| 词条 | Raizal |
| 释义 |
|group = Raizals |total = ~70,000 |popplace = Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina |langs = San Andrés–Providencia Creole, English, Spanish |rels = Protestant, Roman Catholic |related = Afro-Colombian, Jamaican people, Miskito people }} The Raizals are a Protestant Afro-Caribbean ethnic group speaking the San Andrés-Providencia Creole, an English Creole based on the English language, living in the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, at the Colombian San Andrés y Providencia Department, off the Colombian Caribbean Coast. They are recognized by the Colombian authorities as one of the Afro-Colombian ethnic groups under the multicultural policy pursued since 1991. DemographicsIn 2005, Raizal constituted 57% of the 60,000 inhabitants of the San Andrés y Providencia Department, according to official statistics,[1] but other sources claim they are now a minority population in the archipelago, as a consequence of migration from and to mainland Colombia. The Raizal community in the mainland is represented by the Organización de la comunidad raizal con residencia fuera del archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina (Orfa, based in Bogotá).[2] Self Determination and the Raizal PeopleIn 1903 the local Raizal population of the Providencia and Santa Catalina Islands rejected an offer from the USA to separate from Colombia as Panama had done. Towards the end of the 1960s, separatist movements became active in the archipelago. The first separatists, an underground movement, were led by Marcos Archbold Britton, who addressed a memorandum to the United Nations, asking for the inclusion of the archipelago in the list of colonized territories. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) paid a private visit to the archipelago shortly afterwards, arousing suspicion in mainland Colombia.[3] The second movement, born at the end of the seventies, grew stronger in the following decade, and culminated in the creation in March 1984 of the Sons of the Soil Movement (S.O.S.), openly claiming the right to self-determination. Since 1999, another organization, the Archipelago Movement for Ethnic Native Self-Determination for the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providence and Santa Catalina (AMEN-SD),[4] a radical separatist movement led by Rev. Raymond Howard Britton, has demanded the creation of an independent state.[5] There are nowadays, according to a document from the Colombian government, two trends among the Raizals: a radical one, the Pueblo Indígena Raizal, represented by the Indigenous Native Organizations, among whom Amen, Barraca New Face, Infaunas (a Rastafarian-inspired group of farmers and fishermen), Ketna (Ketlënan National Association) and the SOS Foundation, and a more moderate one, Comunidad Raizal (Native Foundation and Integración Básica) led by former governors who are friends of the Colombian establishment, mainly Felix Palacios, Carlos Archbold and Alvaro Archbold N. This latter group is understandably more ready to participate in bipartite institutions set up by the Colombian authorities.[6] On April 28, 2002, the Raizal People signed a Declaration of Self Determination[7] where they asked the Colombian Government and the International Court of Justice for a major recognition of their autonomy and for appropriate resources for improving the quality of life in the island. See also
Notes1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://simposioraza.net/files/urrea.pdf |author=Fernando Urrea Giraldo |title=La visibilidad estadística de la población negra o afrodescendiente en Colombia, 1993-2005: entre lo étnico y lo racial |language=Spanish |date=October 12, 2007 |publisher=12º Congreso de Antropología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia |accessdate=2007-12-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227200450/http://simposioraza.net/files/urrea.pdf |archivedate=2008-02-27 |df= }} {{African diaspora}}{{Colombian people}}2. ^website: Organización de la Comunidad Raizal con Residencia Fuera del Archipiélago 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.etniasdecolombia.org/pdf/Raizales.pdf |title=Recordando a Marcos Archbold Britton, líder independentista raizal |date=January 15, 2007 |publisher=Fundación Hemera |language=Spanish |author=Adriana Matamoros Insignares |accessdate=2007-12-29 }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 4. ^website: Archipelago Movement for Ethnic Native Self-Determination for the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providence and Kethlena {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213111459/http://www.amensd.org/ |date=2007-12-13 }} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.etniasdecolombia.org/actualidadetnica/detalle.asp?cid=5450 |title=Raizales de San Andrés reclaman autonomía |date=June 4, 2007 |publisher=Fundación Hemera |language=Spanish |author=Actualidad Étnica |accessdate=2007-12-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610004337/http://www.etniasdecolombia.org/actualidadetnica/detalle.asp?cid=5450 |archivedate=2007-06-10 |df= }} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.derechoshumanos.gov.co/observatorio/departamentos/2007/sanandres.pdf|title=Diagnóstico Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina|date=November 23, 2007|language=Spanish|author=Programa Presidencial de Derechos Humanos y Derecho Internacional Humanitario|accessdate=2007-12-29}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}} 7. ^http://www.urosario.edu.co/jurisprudencia/catedra-viva-intercultural/Documentos/DeclaracionAutodeterminacionRaizal.pdf 6 : Afro-Caribbean|Afro-Colombian|Ethnic groups in Central America|Ethnic groups in Colombia|Ethnic groups in the Caribbean|Multiracial affairs in the Americas |
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