| 词条 | Rajashekhara (Chera king) |
| 释义 |
|name = Rajasekhara |title= Raja Rajadhiraja Parameswara Bhattaraka "Rajashekhara" Deva Peruman Atikal |image = Depiction of "Cherman Perumal" Nayanar (Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur).jpg |caption = Depiction of "Cherman Perumal" Nayanar in Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur |succession = Ruler of Kulasekhara/Kodungallur Chera Kingdom[1] |reign =
|coronation = |cor-type = |full name = Rama "Rajashekhara"[1] |predecessor =
|successor = Sthanuravi (c. 844–883 CE[1] or 844–c. 885 CE)[2] |spouse = |issue = |house = |father = |mother = |religion = Hinduism (Shaiva) |birth_date = |birth_place = |death_date = |death_place = Tiruvanchikkulam (Kodnguallur) |place of burial = |date of burial = |}}Rajashekhara (fl. 9th century CE[3]), proposed full name Rama Rajashekhara[10][4], was a Chera/Kulasekhara ruler at Kodungallur in medieval Kerala, southern India. Rajashekhara is reputed to have issued the Vazhapalli copper plate (c. 830 CE) — the earliest epigraphical record of a Chera king to be discovered from Kerala.[1] Shivanandalahari, attributed to Hindu saint Shankara, indirectly mentions the Chera ruler as Rajashekhara.[5] Sanskrit poet Vasubhatta in his Yuddhisthira Vijaya refers to his first royal patron as "Rama Varma" and "Rajasekhara".[4][5] Rajashekhara was succeeded by king Sthanu Ravi "Kulasekhara" in 844 CE.[5] Political authority of the Chera Perumals, like Rajasekhara, over medieval Kerala is a matter of debate. It has variously been described as a monarchy supported by a Brahmin oligarchy, or as a ritual monarchy under a bold and visible Brahmin oligarchy.[6][7][8] Rajasekhara is usually identified by historians with Cheraman Perumal Nayanar, the venerated Shaiva (Nayanar) poet-musician.[9][3][1] He is the author of three devotional hymns - Ponvannattandadi, Tiruvarur Mummanikkovai, and Adiyula/Tirukkailayajnana Ula. The latter one is first of the Ulas, a form of poetic composition in Tamil. According to Chekkizhar, a courtier of Kulottunga Chola II and the author of Periyapuranam, Cheraman Perumal made a pilgrimage to the major Shaiva shrines of southern India with his friend Nayanar lyricist Chundaramurti in his later years. The two saints are believed to have died at the city of Thiruvanchikkulam. The Tiruvanchikkulam Siva Temple (then known as Tiruvanchikkalam) in Kodungallur is associated with the Cheraman Perumal Nayanar.[4] It was during Rajashekhara's reign - in 825 CE - the calendar known as the Kollam Era commenced in the port of Kollam. The calendar is also known as "Malayalam Era".[5] The exact events that lead to the foundation of the era is still matter of scholarly debate.[10] According to historian Noburu Karashima, it commemorated the "foundation" of Kollam harbour city after the "liberation" of Venatu from the Pandya rule (and hence beginning of Chera influence).[11] It is possible that the king "Rahappa", an unidentified monarch, whom Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna I Akalavarsha is stated to have defeated was Rama Rajasekhara. Krishna I is stated to have obtained the title "Rajadhiraja Parameswara" after defeating Rahappa.[4] Vazhappally Copper PlateThe Vazhappally Copper Plate from Thiruvattuvay in Vazhappally village is generally regarded as the earliest Kodungallur-Chera inscription. The plate (incomplete) is engraved in an old form of Malayalam in Vattezhuthu and Grantha scripts. It records a temple committee resolution in the 12th regnal year of king "Rajadhiraja Parameswara Bhattaraka" Rajashekhara Deva. The resolution describes Thiruvattuvay Pathinettu Nattar, Vazhappally Urar and king Rajashekhara deciding on land grant for muttappali (daily offering in temple). The inscription begins with "namassivaya" in place of the usual "swasti sri" and mentions a coin called "dinara".[12] {{cquote|"Namah Shivaya! The [regnal] year twelve of Sri Raja Rajadhiraja Parameswara Bhattaraka Rajashekhara Deva [was current]."[The following was] the arrangement made by Thiruvattuvay Pathinettu Nattar and the Urar of Vazhappalli who met under the presidency of Rajashekhara Deva. Those who stop the perpetually endowed muttappali in the Thiruvattuvay should pay to the Peruman Atikal a fine of one hundred dinaras; and [are to be considered] as Having Taken their [own] Mothers for their Wives."Among the servants [panimakkal], those who stop [the muttappali owning to their own negligence] should such pay a fine paddy as measured by and made up to four nazhis for occasion [muttappali is so stopped]. Of this the paddy due as padavaram should go the capital [set apart] for the shanthi and the [remaining] nine parts for the muttappali. [And] this fine should be remitted before the midday muttappali of the Pushya star in the month of Thai. If not so paid, they become liable to pay twice the amount [penal interest]."The following are the lands given to the Lord of Kailasa: the plot [kari, belonging to], Kirankadambanar, which yields one year twenty and another year twenty five kalams [of paddy]; Mandilakkalam together with Ula[se]li yielding ten kalams; Kallattuvay Veli [or a plot of land one veli in extend in Kallattuvay], yielding five hundred nazhis; from Kanjikka, five hundred nazhis; from Pilikkode puraiyidam and puraiyidam of Kannan Sankaran who held the position of a kavati which adjoins it [Pilikkodu puraiyidam], both situated in Uragam and yielding one hundred and fifty thuni of paddy and three dinaras; two velis in the mattam in Aiyankadu...Damo[daran's]...|source=Travancore Archaeological Series (Volume II) }} References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 64-65. 2. ^1 2 Pillai Elamkulam, P. N. Kunhan. Cila Keralacaritra Prasnangal, (Kottayam, 1955 Second Ed. 1963), pp. 152-4 3. ^1 Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143. 4. ^1 2 3 Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 64-66, 88-95, 107. 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESpUMAEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:UOM39015059676398|title=A Survey of Kerala History - A. Sreedhara Menon - Google Books|date=|publisher=Books.google.co.in|accessdate=2012-08-29}} 6. ^Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Veluthat|first=Kesavan|date=2018-06-01|title=History and historiography in constituting a region: The case of Kerala|journal=Studies in People's History|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=13–31|doi=10.1177/2348448918759852|issn=2348-4489}} 8. ^Narayanan, M. G. S. 2002. ‘The State in the Era of the Ceraman Perumals of Kerala’, in State and Society in Premodern South India, eds R. Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat, and T. R. Venugopalan, pp.111–19. Thrissur, CosmoBooks. 9. ^1 Veluthat, Kesavan. “The Temple and the State in Medieval South India.” Studies in People’s History, vol. 4, no. 1, June 2017, pp. 15–23. 10. ^Pillai Elamkulam, P. N. Kunhan. Keralam Ancum Arum Nurrantukalil. Kottayam (Kerala), 1961. 11. ^Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 89. 12. ^Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 435. External links
6 : Nayanars|9th-century Indian monarchs|People of the Chera kingdom|Hindu saints|Indian Shaivite religious leaders|Chera kings |
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