“Maharana Pratap”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Pratap Singh I ({{audio|Maharana Pratap.ogg|pronunciation}}) (9 May 1540 – 19 January 1597) popularly known as Maharana Pratap, was the 13th Rajput king of Mewar, a region in north-western India in the present day state of Rajasthan.

Biography

Early life and accession

Maharana Pratap was born in a Rajput family. He was born to Udai Singh II and Jaiwanta Bai. {{sfn|Rana|2004|pp=28, 105}}^[3]^[4] His younger brothers were Shakti Singh, Vikram Singh and Jagmal Singh. Pratap also had 2 stepsisters: Chand Kanwar and Man Kanwar. He was married to Ajabde Punwar of Bijolia.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} He belonged to the Royal Family of Mewar, which was also related to the Royal Family of Saurashtra, Gujarat.^[5]

After the death of Udai Singh in 1572, Rani Dheer Bai wanted her son Jagmal to succeed him^[6] but senior courtiers preferred Pratap, as the eldest son, to be their king. The desire of the nobles prevailed.

Battle of Haldighati

The bloody Siege of Chittorgarh in 1568 had led to the loss of the fertile eastern belt of Mewar to the Mughals. However, the rest of the wooded and hilly kingdom was still under the control of the Rana. The Mughal emperor Akbar was intent on securing a stable route to Gujarat through Mewar; when Pratap Singh was crowned king (Rana) in 1572, Akbar sent a number of envoys entreating the Rana to become a vassal like many other Rajput leaders in the region. When the Rana refused to personally submit to Akbar, war became inevitable.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=75}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|pp=119–120}}

The Battle of Haldighati was fought on 18 June 1576 between Maharana Pratap and Akbar's forces led by Man Singh I of Amer. The Mughals were victorious and inflicted significant casualties among the Mewaris but failed to capture Maharana. The site of the battle was a narrow mountain pass at Haldighati near Gogunda, modern day Rajsamand in Rajasthan. Maharana Pratap fielded a force of around 3000 cavalry and 400 Bhil archers. The Mughals were led by Man Singh of Amber, who commanded an army numbering around 5000-10,000 men. After a fierce battle lasting more than three hours, Maharana found himself wounded and the day lost. The mughal were unable to capture him. He managed to escape to the hills and lived to fight another day. The casualties for Mewar was far more, 1600 men to 100 men of the Mughal army with another 350 wounded.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=77–79}}

Haldighati was a futile victory for the Mughals, as they were unable to capture Maharana Pratap, or any of his close family members in Udaipur.

As soon as the empire's focus shifted north-west, Pratap and his army came out of hiding and recaptured the western regions of his dominion. {{sfn|Chandra|2005|pp=121–122}}

Resurgence

Mughal pressure on Mewar relaxed after 1579 following rebellions in Bengal and Bihar and Mirza Hakim's incursion into the Punjab. In 1582, Maharana Pratap attacked and occupied the Mughal post at Dewair (or Dawer).^[7] In 1585, Akbar moved to Lahore and remained there for the next twelve years watching the situation in the north-west. No major Mughal expedition was sent to Mewar during this period. Taking advantage of the situation, Pratap recovered Western Mewar including Kumbhalgarh, Udaipur and Gogunda. During this period, he also built a new capital, Chavand, near modern Dungarpur.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=122}}

Death

Reportedly, Pratap died of injuries sustained in a hunting accident^[8] at Chavand{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=122}}on 19 January 1597,^[1] aged 56.^[9]^[10] He was succeeded by his eldest son, Amar Singh I.

Historian Satish Chandra notes that {{Quote|Rana Pratap's defiance of the mighty Mughal empire, almost alone and unaided by the other Rajput states, constitute a glorious saga of Rajput valour and the spirit of self sacrifice for cherished principles. Rana Pratap's methods of sporadic warfare was later elaborated further by Malik Ambar, the Deccani general, and by Shivaji Maharaj.^[11]}}

Television depictions

Notes

1. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rana-Pratap-Singh|title=Rana Pratap Singh - Indian ruler|publisher=Encyclopedia Brittanica}}
2. ^{{cite book |title=Ritual and Identity: Performative Practices as Effective Transformations of Social Reality |editor1-first=Klaus-Peter |editor1-last=Köpping |editor2-first=Bernhard |editor2-last=Leistle |editor3-first=Michael |editor3-last=Rudolph |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2006 |page=286 |isbn=978-3-82588-042-2 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BkBh1Nl4dHwC&pg=PA286}}
3. ^{{cite book| last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|title=A History of Jaipur| year=1994|isbn=978-8-12500-333-5|page=48}}
4. ^{{cite book| last=Daryanani|first=Mohan B.|title=Who's who on Indian Stamps| year=1999|isbn=978-8-49311-010-9|page=302}}
5. ^{{cite book|title=Maharana Pratap & his times|first1=Gopi Nath|last1=Sharma|first2=M. N.|last2=Mathur|publisher=Maharana Pratap Smarak Samiti|location=Udaipur State|page=29}}
6. ^{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Muni|title=Akbar|year=1980|isbn=978-0-70691-076-6|page=135}}
7. ^{{cite book |author=A. N. Bhattacharya |title=Human geography of Mewar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evsMAQAAMAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=Himanshu |page=71 }}
8. ^{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Sri Ram|title=Maharana Pratap|year=2005|isbn=978-8-17871-003-7|page=91}}
9. ^{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=R.K.|last2=Bakshi|first2=S.R.|title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.)|year=2008|isbn=978-8-17625-841-8|page=46}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chittorgarh.com/maharana-pratap.asp|title=Maharana Pratap - Mewar|website=www.chittorgarh.com}}
11. ^{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Satish|title=Medieval India|date=2000|publisher=National Council of Educational Research and Training|location=New Delhi|page=164}}