“Magnet school”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In the U.S. education system, magnet schools are public schools with specialized courses or curricula. "Magnet" refers to how the schools draw students from across the normal boundaries defined by authorities (usually school boards) as school zones that feed into certain schools.

There are magnet schools at the elementary, middle, and high school levels. In the United States, where education is decentralized, some magnet schools are established by school districts and draw only from the district, while others are set up by state governments and may draw from multiple districts. Other magnet programs are within comprehensive schools, as is the case with several "schools within a school". In large urban areas, several magnet schools with different specializations may be combined into a single "center", such as Skyline High School in Dallas.

Other countries have similar types of schools, such as specialist schools in England. The majority of these are academically selective.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}} Other schools are built around elite-sporting programs or teach agricultural skills such as farming or animal breeding.

History

Magnet schools emerged in the United States in the 1970s^[1] as one means of remedying racial segregation in public schools, and they were written into law in Section 5301 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Authorization.^[2] Demographic trends following the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education US Supreme Court decision revealed a pattern later characterized as white flight, the hypersegregation of blacks and whites, as the latter moved to the suburbs.^[3]^[4]

At first, districts tried using involuntary plans which involved court-ordered attendance, the busing of children far from their homes, and building closer schools to achieve the required balance. Later, voluntary school integration plans were developed. One approach that educators within the public school system came up with was open schools. During the Open Schools movement of the 1970s, several ideas designed to influence public education were put into practice, including Schools without Walls, Schools within a School, Multicultural Schools, Continuation Schools, Learning Centers, Fundamental Schools, and Magnet Schools.^[5] "These schools were characterized by parent, student, and teacher choice, autonomy in learning and pace, non-competitive evaluation, and a child centered approach."^[5]^[6] Magnet schools have been the most successful of the ideas that originated from the Open Schools movement. It was expounded in 1971 by educator Nolan Estes, superintendent of Dallas Independent School District.^[7] The Magnet Schools Assistance Program was developed in the early 1980s as a way to encourage schools to address de facto racial segregation. Funds were given to school districts that implemented voluntary desegregation plans or court orders to reduce racial isolation.^[8]

From 1985 to 1999, a US district court judge required the state of Missouri to fund the creation of magnet schools in the Kansas City Public Schools to reverse the white flight that had afflicted the school district since the 1960s. The district's annual budget more than tripled in the process. The expenditure per pupil and the student-teacher ratio were the best of any major school district in the nation. Many high schools were given college-level facilities. Still, test scores in the magnet schools did not rise; the black-white gap did not diminish; and there was less, not greater, integration.^[9]

Finally, on September 20, 2011, The Missouri Board of Education voted unanimously to withdraw the district's educational accreditation status from January 1, 2012.^[10]

Districts started embracing the magnet school models in the hope that their geographically open admissions would end racial segregation in "good" schools and decrease de facto segregation of schools in poorer areas. To encourage the voluntary desegregation, districts started developing magnet schools to draw students to specialized schools all across their districts. Each magnet school would have a specialized curriculum that would draw students based on their interests. One of the goals of magnet schools is to eliminate, reduce, and prevent minority group isolation while providing the students with a stronger knowledge of academic subjects and vocational skills.^[11] Magnet schools still continue to be models for school improvement plans and provide students with opportunities to succeed in a diverse learning environment.^[12]

Within a few years, in locations such as Richmond, Virginia, additional magnet school programs for children with special talents were developed at facilities in locations that parents would have otherwise found undesirable. That effort to both attract voluntary enrollment and achieve the desired racial balance met with considerable success and helped improve the acceptance of farther distances, hardships with transportation for extracurricular activities, and the separation of siblings. Even as districts such as Richmond were released from desegregation court orders, the parental selection of magnet school programs has continued to create more racially diverse schools than would have otherwise been possible. With a wide range of magnet schools available, a suitable program could be found for more children than only the "bright" ones for whom the earliest efforts were directed.

Some 21st-century magnet schools have de-emphasized the racial integration aspects, such as Capital Prep Magnet School, a high school in Hartford, Connecticut.^[13] Capital Prep, a year-round school where more than 80% of its students are black and Latino, boasts a near-0% dropout rate; 100% of its 2009 senior class was sent to a four-year college.^[13] According to the school's principal, the goal is to prepare all of its students for college.

Since coming into fruition, the number of magnet schools has risen dramatically. Over 232 school districts housed magnet school programs in the early 1990s. By the end of the decade, nearly 1,400 magnet schools were operating across the country.^[14]

Traditionally, these magnet schools are found in neighborhoods with large minority populations. They advertise their unique educational curricula in order to attract white students who do not live in the surrounding area. In this way, the schools act as a "magnet" pulling out-of-neighborhood students that would otherwise go to a school in their traditional attendance zone.^[15]

Enrollment and curriculum

Some magnet schools have a competitive entrance process, requiring an entrance examination, interview, or audition. Other magnet schools select all students who apply or use a lottery system, or a system combining some elements of competitive entrance and a lottery.

Most magnet schools concentrate on a particular discipline or area of study, while others (such as International Baccalaureate schools) have a more general focus. Magnet programs may focus on academics (mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering; humanities; social sciences; fine or performing arts) or may focus on technical/vocational/agricultural education.

Access to free transportation is a key component in facilitating racial diversity in magnet schools. According to a survey distributed at the Magnet Schools of America's (MSA) 2008 annual meeting, in magnet schools with free transportation services, non-white students comprise almost 33% of the student body, which is higher than the 23% found in magnet schools without such services. Moreover, 11.9% of magnet schools that do not provide transportation are largely one-race, while only 6.4% of magnet schools with the provision of transportation are characterized as one-race schools. Such services are integral in ensuring that potential out-of-neighborhood students have access to these schools of choice. Ultimately, the presence of free transportation contributes to more integrated magnet environments.^[16]

Across the country, magnet school application forms assume that its readers are proficient in reading and writing in English, understand the school's curriculum, and recognize what kinds of resources are offered to students at that respective school. In diverse urban contexts especially, these assumptions privilege some families over others. Parents who seek out magnet schools tend to be white, educated, middle-class, and English-fluent. Thus, in order to break down the racial disparities these schools were intended to dismantle, magnet school programs have to be intentional in not only their outreach efforts, but also how they create the application text itself.^[17]

In other countries

See also

References

1. ^U.S. Department of Education, Office of Innovation andImprovement, Innovations in Education: Creating Successful Magnet Schools Programs, Washington, D.C., 2004.
2. ^ed.gov
3. ^Charles T. Clotfelter. After Brown: The Rise and Retreat of School Desegregation. Princeton University Press, 2004.
4. ^Diane Ravitch. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iH6jKXSgoRkC&pg=PA177&vq=white+flight&dq=%22School+desegregation+and+White+Flight.%22&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1&sig=ACfU3U1FzJ9tPXFyq9BsrJd2aYER_3UoUQ#PPA179,M1 The Troubled Crusade: American Education, 1945-1980]. Basic Books, 1984.
5. ^¹Lange, C. M. & Sletten, S. J. (2002, February). Alternative education: A brief history and research synthesis (Project FORUM). Alexandria, VA: National Association of StateDirectors of Special Education. Retrieved March 2, 2009, projectforum.org
6. ^Lange and Sletten (2002), p. 4
7. ^"Super Highs Sought: Estes Unveils Plan for Specialty Schools." The Dallas Morning News, 29 August 1971.
8. ^Magnet Schools of America (2007). Magnet schools in America: A brief history. Retrieved February 20, 2009, magnet.edu {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319061536/http://www.magnet.edu/modules/content/index.php?id=1 |date=2008-03-19 }}
9. ^{{Cite web | last = Ciotti | first = Paul | title = Money And School Performance: Lessons from the Kansas City Desegregation Experiment | publisher = Cato Institute | date = 16 March 1998 | url = http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-298.html | accessdate = 26 February 2012}}
10. ^{{cite web|last=Oberholtz|first=Chris|title=Missouri strips Kansas City School District of accreditation|url=http://www.kctv5.com/story/15503773/mo-board-of-education-votes-to-retain-kc-accreditation|publisher=KCTV5|accessdate=26 February 2012}}
11. ^U.S. Department of Education. Magnet school assistance. Retrieved February 27, 2009, ed.gov
12. ^Magnet Schools of America. About MSA. Retrieved February 27, 2009, www.magnet.edu
13. ^¹²{{cite web| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/07/22/bia.education.success/index.html | title=Principal's tough love, high expectations gets kids into college | publisher=CNN | date=July 22, 2009 | accessdate=2009-07-23}}
14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Goldring|first=Ellen|last2=Smrekar|first2=Clare|year=2002|title=Magnet Schools: Reform and Race in Urban Education|url=|journal=Taylor and Francis Publishing|volume=76|pages=13–15}}
15. ^{{Cite journal|last=Le|first=Chinh|last2=Frankenberg|first2=Erica|year=2008|title=The Post-Parents Involved Challenge: Confronting Extralegal Obstacles to Integration|url=|journal=Ohio State Law Journal|volume=69|pages=1015–1072|via=}}
16. ^{{Cite book|title=Educational Delusions? : Why Choice Can Deepen Inequality and How to Make Schools Fair|last=Orfield|first=Gary|last2=Frankenberg|first2=Erica|publisher=University of California Press|year=2013|isbn=|location=|pages=118|quote=|via=}}
17. ^{{Cite journal|last=André-Bechely|first=Lois|year=2010|title=The Goals of a Voluntary Integration Program and the Problems of Access: A Closer Look at a Magnet School Application Brochure|url=|journal=Equity & Excellence in Education|volume=|pages=302–315|via=Taylor and Francis Group}}

History

Enrollment and curriculum

In other countries

See also

References

Further reading

External links