| 词条 | Mallorca | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Mallorca | image_name = Flag of Mallorca.svg | image_caption = Flag of Mallorca | image_size = 200px | map = Spain | map_caption = Location in the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands | nickname = | location = Mediterranean | coordinates = {{Coord|39|37|N|2|59|E|type:isle_scale:2500000|display=title}} | archipelago = Balearic Islands | total_islands = 5 | major_islands = Balearic Islands | area_km2 = 3640.11 | highest_mount = Puig Major | elevation_m = 1445 | country = {{flagu|Spain}} | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = Province | country_admin_divisions_1 = Balearic Islands | country_capital_and_largest_city = Palma | country_largest_city_population = 404,681 | population = 859,289[1] | population_as_of = 2015 | density_km2 = 240.45 | demonym = Majorcan | ethnic_groups = | additional_info = }} Mallorca ({{IPA-ca|məˈʎɔɾkə|lang}}, {{IPA-es|maˈʎoɾka|lang}}), or Majorca ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|j|ɔr|k|ə}}),[2][3] is the largest island in the Balearic Islands, which are part of Spain and located in the Mediterranean. The native language, as on the rest of the Balearic Islands, is Catalan, which is co-official with Spanish. The capital of the island, Palma, is also the capital of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. The Balearic Islands have been an autonomous region of Spain since 1983.[4] There are two small islands off the coast of Mallorca: Cabrera (southeast of Palma) and Dragonera (west of Palma). The anthem of Mallorca is "La Balanguera". Like the other Balearic Islands of Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera, the island is an extremely popular holiday destination, particularly for tourists from Germany and the United Kingdom. The international airport, Palma de Mallorca Airport, is one of the busiest in Spain; it was used by 28.0 million passengers in 2017, increasing every year since 2012.[5] The name derives from Classical Latin insula maior, "larger island". Later, in Medieval Latin, this became Maiorica, "the larger one", in comparison to Menorca, "the smaller one". HistoryPrehistoric settlementsLittle is recorded of the earliest inhabitants of the island. Burial chambers and traces of habitation from the Neolithic period (6000–4000 BC) have been discovered, particularly the prehistoric settlements called talaiots, or talayots. They raised Bronze Age megaliths as part of their Talaiotic culture.[7] A non-exhaustive list is the following:
Phoenicians, Romans, and Late AntiquityThe Phoenicians, a seafaring people from the Levant, arrived around the eighth century BC and established numerous colonies.[8]{{better source|date=December 2017|reason=There is some identical text at the source, which may be a WP fork}} The island eventually came under the control of Carthage in North Africa, which had become the principal Phoenician city. After the Second Punic War, Carthage lost all of its overseas possessions and the Romans took over.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} The island was occupied by the Romans in 123 BC under Quintus Caecilius Metellus Balearicus. It flourished under Roman rule, during which time the towns of Pollentia (Alcúdia), and Palmaria (Palma) were founded. In addition, the northern town of Bocchoris, dating back to pre-Roman times, was a federated city to Rome.[9] The local economy was largely driven by olive cultivation, viticulture, and salt mining. Majorcan soldiers were valued within the Roman legions for their skill with the sling.[10] In 427, Gunderic and the Vandals captured the island. Geiseric, son of Gunderic, governed Majorca and used it as his base to loot and plunder settlements around the Mediterranean,[11]{{better source|date=July 2015}} until Roman rule was restored in 465. Middle Age and Modern HistoryLate Antiquity and Early Middle AgesIn 534, Majorca was recaptured by the Eastern Roman Empire, led by Apollinarius. Under Roman rule, Christianity thrived and numerous churches were built. From 707, the island was increasingly attacked by Muslim raiders from North Africa. Recurrent invasions led the islanders to ask Charlemagne for help.[11]{{better source|date=July 2015}} Moorish MajorcaIn 902, Issam al-Khawlani(es)(ca) ({{lang-ar|عصام الخولاني}}) conquered the Balearic Islands, ushering in a new period of prosperity under the Emirate of Córdoba. The town of Palma was reshaped and expanded, and became known as Medina Mayurqa. Later on, with the Caliphate of Córdoba at its height, the Moors improved agriculture with irrigation and developed local industries. The caliphate was dismembered in 1015. Majorca came under rule by the Taifa of Dénia, and from 1087 to 1114, was an independent Taifa. During that period, the island was visited by Ibn Hazm. However, an expedition of Pisans and Catalans in 1114–15, led by Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, overran the island, laying siege to Palma for eight months. After the city fell, the invaders retreated due to problems in their own lands. They were replaced by the Almoravides from North Africa, who ruled until 1176. The Almoravides were replaced by the Almohad dynasty until 1229. Abú Yahya was the last Moorish leader of Majorca.[12]{{better source|date=July 2015}} Medieval Majorca{{Main|Conquest of Majorca}}In the ensuing confusion and unrest, King James I of Aragon, also known as James the Conqueror, launched an invasion which landed at Santa Ponça, Majorca, on 8–9 September 1229 with 15,000 men and 1,500 horses. His forces entered the city of Medina Mayurqa on 31 December 1229. In 1230 he annexed the island to his Crown of Aragon under the name Regnum Maioricae.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} Modern eraFrom 1479, the Crown of Aragon was in dynastic union with that of Castile. The Barbary corsairs of North Africa often attacked the Balearic Islands, and in response, the people built coastal watchtowers and fortified churches. In 1570, King Philip II of Spain and his advisors were considering complete evacuation of the Balearic islands.[13] In the early 18th century, the War of the Spanish Succession resulted in the replacement of that dynastic union with a unified Spanish monarchy under the rule of the new Bourbon Dynasty. The last episode of the War of Spanish Succession was the conquest of the island of Mallorca. It took place on 2 July 1715 when the island capitulated to the arrival of a Bourbon fleet. In 1716, the Nueva Planta decrees made Majorca part of the Spanish province of Baleares, roughly the same to present-day Illes Balears province and autonomous community.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} 20th century and todayA Nationalist stronghold at the start of the Spanish Civil War, Majorca was subjected to an amphibious landing, on 16 August 1936, aimed at driving the Nationalists from Majorca and reclaiming the island for the Republic. Although the Republicans heavily outnumbered their opponents and managed to push {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} inland, superior Nationalist air power, provided mainly by Fascist Italy as part of the Italian occupation of Majorca, forced the Republicans to retreat and to leave the island completely by 12 September. Those events became known as the Battle of Majorca.[14] Since the 1950s, the advent of mass tourism has transformed the island into a destination for foreign visitors and attracted many service workers from mainland Spain. The boom in tourism caused Palma to grow significantly. In the 21st century, urban redevelopment, under the so‑called Pla Mirall (English "Mirror Plan"), attracted groups of immigrant workers from outside the European Union, especially from Africa and South America.[15] Palma{{Main|Palma de Mallorca}}The capital of Majorca, Palma, was founded as a Roman camp called Palmaria upon the remains of a Talaiotic settlement. The turbulent history of the city had it subject to several Vandal sackings during the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It was later reconquered by the Byzantines, established by the Moors (who called it Medina Mayurqa), and finally occupied by James I of Aragon. In 1983, Palma became the capital of the autonomous region of the Balearic Islands. ClimateThe climate of Majorca is a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa), with mild and stormy winters and hot, bright, dry summers. Precipitation in the Serra de Tramuntana is markedly higher. Summers are hot in the plains, and winters mild, getting colder in the Tramuntana range, where brief episodes of snow during the winter are not unusual. The two wettest months in Mallorca are October and December.[16]
GeographyRegionsMajorca is the largest island of Spain by area and second most populated (after Tenerife in the Canary Islands).[18][19] Majorca has two mountainous regions, the Serra de Tramuntana and Serres de Llevant. Each are about {{convert|70|km|0|abbr=on}} in length and occupy the northwestern and eastern parts of the island respectively. The highest peak on Majorca is Puig Major at {{convert|1445|m|0|abbr=on}} in the Serra de Tramuntana.[20] As this is a military zone, the neighbouring peak at Puig de Massanella is the highest accessible peak at {{convert|1364|m|0|abbr=on}}. The northeast coast comprises two bays: the Badia de Pollença and the larger Badia d'Alcúdia. The northern coast is rugged and has many cliffs. The central zone, extending from Palma, is a generally flat, fertile plain known as Es Pla. The island has a variety of caves both above and below sea – two of the caves, the above sea level Coves dels Hams and the Coves del Drach, also contain underground lakes and are open to tours. Both are located near the eastern coastal town of Porto Cristo. Small uninhabited islands lie off the southern and western coasts; the Cabrera Archipelago is administratively grouped with Majorca (in the municipality of Palma), while Dragonara is administratively included in the municipality of Andratx. Other notable areas include the Alfabia Mountains, Es Cornadors and Cap de Formentor. World Heritage SiteThe Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011.[21] MunicipalitiesThe island is administratively divided into 53 municipalities. The areas and populations of the municipalities (according to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Spain) are:
CultureArchduke Ludwig Salvator of AustriaArchduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria ({{lang-ca|Arxiduc Lluís Salvador}}) was the architect of tourism in the Balearic Islands. He first arrived on the island in 1867, travelling under his title "Count of Neuendorf". He later settled on Majorca, buying up wild areas of land in order to preserve and enjoy them. Nowadays, a number of trekking routes are named after him.[22]Ludwig Salvator loved the island of Majorca. He became fluent in Catalan, carried out research into the island's flora and fauna, history, and culture to produce his main work, Die Balearen, an extremely comprehensive collection of books about the Balearic Islands, consisting of 7 volumes. It took him 22 years to complete.[23] Chopin in MajorcaThe Polish composer and pianist Frédéric Chopin, together with French writer Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin (pseudonym: George Sand), resided in Valldemossa in the winter of 1838–39. Apparently, Chopin's health had already deteriorated and his doctor recommended that he go to the Balearic Islands to recuperate, where he still spent a rather miserable winter.[24][25] Nonetheless, his time in Majorca was a productive period for Chopin. He managed to finish the Preludes, Op. 28, that he started writing in 1835. He was also able to undertake work on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.[26] Literature and paintingFrench writer Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin (pseudonym: George Sand), at that time in a relationship with Chopin, described her stay in Majorca in A Winter in Majorca, published in 1855. Other famous writers used Majorca as the setting for their works: While on the island, the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío started writing the novel El oro de Mallorca, and wrote several poems, such as La isla de oro.[27] Many of the works of Baltasar Porcel take place in Majorca. Ira Levin set part of his dystopian novel This Perfect Day in Majorca, making the island a centre of resistance in a world otherwise dominated by a computer. Agatha Christie visited the island in the early 20th century and stayed in Palma and Port de Pollença.[28] She would later write the book Problem at Pollensa Bay and Other Stories, a collection of short stories, of which the first one takes place in Port de Pollença, starring Parker Pyne. Jorge Luis Borges visited Majorca twice, accompanied by his family.[29] He published his poems La estrella (1920) and Catedral (1921) in the regional magazine Baleares.[30] The latter poem shows his admiration for the monumental Cathedral of Palma.[31]Nobel prize winner Camilo José Cela came to Majorca in 1954, visiting Pollença, and then moving to Palma, where he settled permanently.[32] In 1956, Cela founded the magazine Papeles de Son Armadans.[33] He is also credited as founder of Alfaguara. The English poet Robert Graves moved to Mallorca with his family in 1946. The house is now a museum. He died in 1985 and his body was buried in the small churchyard on a hill at Deià.[34] Music and danceThe Ball dels Cossiers is the island's traditional dance. It is believed to have been imported from Catalonia in the 13th or 14th century, after the Argonian conquest of the island under King Jaime I.[35] In the dance, three pairs of dancers, who are typically male, defend a "Lady," who is played by a man or a woman, from a demon or devil. Another Majorcan dance is Correfoc, an elaborate festival of dance and pyrotechnics that is also of Catalan origin. The island's folk music strongly resembles that of Catalonia, and is centered around traditional instruments like the xeremia (bagpipes) and guitarra de canya (a reed or bone xylophone-like instrument suspended from the neck).[36] While folk music is still played and enjoyed by many on the island, a number of other musical traditions have become popular in Majorca in the 21st century, including electronic dance music, classical music, and jazz, all of which have annual festivals on the island.[37] ArtJoan Miró, a Spanish painter, sculptor, and ceramicist, had close ties to the island throughout his life, he married Pilar Juncosa in Palma in 1929 and settled permanently in Majorca in 1954.[38] The Fundació Pilar i Joan Miró in Majorca has a collection of his works. Es Baluard in Palma is a museum of modern and contemporary art which exhibits the work of Balearic artists and artists related to the Balearic Islands. FilmThe Evolution Mallorca International Film Festival is the fastest growing Mediterranean film festival and has occurred annually every November since 2011, attracting filmmakers, producers, and directors globally. It is hosted at the Teatro Principal in Palma de Mallorca[39]{{better source|date=October 2015}} Majorcan cartographic school{{Main|Majorcan cartographic school}}Majorca has a long history of seafaring. The Majorcan cartographic school or the "Catalan school" refers to a collection of cartographers, cosmographers, and navigational instrument makers that flourished in Majorca and partly in mainland Catalonia in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries. Majorcan cosmographers and cartographers developed breakthroughs in cartographic techniques, namely the "normal portolan chart", which was fine-tuned for navigational use and the plotting by compass of navigational routes, prerequisites for the discovery of the New World. CuisineIn 2005, there were over 2,400 restaurants on the island of Majorca according to the Majorcan Tourist Board, ranging from small bars to full restaurants.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} Olives and almonds are typical of the Majorcan diet. Among the foods that are typical from Majorca are sobrassada, arròs brut (saffron rice cooked with chicken, pork and vegetables), and the sweet pastry ensaïmada. Also Pa amb oli is a popular dish. [40] Herbs de Majorca is a herbal liqueur. LanguageThe main language spoken on the island is Catalan.[41] The two official languages of Majorca are Catalan and Spanish.[41] The local dialect of Catalan spoken in the island is mallorquín, with slightly different variants in most villages. The education is bilingual in Catalan and Spanish, with some knowledge of English.[42] In 2012, the then-governing People's Party announced its intention to end preferential treatment for Catalan in the island's schools to bring parity to the two languages of the island. It was said that this could lead Majorcan Catalan to become extinct in the fairly near future, as it was being used in a situation of diglossia in favour of the Spanish language.[43] {{As of|2016}}, with the most recent election in May 2015 sweeping a pro-Catalan party and president into power, the Popular Party's policy of trilingualism has been dismantled,[44] making this outcome unlikely. EconomySince the 1950s, Majorca has become a major tourist destination, and the tourism business has become the main source of revenue for the island.[45] In 2001, the island received millions of tourists, and the boom in the tourism industry has provided significant growth in the economy of the country. {{citation needed|date=July 2015}} The island's popularity as a tourist destination has steadily grown since the 1950s, with many artists and academics choosing to visit and live on the island. Visitors to Majorca continued to increase with holiday makers in the 1970s approaching 3 million a year. In 2010 over 6 million visitors came to Majorca. In 2013, Majorca was visited by nearly 9.5 million tourists, and the Balearic Islands as a whole reached 13 million tourists.[46] Majorca has been jokingly referred to as the 17th Federal State of Germany, due to the high number of German tourists.[47][48] With thousands of rooms available Majorca's economy is largely dependent on its tourism industry. Holiday makers are attracted by the large number of beaches, warm weather, and high-quality tourist amenities. Attempts to build illegally caused a scandal in 2006 in Port Andratx that the newspaper El País named "caso Andratx".[49] A main reason for illegal building permits, corruption and black market construction is that communities have few ways to finance themselves other than through permits.[50] The former mayor was incarcerated since 2009 after being prosecuted for taking bribes to permit illegal housebuilding.[51][52] Top 10 arrivals by nationalityData from Institute of Statistics of Balearic Islands[53]
Politics and governmentRegional governmentThe Balearic Islands, of which Majorca forms part, are one of the autonomous communities of Spain. As a whole, they are currently governed by the Balearic Islands Socialist Party (PSIB-PSOE), with Francina Armengol as their President. The autonomous government for the island, called Consell Insular de Mallorca (Majorca Insular Council), is responsible for culture, roads, railways (see Serveis Ferroviaris de Mallorca) and municipal administration. The current president (as of June 2015) is Miquel Ensenyat, of More for Mallorca. Spanish Royal FamilyThe members of the Spanish Royal Family spend their summer holidays[54] in Majorca where the Marivent Palace is located.[55] The Marivent Palace is the royal family's summer residence. While most royal residences are administered by Patrimonio Nacional, the Marivent Palace, in Palma de Mallorca, one of many Spanish royal sites, is under the care of Government of the Balearic Islands. As a private residence it is rarely used for official business. Typically, the whole family meets there and on the Fortuna yacht, where they take part in sailing competitions.[56] The Marivent Palace is used for some unofficial business, as when President Hugo Chávez of Venezuela visited King Juan Carlos in 2008[57] to mend their relationship and normalize diplomatic relations after the King famously[58] said to him, "Why don't you shut up?" during the Ibero-American Summit in November 2007.[59] Majorcans{{refimprove section|date=August 2015}}Some of the earliest famous Majorcans lived on the island before its reconquest from the Moors. Famous Majorcans include:
Notable residents, alive in modern times
Transport
GallerySee also{{Portal|Catalan-speaking Countries|Spain}}
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Jaume, M. Gispert, M.A. Oliver, E. Fàbrega, N. Trilla, and J. Tibau. Institut Balear de Biologia Animal. 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2017 7. ^{{cite book|title=Mallorca|last=Tisdall|first=Nigel|publisher=Thomas Cook Publishing|date=2003|isbn=9781841573274|page=11|work=Reference to Talayot Culture on the island}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://dlthede.net/LWT/Spain.html|title=Spain|website=dlthede.net|access-date=2017-12-15}} 9. ^Oppidum Bocchoritanum. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites . 10. ^History of Mallorca. North South Guides. 11. ^1 The Dark Ages in Mallorca mallorcaincognita.com, not dated 12. ^Moorish Mallorca mallorcaincognita.com, not dated. 13. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20120306063941/http://www.contemporarybalears.com/balears/index.php?section=blog&cmd=details&id=29 The Pillage People], Contemporary Balears. 14. ^The Spanish Civil War, Hugh Thomas (2001) 15. ^"Large rise in number of foreign nationals". 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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230143751/http://www.illesbalears.es/ing/majorca/home2.jsp?SEC=HOM&lang=0004&id=00002046 |archive-date=2014-12-30}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://balearsculturaltour.net/sabiasque_det.php?idioma=en&id=41&cod=103|title=Jorge Luis Borges and Mallorca |author= |date= |website=Balearsculturaltour |accessdate=28 September 2017}} 30. ^{{cite web |publisher=Argentine Cultural Ephemerides |url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/jlborges/revistas.html |title=Jorge Luis Borges — Revistas y Diarios |language=es |trans-title=Jorge Luis Borges — Journals and Diaries |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230193948/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/jlborges/revistas.html |archivedate=30 December 2014|df=dmy-all}} 31. ^{{cite web |url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/actcult/borges/espaarge/02e2.htm |title=Borges y España — Mallorca en Borges |language=es |trans-title=Borges and Spain — Mallorca in Borges |website=Centro Virtual Cervantes |author=Carlos Meneses |date= |accessdate=28 September 2017}} 32. ^{{cite magazine |language=es |trans-title=Captives on the island: In the death of Camilo José Cela |url=http://www.elcultural.com/revista/especial/Cautivos-en-la-isla/21976 |title=Cautivos en la isla: En la muerte de Camilo José Cela |author=José Carlos Llop |date=17 January 2002 |magazine=EL Cultural}} 33. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.papelesdesonarmadans.com/Revista.htm |title=El nacimiento de Papeles de Son Armadans |language=es |trans-title=The birth of Papeles de Son Armadans |website=Papeles de Son Armadans |accessdate=28 September 2017}} 34. ^{{cite newspaper|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/oct/27/robert-graves-simon-gough-go-between|title='I didn't just bury the past, I buried it alive'|first=Patrick|last=Barkham|date=27 October 2012|newspaper=The Guardian}} 35. ^{{cite web|title=Ritual made dance: the Ball dels Cossiers|url=http://www.illesbalears.travel/article/en/mallorca/ritual-made-dance-the-ball-dels-cossiers|website=Illes Balears}} 36. ^{{cite web|title=Traditional music and dance in Mallorca|url=https://www.myguidemallorca.com/regionalinfo/traditional-music-and-dance-in-mallorca|website=My Guide Mallorca|accessdate=6 April 2018|date=September 9, 2016}} 37. ^{{cite web|title=Music Scene in Mallorca|url=https://www.seemallorca.com/music/guide|website=See Majorca|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626221158/https://www.seemallorca.com/music/guide|archive-date=26 June 2017|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 38. ^{{cite web |language=es |url=http://miro.palmademallorca.es/pagina.php?Cod_fam=3 |website=Fundació Pilar i Joan Miró a Mallorca |title=Joan Miró en Mallorca}} 39. ^{{cite web |website=abcMallorca |url=http://www.abc-mallorca.com/film-festival-mallorca/ |title=Evolution Mallorca International Film Festival |access-date=10 October 2015}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.infomallorca.net/?te=sec&e=16983|title=Restaurants|publisher=Consell de Mallorca|date=|website=Infomallorca}} 41. ^1 Article 4 of the {{cite web |title=Estatut d'autonomia de les Illes Balears |trans-title=Statute of Autonomy of the Balearic Islands |year=2007 |quote=Catalan language, Balearic Islands' own language, will have, together with the Spanish language, the character of official language. |url=http://web.parlamentib.es/RecursosWeb/DOCS/EstatutAutonomiaIB.pdf |language=Catalan }} 42. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.majorcanvillas.com/majorcainfo-history.asp|title=History of Majorca|first=|last=|date=|website=Majorcan Villas}} 43. ^{{cite news |author=Andreu Manresa |work=El País |language=es |url=https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2012/07/17/actualidad/1342553811_770801.html |title=El PP recorta el peso oficial del catalán en Baleares |trans-title=The PP reduces the official standing of Catalan in the Balearic Islands |date=17 July 2012 |accessdate=26 March 2013}} 44. ^{{cite news |url=https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2015/07/03/actualidad/1435944987_524900.html |title=La izquierda de Baleares “entierra” el trilingüismo y potencia el catalán |language=es |work=El País |trans-title=The left of the Balearic Islands "buries" trilingualism and promotes Catalan |date=3 July 2015 |author=Andreu Manresa}} 45. ^{{cite book|title=Landslide Science and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yea9BAAAQBAJ|volume=Volume 7: Social and Economic Impact and Policies|first1=Claudio|last1=Margottini|first2= Paolo|last2=Canuti|first3=Kyoji|last3=Sassa|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2013|isbn=9783642313134|page=105}} 46. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ibestat.cat/ibestat/estadistiques/per-territori/1/ef88f7cf-8e0b-44e0-b897-85c2f85775ec/es/I208002_3001.px |title=Flujo de turistas (FRONTUR) |date=2014 |website=ibestat.cat |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230143103/http://www.ibestat.cat/ibestat/estadistiques/per-territori/1/ef88f7cf-8e0b-44e0-b897-85c2f85775ec/es/I208002_3001.px |archivedate=30 December 2014|df=dmy-all}} 47. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/reise/europa/100-jahre-mallorca-tourismus-das-17-deutsche-bundesland-a-362532.html |title=100 Jahre Mallorca-Tourismus: Das 17. deutsche Bundesland |publisher=Spiegel Online |date=29 June 2005 |trans-title=100 Years Majorca Tourism: The 17th German Federal State |language=de |accessdate=29 December 2014}} 48. ^{{cite web |author=Emilio Rappold |date=29 July 2014 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.de/2014/07/29/mallorca-17-bundesland_n_5629329.html |title=Mallorca ist das 17. Bundesland |language=de |trans-title=Mallorca is the 17th federal state |publisher=HuffingtonPost.de |accessdate=29 December 2014}} 49. ^{{cite news |title=La investigación del 'caso Andratx' descubre un 'pelotazo' de 10 millones en suelo rústico |language=es |url=http://elpais.com/diario/2006/11/30/espana/1164841216_850215.html |accessdate=1 July 2015 |work=El País |trans-title=The investigation of the 'Andratx case' discovers a 'pelotazo' of 10 million on the ground |date=30 November 2006}} 50. ^{{cite web|author1=Johannes Höflich, Jo Angerer|title=Bedrohte Paradiese (2/3): Mallorca und die Balearen – Ferienparadies am Abgrund |trans-title=Threatened Paradises (2/3): Majorca and the Balearic Islands – holiday paradise on the brink |url=http://presse.phoenix.de/dokumentationen/2011/02/20110207_Bedrohte_Paradiese_2/20110207_Bedrohte_Paradiese_2_Mallorca.phtml |website=phoenix |publisher=WDR |accessdate=1 July 2015 |language=de |format=documentary |date=2010}} 51. ^{{cite news |title=El ex alcalde de Andratx y un ex director general entran en prisión| url=http://elpais.com/diario/2009/12/29/espana/1262041201_850215.html| accessdate=1 July 2015 |work=El País |language=es |author=Andreu Manresa |trans-title=The former mayor of Andratx and a former director general enter a rustic prison |date=29 December 2009}} 52. ^{{cite news |author1=Patrick Sawer |title=Scott gives evidence in holiday homes affair |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/4743639/Scott-gives-evidence-in-holiday-homes-affair.html |accessdate=1 July 2015 |work=Telegraph |publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited |date=21 February 2009}} 53. ^{{cite web|title=Turistas con destino principal las Illes Balears por periodo, isla y país de residencia|trans-title=Tourists with the Balearic Islands as their main destination by period, island and country of residence|language=es|url=http://www.ibestat.cat/ibestat/estadistiques/per-territori/1/ef88f7cf-8e0b-44e0-b897-85c2f85775ec/es/I208002_3001.px|publisher=Institut d'Estadistica de les Illes Balears|accessdate=8 September 2017}} 54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-spanish-monarchs |title=Juan Carlos: Biography from |publisher=Answers.com |date= |accessdate=26 March 2013}} 55. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_11876.shtml |title=Spanish Royal Family pose for the press at the Marivent Palace |date=6 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802155651/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_11876.shtml |archive-date=2 August 2009 |website=Typically Spanish}} 56. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-spanish-monarchs |title=Family and private life |website=Answers.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515213525/http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-spanish-monarchs |archivedate=15 May 2013 |df=dmy-all}} 57. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7524574.stm |work=BBC News |title=Chavez gets royal Spanish welcome |date=25 July 2008}} 58. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7524584.stm |work=BBC News |title=The 'shut up' ringtone |date=25 July 2008}} 59. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7089131.stm |work=BBC News |title=Shut up, Spain's king tells Chavez |date=10 November 2007}} 60. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.illesbalears.es/ing/majorca/history2.jsp|title=Mallorca|website=www.illesbalears.es|access-date=15 May 2016}} 61. ^{{cite news |title=It's Archer's best plot yet|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/its-archers-best-plot-yet-2sbkkmxlrtd|work=The Sunday Times|date=31 October 2010|author= Emma Wells}} External links{{Sister project links|Mallorca|voy=Mallorca}}{{Municipalities in the Balearic Islands}}{{Authority control}} 2 : Majorca|Islands of the Balearic Islands |
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