the flow velocity could be controlled everywhere on the wetted area of an aircraft, so shock waves could be totally cancelled when using enough power.[29][30][31]
  • Inlet flow control.[28][32][33]
  • Airflow velocity reduction upstream to feed a scramjet by the use of an MHD generator section combined with an MHD accelerator downstream at the exhaust nozzle, powered by the generator through an MHD bypass system.[34][35][36][37]

The Russian project Ayaks (Ajax) is an example of MHD-controlled hypersonic aircraft concept.[18] A US program also exists to design a hypersonic MHD bypass system, the Hypersonic Vehicle Electric Power System (HVEPS). A working prototype was completed in 2017 under development by General Atomics and the University of Tennessee Space Institute, sponsored by the US Air Force Research Laboratory.[38][39][40] These projects aim to develop MHD generators feeding MHD accelerators for a new generation of high-speed vehicles. Such MHD bypass systems are often designed around a scramjet engine, but easier to design turbojets are also considered,[41][42][43] as well as subsonic ramjets.[44]

Such studies covers a field of resistive MHD with magnetic Reynolds number ≪ 1 using nonthermal weakly ionized gases, making the development of demonstrators much more difficult to realize than for MHD in liquids. "Cold plasmas" with magnetic fields are subject to the electrothermal instability occurring at a critical Hall parameter, which makes full-scale developments difficult.[45]

Prospects

MHD propulsion has been considered as the main propulsion system for both marine and space ships since there is no need to produce lift to counter the gravity of Earth in water (due to buoyancy) nor in space (due to weightlessness), which is ruled out in the case of flight in the atmosphere.

Nonetheless, considering the current problem of the electric power source solved (for example with the availability of a still missing multi-megawatt compact fusion reactor), one could imagine future aircraft of a new kind silently powered by MHD accelerators, able to ionize and direct enough air downward to lift several tonnes. As external flow systems can control the flow over the whole wetted area, limiting thermal issues at high speeds, ambient air would be ionized and radially accelerated by Lorentz forces around an axisymmetric body (shaped as a cylinder, a cone, a sphere…), the entire airframe being the engine. Lift and thrust would arise as a consequence of a pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces, induced by the Coandă effect.[46][47] In order to maximize such pressure difference between the two opposite sides, and since the most efficient MHD converters (with a high Hall effect) are disk-shaped, such MHD aircraft would be preferably flattened to take the shape of a biconvex lens. Having no wings nor airbreathing jet engines, it would share no similarities with conventional aircraft, but it would behave like a helicopter whose rotor blades would have been replaced by a "purely electromagnetic rotor" with no moving part, sucking the air downward. Such concepts of flying MHD disks have been developed in the peer review literature from the mid 1970s mainly by physicists Leik Myrabo with the Lightcraft,[48][49][50][51][52] Subrata Roy with the Wingless Electromagnetic Air Vehicle (WEAV),[53][54][55] and Jean-Pierre Petit, who showed such MHD aerodynes should take the shape of a concave saucer to be able to confine the plasma to the wall.[56][57][58][59]

These futuristic visions have been advertised in the media although they still remain beyond the reach of modern technology.[60][16][61]

Spacecraft propulsion

{{main|Plasma propulsion engine}}{{See also|Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster|Pulsed inductive thruster}}

A number of experimental methods of spacecraft propulsion are based on magnetohydrodynamics. As this kind of MHD propulsion involves compressible fluids in the form of plasmas (ionized gases) it is also referred to as magnetogasdynamics or magnetoplasmadynamics.

In such electromagnetic thrusters, the working fluid is most of the time ionized hydrazine, xenon or lithium. Depending on the propellant used, it can be seeded with alkali such as potassium or caesium to improve its electrical conductivity. All charged species within the plasma, from positive and negative ions to free electrons, as well as neutral atoms by the effect of collisions, are accelerated in the same direction by the Lorentz "body" force, which results from the combination of a magnetic field with an orthogonal electric field (hence the name of "cross-field accelerator"), these fields not being in the direction of the acceleration. This is a fundamental difference with ion thrusters which rely on electrostatics to accelerate only positive ions using the Coulomb force along a high voltage electric field.

First experimental studies involving cross-field plasma accelerators (square channels and rocket nozzles) date back to the late 1950s. Such systems provide greater thrust and higher specific impulse than conventional chemical rockets and even modern ion drives, at the cost of a higher required energy density.[62][63][64][65][66][67]

Some devices also studied nowadays besides cross-field accelerators include the magnetoplasmadynamic thruster sometimes referred to as the Lorentz Force Accelerator (LFA), and the electrodeless Pulsed inductive thruster (PIT).

Even today, these systems are not ready to be launched in space as they still lack a suitable compact power source offering enough energy density (such as hypothetical fusion reactors) to feed the power-greedy electromagnets, especially pulsed inductive ones. The rapid ablation of electrodes under the intense thermal flow is also a concern. For these reasons, studies remain largely theoretical and experiments are still conducted in the laboratory, although over 60 years have passed since the first research in this kind of thrusters.

Fiction

Oregon, a ship in the Oregon Files series of books by author Clive Cussler, has a magnetohydrodynamic drive. This allows the ship to turn very sharply and brake instantly, instead of gliding for a few miles. In Valhalla Rising, Clive Cussler writes the same drive into the powering of Captain Nemo's Nautilus.

The film adaptation of The Hunt for Red October popularized the magnetohydrodynamic drive as a "caterpillar drive" for submarines, a nearly undetectable "silent drive" intended to achieve stealth in submarine warfare. In reality, the current traveling through the water would create gases and noise, and the magnetic fields would induce a detectable magnetic signature. In the novel from which the film was adapted, the caterpillar that Red October used was actually a pump-jet of the so-called "tunnel drive" type (the tunnels provided acoustic camouflage for the cavitation from the propellers).

In the Ben Bova novel The Precipice, the ship where some of the action took place, Starpower 1, built to prove that exploration and mining of the Asteroid Belt was feasible and potentially profitable, had a magnetohydrodynamic drive mated to a fusion power plant.

See also

  • Electrohydrodynamics
  • List of plasma (physics) articles
  • Lorentz force, relates electric and magnetic fields to propulsion force

References

1. ^{{cite magazine |last=Dane |first=Abe |title=100 mph Jet Ships |date=August 1990 |magazine=Popular Mechanics |pages=60–62 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/popmech_aug1990.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2018-04-04}}
2. ^1 {{cite magazine |last=Normile |first=Dennis |title=Superconductivity goes to sea |date=November 1992 |magazine=Popular Science |publisher=Bonnier Corporation |pages=80–85 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/popsci_nov1992.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2018-04-04}}
3. ^{{cite book |last1=Petit |first1=Jean-Pierre |title=The Silence Barrier |series=The Adventures of Archibald Higgins |date=1983 |publisher=Savoir Sans Frontières |url=http://www.savoir-sans-frontieres.com/download/eng/mursilence.htm |format=PDF}}
4. ^{{cite report |last1=Way |first1=S. |title=Examination of Bipolar Electric and Magnetic Fields for Submarine Propulsion |date=15 October 1958 |publisher=US Navy Bureau of Ships |id=Preliminary Memorandum Communication }}
5. ^{{cite patent|country=US|number=2997013|status=|title=|gdate=1961-08-22|fdate=1958-07-18|pridate=1958-07-18|inventor=Warren A. Rice|invent1=Rice, Warren A.|assign1=Carl E. Grebe |url=https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/05/bf/74/243dfb22257e3e/US2997013.pdf}}
6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Friauf |first1=J.B. |title=Electromagnetic ship propulsion |date=February 1961 |journal=Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=139–142 |doi=10.1111/j.1559-3584.1961.tb02428.x |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/friauf1961.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2018-04-04}}
7. ^{{cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=O.M. |title=The prospects for magnetohydrodynamic ship propulsion |date=1962 |journal=Journal of Ship Research |volume=43 |pages=43–51 |access-date=}}
8. ^{{cite paper |last1=Doragh |first1=R.A. |title=Magnetohydrodynamic Ship Propulsion using Superconducting Magnets |date=November 1963 |journal=Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) |volume=71 |pages=370–386}}
9. ^{{cite conference |last1=Way |first1=S. |title=Propulsion of Submarines by Lorentz Forces in the Surrounding Sea |date=29 November 1964 |id=ASME paper 64-WA/ENER-7 |conference=High-Pressure Technology, 1964 Symposium – ASME Winter Annual Meeting |location=New York City |publisher=ASME}}
10. ^{{cite report |last1=Way |first1=Stewart |title=Design and construction of a model electromagnetic submarine |date=1967 |id=ECL-1004 |publisher=American Society for Engineering Education |url=https://ia800304.us.archive.org/26/items/ECL-1004/ECL-1004-Design-and-Construction-of-a-Model-Electromagnetic-.pdf |format=PDF}}
11. ^1 {{cite conference |last1=Way |first1=S. |last2=Devlin |first2=C. |title=Prospects for the Electromagnetic Submarine |date=July 1967 |conference=AIAA 3rd Propulsion Joint Specialist Conference |location=Washington, D.C. |booktitle=Paper 67-432}}
12. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1=Way |first1=S. |title=Electromagnetic propulsion for cargo submarines |date=1968 |journal=Journal of Hydronautics |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=49–57 |doi=10.2514/3.62773 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/way1968.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2018-04-04}}
13. ^{{cite conference |last1=Way |first1=S. |title=Research Submarines with Minimal Ocean Disturbance |conference=International Automotive Engineering Congress and Exposition |date=January 1969 |publisher=ASME |id=SAE Technical Paper 690028 |doi=10.4271/690028}}
14. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1=Cébron |first1=David |last2=Viroulet |first2=Sylvain |last3=Vidal |first3=Jérémie |last4=Masson |first4=Jean-Paul |last5=Viroulet |first5=Philippe |title=Experimental and Theoretical Study of Magnetohydrodynamic Ship Models |year=2017 |journal=PLOS One |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=e0178599 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0178599 |pmid=28665941 |pmc=5493298 |arxiv=1707.02743|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1278599C}}
15. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1=Overduin |first1=James |last2=Polyak |first2= Viktor |last3=Rutah |first3=Anjalee |last4= Sebastian |first4= Thomas |last5=Selway |first5=Jim |last6=Zile |first6=Daniel |title=The Hunt for Red October II: A magnetohydrodynamic boat demonstration for introductory physics |date=November 2017 |journal=The Physics Teacher |volume=55 |issue=8 |pages=460–466 |doi=10.1119/1.5008337 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320439957|bibcode=2017PhTea..55..460O}}
16. ^1 {{cite magazine |last1=Pope |first1=Gregory T. |title=Fly by microwaves |date=September 1995 |magazine=Popular Mechanics |pages=44–45 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/popmech1995.pdf |format=PDF}}
17. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Molokov |editor1-first=Sergei S. |editor2-last=Moreau |editor2-first=R. |editor3-last= Moffatt |editor3-first=H. Keith |title=Magnetohydrodynamics: Historical Evolution and Trends |last1=Weier |first1=Tom |last2=Shatrov |first2=Victor |last3=Gerbeth |first3=Gunter |chapter=Flow Control and Propulsion in Poor Conductors |pages=295–312|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-4020-4832-6 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4833-3}}
18. ^1 {{cite web |author= |title=What is the Russian Ayaks aircraft? |date=30 March 2015 |website=North Atlantic Blog |url=https://northatlanticblog.wordpress.com/2015/03/30/what-is-the-russian-ayaks-aircraft/}}
19. ^{{cite magazine |last1=Choueiri |first1=Edgar Y. |title=New dawn of electric rocket |date=February 2009 |magazine=Scientific American |volume=30 |pages=58–65 |url=http://alfven.princeton.edu/publications/choueiri-sciam-2009 |format=PDF |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0209-58|bibcode=2009SciAm.300b..58C }}
20. ^{{cite journal |title=Run Silent, Run Electromagnetic |date=1966-09-23 |journal=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842848-1,00.html}}
21. ^{{YouTube|id= RNMxlEfwdEc|title="EMS-1 electromagnetic submarine on US television (1966)"}}
22. ^A. Iwata, Y. Saji and S. Sato, "Construction of Model Ship ST-500 with Superconducting Electromagnetic Thrust System", in Proceedings of the 8th International Cryogenic Engineering Conference (ICEC 8), edited by C. Rizzuto (IPC Science and Technology, 1980), pp. 775–784.
23. ^{{cite journal |last1=Takezawa |first1=Setsuo |last2=Tamama |first2=Hiroshi |last3=Sugawawa |first3=Kazumi |last4=Sakai |first4=Hiroshi |last5=Matsuyama |first5=Chiaki |last6=Morita |first6=Hiroaki |last7=Suzuki |first7=Hiromi |last8=Ueyama |first8=Yoshihiro |title=Operation of the thruster for superconducting electromagnetohydrodynamic propulsion ship YAMATO-1 |date=March 1995 |journal=Bulletin of Marine Engineering Society of Japan |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=46–55 |url=http://www.jime.jp/e/publication/bulletin/english/pdf/mv23n011995p46.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/takezawa1995.pdf |format=PDF |archive-date=2018-04-04 |access-date=2018-04-04}}
24. ^{{cite report |last1=Lin |first1=T. F. |last2=Gilbert |first2=J. B |last3=Kossowsky |first3=R. |title=Sea-water magnetohydrodynamic propulsion for next-generation undersea vehicles |date=February 1990 |publisher=Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University |id=US Navy/ONR Annual Report AD-A218 318 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5e62/d4db0b04b871207f2dfab7102a19ad649c75.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2018-04-04}}
25. ^{{cite report |last1=Sterkin |first1=Carol K. |date=December 1965 |title=Interactions of spacecraft and other moving bodies with natural plasmas |id=19660007777. NASA-CR-70362. JPLAI/LS-541 |publisher=NASA |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660007777.pdf |format=PDF}}
26. ^{{cite web |author= |title=Magnetohydrodynamic flow control during reentry |website=European Space Agency |url=https://www.esa.int/gsp/ACT/pro/projects/mhd_reentry.html |access-date=2018-04-13}}
27. ^{{cite conference |last1=Froning |first1=H. D. |last2=Roach |first2=R. L. |date=November 1999 |title=Influence of EM discharges on hypersonic vehicle lift, drag, and airbreathing thrust |conference=9th International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference |location=Norfolk, VA |booktitle=AIAA-99-4878 |doi=10.2514/6.1999-487 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/ajax/froning1999.pdf |format=PDF}}
28. ^1 {{cite conference |last1=Lineberry |first1=John T. |last2=Rosa |first2=R. J. |last3=Bityurin |first3=V. A. |last4=Botcharov |first4=A. N. |last5=Potebnya |first5=V. G. |date=July 2000 |title=Prospects of MHD flow control for hypersonics |conference=35th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference and Exhibit |location=Las Vegas, NV |booktitle=AIAA 2000-3057 |doi=10.2514/6.2000-3057 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/ajax/lineberry2000.pdf |format=PDF}}
29. ^{{cite conference | last1 = Petit |first1 = J.-P. | date = September 1983 | title = Is supersonic flight without shock wave possible? | conference = 8th International Conference on MHD Electrical Power Generation | location = Moscow, Russia | url = http://www.jp-petit.org/papers/MHD/1983-Moscow-shockwave.pdf | format = PDF}}
30. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Petit | first1 = J.-P. | last2 = Lebrun | first2 = B. | date = 1989 | title = Shock wave annihilation by MHD action in supersonic flow. Quasi one dimensional steady analysis and thermal blockage | journal = European Journal of Mechanics B | series = B/Fluids | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 163–178 | url = http://www.jp-petit.org/papers/MHD/1989-EurJMech-2.pdf | format = PDF}}
31. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Petit | first1 = J.-P. | last2 = Lebrun | first2 = B. | date = 1989 | title = Shock wave annihilation by MHD action in supersonic flows. Two-dimensional steady non-isentropic analysis. Anti-shock criterion, and shock tube simulations for isentropic flows | journal = European Journal of Mechanics B | series = B/Fluids | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 307–326 | url = http://www.jp-petit.org/papers/MHD/1989-EurJMech-2.pdf | format = PDF }}
32. ^{{cite conference |last1=Sheikin |first1=Evgeniy G. |last2=Kuranov |first2=Alexander L. |date=2005 |title=Scramjet with MHD Controlled Inlet |conference=AIAA/CIRA 13th International Space Planes and Hypersonics Systems and Technologies Conference |location=Capua, Italy |booktitle=AIAA 2005-3223 |doi=10.2514/6.2005-3223 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/ajax/sheikin2005.pdf |format=PDF}}
33. ^{{Cite journal |last1=Petit |first1=J.-P. |last2=Geffray |first2=J. |title=MHD flow-control for hypersonic flight |date=June 2009 |journal=Acta Physica Polonica A |volume=115 |issue=6 |pages=1149–1513 |doi=10.12693/aphyspola.115.1149 |url=http://przyrbwn.icm.edu.pl/APP/PDF/115/a115z667.pdf |format=PDF}}
34. ^{{cite conference |last1=Bityurin |first1=V. A. |last2=Zeigarnik |first2=V. A. |last3=Kuranov |first3=A. L. |date=June 1996 |title=On a perspective of MHD technology in aerospace applications |conference=27th Plasma Dynamics and Lasers Conference |location=New Orleans, LA |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271369148_On_a_perspective_of_MHD_technology_in_aerospace_applications |format=PDF |doi=10.2514/6.1996-2355}}
35. ^{{cite conference |last1=Bityurin |first1=V. A. |last2=Lineberry |first2=J. |last3=Potebnia |first3=V. |last4=Alferov |first4=V. |last5=Kuranov |first5=A. |last6=Sheikin |first6=E. G. |date=June 1997 |title=Assessment of hypersonic MHD concepts |conference=28th Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference |location=Atlanta, GA |doi=10.2514/6.1997-2393 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/ajax/bityurin1997.pdf |format=PDF}}
36. ^{{cite journal |last1=Fraĭshtadt |first1=V. L. |last2= Kuranov |first2=A. L. |last3=Sheĭkin |first3=E. G. |date=November 1998 |title=Use of MHD systems in hypersonic aircraft |journal=Technical Physics |volume=43 |issue=11 |pages=1309–1313 |doi=10.1134/1.1259189 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/ajax/fraishtadt1998.pdf |format=PDF|bibcode=1998JTePh..43.1309F}}
37. ^{{cite conference |last1=Sheikin |first1=E. G. |last2=Kuranov |first2=A. L. |date=October 2003 |title=Analysis of Scramjet with MHD bypass |conference=3rd workshop on Thermochemical processes in plasma aerodynamics |location=Saint Petersburg, Russia |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/925b/e7242750df9e92a7d39fc4248826da59ff5f.pdf |format=PDF}}
38. ^{{cite web |author= |date=21 March 2017 |title=General Atomics Scores Power Production First |website=General Atomics |url=http://www.ga.com/general-atomics-scores-power-production-first |access-date=2018-04-13}}
39. ^{{cite web |last1=Whorton |first1=Mark |date=2 July 2017 |title=Hypersonic Vehicle Electric Power System (HVEPS) |website=The University of Tennessee Space Institute |url=http://www.utsi.edu/hypersonic-vehicle-electric-power-system/ |access-date=2018-04-13}}
40. ^{{cite web |author= |date=7 June 2017 |title=Scramjet MHD System Generates Electrical Power |website=Wright-Patterson Air Force Base |url=http://www.wpafb.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/401319/scramjet-mhd-system-generates-electrical-power/ |access-date=2018-04-13}}
41. ^{{cite conference |last1=Adamovich |first1=Igor V. |last2=Rich |first2=J. William |last3=Schneider |first3=Steven J. |last4=Blankson |first4=Isaiah M. |date=June 2003 |title=Magnetogasdynamic Power Extraction and Flow Conditioning for a Gas Turbine |conference=34th AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference |location=Orlando, Florida |booktitle=AIAA 2003-4289 |doi=10.2514/6.2003-4289 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/ajax/adamovich2003.pdf |format=PDF}}
42. ^{{cite conference |last1=Blankson |first1=Isaiah M. |last2=Schneider |first2=Stephen J. |date=December 2003 |title=Hypersonic Engine using MHD Energy Bypass with a Conventional Turbojet |conference=12th AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies |location=Norfolk, Virginia |booktitle=AIAA 2003-6922 |doi=10.2514/6.2003-6922 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/ajax/blankson2003.pdf |format=PDF}}
43. ^{{cite conference |last1=Schneider |first1=Stephen J. |title=Annular MHD Physics for Turbojet Energy Bypas |conference=17th AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference |location=San Francisco, California |booktitle=AIAA–2011–2230 |doi=10.2514/6.2011-2230 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20110016528.pdf |format=PDF}}
44. ^{{cite conference |last1=Chase |first1=R. L. |last2=Boyd |first2=R. |last3=Czysz |first3=P. |last4=Froning, Jr. |first4=H. D. |last5=Lewis |first5=Mark |last6=McKinney |first6=L. E. |date=September 1998 |title=An AJAX technology advanced SSTO design concept |conference=AIAA and SAE, 1998 World Aviation Conference |location= |booktitle=Anaheim, CA |doi=10.2514/6.1998-5527 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/ajax/chase1998.pdf |format=PDF}}
45. ^{{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Chul |last2=Bogdanoff |first2=David W. |last3=Mehta |first3=Unmeel B. |date=July 2003 |title=Theoretical Performance of a Magnetohydrodynamic-Bypass Scramjet Engine with Nonequilibrium Ionization |journal=Journal of Propulsion and Power |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages= 529–537 |doi=10.2514/2.6156 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/ajax/park2003.pdf |format=PDF}}
46. ^{{ref patent |country=US |number=2108652 |status=patent |title=Propelling device |pubdate=1936-01-15 |gdate=1938-02-16 |fdate=1936-01-10 |url=https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/d9/67/6d/6cbdb5f33cc76e/US2108652.pdf |format=PDF}}
47. ^{{cite journal |last1=Petit |first1=J.-P. |date=August 1974 |title=Flying saucers R&D: The Coanda effect (English version) |journal=Science & Vie |issue=683 |pages=68–73 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/coanda_disc.pdf |format=PDF}}
48. ^{{cite journal | author = Myrabo, L.N. | authorlink = Leik Myrabo | date = 1976 | title = MHD propulsion by absorption of laser radiation | journal = Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets | volume = 13 | issue = 8 | url = http://ayuba.fr/pdf/myrabo1976.pdf | format = PDF | doi = 10.2514/3.27919 | pages=466–472 | bibcode = 1976JSpRo..13..466M }}
49. ^{{cite conference | last1 = Myrabo | first1 = L. N. | last2 = Kerl | first2 = J.M. | display-authors=etal | date = June 1999 | title = MHD slipstream accelerator investigation in the RPI hypersonic shock tunnel | conference = 35th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit | booktitle = AIAA-1999-2842 | location = Los Angeles, CA | url = http://ayuba.fr/pdf/myrabo1999.pdf | format = PDF | doi = 10.2514/6.1999-2842 }}
50. ^{{cite conference | last1 = Myrabo | first1 = L. N. | display-authors=etal | date = January 2000 | title = Experimental investigation of a 2-D MHD slipstream generator and accelerator with freestream Mach = 7.6 and T(0) = 4100 K | conference = 38th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit | booktitle = AIAA-00-0446 | location = Reno, NV | url = http://ayuba.fr/pdf/myrabo2000a.pdf | format = PDF | doi = 10.2514/6.2000-446 }}
51. ^{{cite conference | last1 = Myrabo | first1 = L. N. | display-authors=etal | date = July 2000 | title = Experimental Investigation of a 2-D MHD Slipstream Accelerator and Generator | conference = 36th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit | booktitle = AIAA-00-3486 | location = Huntsville, AL | url = http://ayuba.fr/pdf/myrabo2000b.pdf | format = PDF | doi = 10.2514/6.2000-3486}}
52. ^{{cite book |last1=Myrabo |first1=Leik N. |last2=Lewis |first2=John S. |title=Lightcraft Flight Handbook LTI-20: Hypersonic Flight Transport for an Era Beyond Oil |date=May 2009 |publisher=Collector's Guide Publishing |isbn=978-1926592039}}
53. ^{{cite report |last1=Roy |first1=Subrata |last2=Arnold |first2=David |last3=Lin |first3=Jenshan |last4=Schmidt |first4=Tony |last5=Lind |first5=Rick |last6=Durscher |first6=Ryan |last7=Riherd |first7=Mark |last8=Houba |first8=Tomas |last9=Anderson |first9=Richard |last10=Zito |first10=Justin |last11=Casanova |first11=Joaquin |last12=Thomson |first12=Carlton |last13=Blood |first13=Daniel |last14=Tran |first14=Dong |display-authors=5 |date=20 December 2011 |title=Demonstration of a Wingless Electromagnetic Air Vehicle |id=AFRL-OSR-VA-TR-2012-0922 |publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |editor1=Air Force Office of Scientific Research |editor2=University of Florida |asin=B01IKW9SES |url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a564120.pdf |format=PDF}}
54. ^{{cite patent| country = US| number = 8382029| status = patent| title = Wingless hovering of micro air vehicle| gdate = 2013-02-26| fdate = 2008-12-23| pridate = 2006-07-31| invent1 = Subrata Roy | assign1 = University of Florida Research Foundation Inc| url = https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/0b/a8/52/3c6718c040ad54/US8382029.pdf}}
55. ^{{cite patent| country = US| number = 8960595| status = patent| title = Wingless hovering of micro air vehicle| gdate = 2015-02-24| fdate = 2012-12-19| pridate = 2006-07-31| invent1 = Subrata Roy | assign1 = University of Florida Research Foundation Inc.| url = https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/25/43/bb/2bdc198ea976a9/US8960595.pdf}}
56. ^{{cite journal | last1= Petit |first1= J.-P. | date = 15 September 1975 | title = Convertisseurs magnétohydrodynamiques d'un genre nouveau | trans-title = Magnetohydrodynamic converters of a new type | language= French | journal = Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences | series = Série B | volume = 281 | issue = 11 | pages = 157–160 | url = http://ayuba.fr/pdf/cras_mhd_1975.pdf | format = PDF | bibcode = 1975CRASB.281..157P}}
57. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Petit |first1 = J.-P. | last2 = Viton |first2 = M. | date = 28 February 1977 | title = New magnetohydrodynamic converters: induction machines | journal = Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences | language= English | volume = 284 | pages = 167–179 | url = http://www.ayuba.fr/pdf/cras_mhd_1977_en.pdf | format = PDF}}
58. ^{{Cite conference |last1=Petit |first1=J.-P. |last2=Geffray |first2=J. |last3=David |first3=F. |title=MHD Hypersonic Flow Control for Aerospace Applications |date=October 2009 |conference=16th AIAA/DLR/DGLR International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference (HyTASP) |location=Bremen, Germany |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270820169_MHD_hypersonic_flow_control_for_aerospace_applications |doi=10.2514/6.2009-7348}}
59. ^{{Cite journal |last1=Petit |first1=J.-P. |last2=Doré |first2=J.C. |title=Wall Confinement Technique by Magnetic Gradient Inversion |date=March 2012 |journal= Acta Physica Polonica A |volume=121 |issue=3 |pages=611–613 |url=http://przyrbwn.icm.edu.pl/APP/PDF/121/a121z3p08.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.12693/aphyspola.121.611}}
60. ^{{cite magazine |last1=Petit |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Un moteur à plasma pour ovnis |trans-title=A plasma engine for UFOs |language=French |date=March 1976 |magazine=Science & Vie |issue=702 |pages=42–49 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/S&V702-moteur_plasma_ovnis.pdf |format=PDF}}
61. ^{{cite web |last1=Greenemeier |first1=Larry |date=7 July 2008 |title=The World's First Flying Saucer: Made Right Here on Earth |website=Scientific American |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/worlds-first-flying-saucer/}}
62. ^{{cite journal |last1=Resler |first1=E.L. |last2=Sears |first2=W.R. |title=Magneto-Gasdynamic Channel Flow |date=1958 |journal=ZAMP |volume=9b |issue= |pages=509–518}}
63. ^{{cite report |last1=Wilson |first1=T.A. |title=Remarks on Rocket and Aerodynamic Applications of Magnetohydrodynamic Channel Flow |date=December 1958 |publisher=Cornell University |booktitle=TN-58-1058, ASTIA 207 228}}
64. ^{{cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=G.P. |last2=Carter |first2=A.F. |title=Considerations in the Design of a Steady D.C. Plasma Generator |date=1960 |journal=Dynamics of Conducting Gases (Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Gas Dynamics Symposium) }}
65. ^{{cite journal |last1=Kerrebrock |first1=Jack L. |title=Electrode Boundary Layers in Direct-Current Plasma Accelerators |date=August 1961 |journal=Journal of the Aerospace Sciences |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=631–644 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/kerrebrock1961.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.2514/8.9117}}
66. ^{{cite journal |last1=Oates |first1=Gordon C. |title=Constant-Electric-Field and Constant-Magnetic-Field Magnetogasdynamic Channel Flow |date=1962 |journal=Journal of the Aerospace Sciences |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=231–232 |doi=10.2514/8.9372 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/oates1962.pdf |format=PDF}}
67. ^{{cite journal |last1=Rosciszewski |first1=Jan |title=Rocket motor with electric accelerationin tehthroat |date=March 1965 |journal=Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=278–280 |url=http://ayuba.fr/pdf/rosciszewski1965.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.2514/3.28172|bibcode=1965JSpRo...2..278R}}
{{refbegin}}{{refend}}

External links

  • Demonstrate Magnetohydrodynamic Propulsion in a Minute
{{DEFAULTSORT:Magnetohydrodynamic Drive}}

4 : Marine propulsion|Fluid dynamics|Plasma physics|Magnetic propulsion devices
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/12 5:13:04