| 词条 | Radio Londres |
| 释义 |
|name = Radio Londres |image = |city = London |area = France |branding = |slogan = {{lang|fr|Ici Londres! Les Français parlent aux Français !}} (This is London calling! The French speaking to the French!) |frequency = Constantly changing, broadcasting on mediumwave, longwave and shortwave[1] |translator = |repeater = |airdate =19 June 1940 – 25 October 1944 |share = |share as of = |share source = |format = propaganda |language = French |power = |erp = |haat = |class = |facility_id = |coordinates = |callsign_meaning = |former_callsigns = |former_frequencies = |affiliations = French government in London, Special Operations Executive |owner = |licensee = |sister_stations =Radio Belgique |webcast = |website = }} Radio Londres ({{IPA-fr|ʁa.djo lɔ̃dʁ|}}, French for "Radio London") was a radio station broadcast from 1940 to 1944 by the BBC in London to Nazi-occupied France. It was entirely in French and was operated by the Free French who had escaped from occupied France. It served not only to counter the propaganda broadcasts of German-controlled Radio Paris and the Vichy government's Radiodiffusion Nationale, but also to appeal to the French to rise up, as well as being used to send coded messages to the French Resistance. Origin and purposeIn 1940, the BBC opened its studio to the first members of the resistance who fled France's occupation by Germany. Radio Londres was born and would become the daily appointment of the French people for four years. It opened its transmission with : "Ici Londres ! Les Français parlent aux Français..." ("This is London! The French-speaking to the French..."), now a very famous quote in France. It was the voice of Free French Forces under Charles de Gaulle, who, on 18 June 1940, made his famous Appeal of 18 June, inviting his compatriots to resist and rise against the occupation. By means of broadcasts from Britain, the French Resistance found a voice that could be heard on the continent, serving to counter the Nazi propaganda broadcasts of Radio Paris and Radio Vichy. Realizing the negative effect that it had on their occupation, the Germans quickly prohibited listening to Radio Londres. Radio Londres also encouraged rising up against the occupation, including De Gaulle's calls to empty the streets of Paris for one hour, demonstrations, and the preparation of D-Day, or the V for Victory campaign, involving drawing a V sign on walls as an act of subversion. It also sent coded messages to the French resistance (see below). Breaking with the formal style of the French radio stations, some young announcers (Jacques Duchesne, Jean Oberlé, Pierre Bourdan, Maurice Schumann and Pierre Dac) changed the tone with personal messages, sketches, songs, jokes and comic advertising. Coded messagesGeorges Bégué, an operative with the Special Operations Executive (SOE) had the idea of sending seemingly obscure personal messages to agents in the field, in order to reduce risky radio traffic. Broadcasts would begin with "Before we begin, please listen to some personal messages." It was clear to nearly everyone that they were coded messages, often amusing, and completely without context. Representative messages include "Jean has a long mustache" and "There is a fire at the insurance agency," each one having some meaning to a certain resistance group.[2] They were used primarily to provide messages to the resistance, but also to thank their agents or simply to give the enemy the impression that something was being prepared. Because these messages were in code, not cipher, the occupiers could not hope to understand them without a codebook, so they had to focus their efforts on jamming the messages instead. From the beginning of June 1944, the Allies inundated the network with messages. On 1 June alone, over 200 messages were sent, making it clear to those listening that something was in the works. Although in some places the Axis jamming was more effective than others, the background noise and static were not enough to drown out the sound of Beethoven's 5th Symphony, the first four notes of which correspond to the dot-dot-dot-dash of the Morse code letter V for Victory. Shortly before the D-Day landings of 6 June 1944, Radio Londres broadcast the first stanza of Paul Verlaine's poem "Chanson d'automne" to let the resistance know that the invasion would begin within 24 hours.[3] Les sanglots longs Des violons De l’automne Blessent mon cœur D’une langueur Monotone. Blessent mon cœur d'une langueur monotone ("wound my heart with a monotonous languor") was the specific call to action. By late 1944, Allied victory in France sounded the end of Radio Londres. See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=pjoADAAAQBAJ&pg=PT22&dq=%22Radio+Londres%22+frequencies&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjwlPbRlr3eAhUKBsAKHctIDHIQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=shortwave&f=false|title=The French Resistance|first=Olivier|last=Wieviorka|date=26 April 2016|publisher=Harvard University Press|via=Google Books}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Fxfa0V8-TIC&pg=PA52&dq=%22chanson+d'automne%22+june&lr=&ei=wBdkSO22KI2QtgO60ODlDw&sig=ACfU3U2nhiuTy3hIQ_P1-Wr-74EHshQBtQ#PPA52,M1|title=Brassey's D-Day Encyclopedia: The Normandy Invasion A-Z|first=Barrett|last=Tillman|date=5 November 2018|publisher=Brassey's|via=Google Books}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tXaaBAK7r7EC&pg=PT228&dq=%22chanson+d'automne%22+june&ei=5A9kSJidJ42QtgO60ODlDw&sig=ACfU3U3mDQHVFRnwDRpLVaaHL87bUf-8fQ|title=The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis|first=Bradley|last=Lightbody|date=5 November 2018|publisher=Psychology Press|via=Google Books}}
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9 : Defunct radio stations in the United Kingdom|BBC World Service foreign language|French Resistance|Radio stations established in 1940|1940 establishments in England|1944 disestablishments in England|Operation Overlord|Special Operations Executive|Radio during World War II |
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