| 词条 | Malmedy massacre | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| title = Malmedy Massacre | partof = the Battle of the Bulge and World War II | image_upright = 1.1 | image = Bodies of U.S. officers and soldiers slained by the Nazis after capture near Malmedy, Belgium. - NARA - 196544.jpg | caption = Murdered American soldiers at Malmedy (picture taken on January 14, 1945) | map = {{location map|Belgium | coordinates = {{Coord|50|24|14|N|6|3|58.30|E}} | relief =1 }} | location = Malmedy, Belgium | coordinates ={{Coord|50|24|14|N|6|3|58.30|E|type:event_region:BE_scale:50000|display=inline,title}} | date= {{Date start|1944|12|17}} | time-begin = | time-end = | timezone = | type = Mass murder by firing squad | fatalities = 84 American POWs of the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion | perps = {{Plainlist|
}} }}{{Campaignbox Battle of the Bulge}} The Malmedy massacre was a war crime committed by members of Kampfgruppe Peiper (part of the 1st SS Panzer Division), a German combat unit led by Joachim Peiper, at Baugnez crossroads near Malmedy, Belgium, on December 17, 1944, during the Battle of the Bulge. According to numerous eyewitness accounts, 84 American prisoners of war were massacred by their German captors: the prisoners were assembled in a field and shot with machine guns. The term Malmedy massacre also applies generally to the series of massacres committed by the same unit on the same day and following days, which were the subject of the Malmedy massacre trial, part of the Dachau Trials of 1946. The trials were the focus of some controversy. BackgroundHitler's main objective for the Battle of the Bulge was for the 6th SS Panzer Army commanded by General Sepp Dietrich to break through the Allied front between Monschau and Losheimergraben, cross the Meuse River, and capture Antwerp.[1][2]{{rp|5}} Kampfgruppe Peiper, named after and under the command of SS-Obersturmbannführer Joachim Peiper, was composed of armoured and motorised elements and was the spearhead of the left wing of the 6th SS Panzer Army. Once the infantry had breached the American lines, Peiper's role was to advance via Ligneuville, Stavelot, Trois-Ponts, and Werbomont and seize and secure the Meuse bridges around Huy.[1]{{rp|260+}}[2][3]The best roads were reserved for the bulk of the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler. Peiper was to use secondary roads, but these proved unsuitable for heavy armoured vehicles, especially the Tiger II tanks attached to the Kampfgruppe.[1][2][3] The success of the operation depended on the swift capture of the bridges over the Meuse. This required a rapid advance through US positions, circumventing any points of resistance whenever possible. Another factor Peiper had to consider was the shortage of fuel: the fuel resources of the Reich had been greatly reduced since the fall of Romania. Hitler ordered the battle to be carried out with a brutality more common on the Eastern Front, in order to frighten the enemy.[2] Sepp Dietrich confirmed this during the war crimes trial after the war ended.[4] According to one source, during the briefings before the operation, Peiper stated that no quarter was to be granted, no prisoners taken, and no pity shown towards Belgian civilians.[4] Peiper advances west{{Wikisource|The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge/Chapter V|The Sixth Panzer Army Attack}}The Germans' initial position was east of the German-Belgium border and the Siegfried Line near Losheim. SS-Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich's plan was for the Sixth Panzer to advance northwest through Losheimergraben and Bucholz Station and then drive {{convert|72|mi}} through Honsfeld, Büllingen, and a group of villages named Trois-Ponts, to connect to Belgian Route Nationale N23, and cross the River Meuse.[12]{{rp|70}} Peiper had planned to use the Lanzerath-Losheimergraben road to advance on Losheimergraben immediately following the infantry, who were tasked with capturing the villages and towns immediately west of the International Highway. Unfortunately for the Germans, during their retreat earlier in the year they had destroyed the Losheim-Losheimergraben road-bridge over the railway, which prevented their use of this route. A rail overpass they had planned to use could not bear the weight of the German armour, and German engineers were slow to repair the Losheim-Losheimergraben road, forcing Peiper's vehicles to take the road through Lanzerath to Bucholz Station.[5]{{rp|34}} Peiper's forces were delayed by massive traffic jams behind the front.[1][2] But German military operations on the northern front, the key route for the entire Battle of the Bulge, was troubled by unexpectedly obstinate resistance from American troops. A single platoon of 18 men belonging to an American reconnaissance platoon and four US Forward Artillery Observers held up a battalion of about 500 German paratroopers in the village of Lanzerath, Belgium for almost an entire day.[5]{{rp|34}} Peiper's entire timetable for his advance towards the River Meuse and Antwerp was seriously slowed, allowing the Americans precious hours to move in reinforcements.[6] The German 9th Fallschirmjäger Regiment, 3rd Fallschirmjäger Division finally flanked and captured the American platoon at dusk, when they ran low on ammunition and were planning to withdraw. Only one American, a forward artillery observer, was killed, while 14 were wounded: German casualties totalled 92. The Germans paused, believing the woods were filled with more Americans and tanks. Only when Peiper and his tanks arrived at midnight, twelve hours behind schedule, did the Germans learn the woods were empty.[6] First massacre at BüllingenAt 4:30 on December 17, more than 16 hours behind schedule, the 1st SS Panzer Division rolled out of Lanzerath and headed east for Honsfeld.[7] After capturing Honsfeld, Peiper left his assigned route for several kilometres to seize a small fuel depot in Büllingen, where members of his force killed several dozen American POWs.[1][2][8] Unknown to Peiper, he was in a position to flank the 2nd and the 99th Infantry Divisions: had his troops advanced north from Büllingen towards Elsenborn, they may have been able to flank and trap the American units. But Peiper followed orders. He was more determined to advance west and he stuck to his Rollbahn towards the Meuse River and captured Ligneuville, bypassing Mödersheid, Schoppen, Ondenval, and Thirimont.[9] The terrain and poor quality of the roads made his advance difficult. Eventually, at the exit of the small village of Thirimont, the spearhead was unable to take the direct road toward Ligneuville. Peiper again deviated from his planned route. Rather than turn left, the spearhead veered right and advanced towards the crossroads of Baugnez, which is equidistant from Malmedy, Ligneuville, and Waimes.[1][2] Massacre at Baugnez crossroadsBetween noon and 1 pm, the German spearhead approached the Baugnez crossroads, two miles south-east of Malmedy. An American convoy of about thirty vehicles, mainly elements of B Battery of the American 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion, was negotiating the crossroads and turning right toward Ligneuville and St. Vith, where it had been ordered to join the 7th Armored Division.[2][7] The spearhead of Peiper’s group spotted the American convoy and opened fire, immobilising the first and last vehicles of the column and forcing it to halt.[7] Armed with only rifles and other small arms, the Americans surrendered to the German tank force.[1][2] The armoured column led by Peiper continued west toward Ligneuville. The German troops left behind assembled the American prisoners in a field along with other prisoners captured earlier in the day. Many of the survivors testified that about 120 troops were standing in the field when, for unknown reasons, the SS troops suddenly opened fire with machine guns on the prisoners.[1][2] As soon as the SS machine gunners opened fire, the POWs panicked. Some tried to flee, but most were shot where they stood. Some dropped to the ground and pretended to be dead.[2] SS troops walked among the bodies and shot any who appeared to be alive.[2][7] A few sought shelter in a café at the crossroads. The SS soldiers set fire to the building and shot any who tried to escape.[2] Several POWs later testified that a few of the prisoners had tried to escape, and others claimed that some prisoners had picked up their previously discarded weapons and shot at the German troops when they attempted to continue toward Ligneuville.[7][10]{{unreliable source|date=December 2015}} Massacre revealedA few survivors emerged from hiding shortly afterwards and returned through the lines to nearby Malmedy, where American troops still held the town. Eventually, 43 survivors emerged, some who had taken shelter with Belgian civilians.[11] The first survivors of the massacre were found by a patrol from the 291st Combat Engineer Battalion at about 2:30 p.m. the same day. The survivors were interviewed soon after they returned to American lines. Their stories were consistent and corroborated each other, although they had not had a chance to discuss the events with each other.[7] The inspector general of the First Army learned of the shootings about three or four hours later. By late evening of the 17th, rumours that the enemy was killing prisoners had reached the forward American divisions.[1] One US unit issued orders that "No SS troops or paratroopers will be taken prisoner but will be shot on sight."[1]{{rp|261–264}} Some American forces may have killed German prisoners in retaliation, like the shooting of German prisoners that took place at Chenogne on January 1, 1945.[1]{{rp|261–264}} Bodies recoveredThe Baugnez crossroads was behind German lines until the Allied counter-offensive in January. On January 14, 1945, US forces reached the crossroads and massacre site. They photographed the frozen, snow-covered bodies where they lay, and then removed them from the scene for identification and detailed post mortem examinations. The investigation was focused on documenting evidence that could be used to prosecute those responsible for the apparent war crime.[44] Seventy-two bodies were found in the field on January 14 and 15, 1945. Twelve more, lying farther from the pasture, were found between February 7 and April 15, 1945.[10]{{unreliable source|date=December 2015}} About 20 of the 84 bodies recovered showed head wounds consistent with a coup de grâce leaving powder burn residue, indicating a closely administered and deliberate shot to the head at point-blank range consistent with a massacre and not self-defense or injuries inflicted while attempting to escape.[12] The bodies of another 20 showed evidence of small-caliber gunshot wounds to the head but didn't display powder-burn residue.[12] Some bodies showed only one wound, in the temple or behind the ear.[13] Ten other bodies showed fatal crushing or blunt-trauma injuries, most likely from rifle butts.[12] The head wounds were in addition to bullet wounds made by automatic weapons. Most of the bodies were found in a very small area, suggesting the victims were gathered close together before they were killed.[11]{{cref|iii}} Peiper advances westFurther massacres of POWs were reported in Stavelot, Cheneux, La Gleize, and Stoumont, on December 18, 19 and 20.[8] Finally, on December 19, 1944, between Stavelot and Trois-Ponts, German forces tried to regain control of the bridge over the Amblève River in Stavelot, which was crucial for receiving reinforcements, fuel, and ammunition. Peiper’s men killed about 100 Belgian civilians.[2][8][15][16] American Army engineers blocked Peiper's advance in the narrow Amblève River valley by blowing up the bridges. Additional US reinforcements surrounded the Kampfgruppe in Stoumont and la Gleize.[2] Peiper and 800 of his men eventually escaped this encirclement by marching through the nearby woods and abandoning their heavy equipment, including several Tiger II tanks.[1][2]{{rp|376ff}} On December 21, during the battle around La Gleize, the men of Kampfgruppe Peiper captured an American officer, Major Harold D. McCown, who was leading one of the battalions of the 119th US Infantry Regiment.[1]{{rp|365ff}} Having heard about the Malmedy massacre, McCown personally asked Peiper about his fate and that of his men. McCown testified that Peiper told him neither he nor his men were at any risk and that he (Peiper) was not accustomed to killing his prisoners.[2] McCown noted that neither he nor his men were threatened in any manner, and he testified in Peiper's defence during the 1946 trial in Dachau. As was pointed out at trial however, by the time Col. McCown (having been promoted since) was captured near La Gleize on December 21, Peiper's tactical situation had deteriorated and he knew that he and his men were likely to be taken prisoner themselves. On December 17 at Malmedy, Peiper's unit was still advancing aggressively and had hope of reaching its objective, whereas by December 21 at La Gleize, he was nearly cut off, out of fuel, and had sustained over 80% casualties. Peiper kept Col. McCown and others essentially as bargaining chips as his unit fled La Gleize on foot, only for Col. McCown to escape in the confusion.[17] Once re-equipped, Kampfgruppe Peiper rejoined the battle, and other killings of POWs were reported on December 31, 1944, in {{Interlanguage link multi|Lutrebois|fr}}, and between January 10 and 13, 1945, in Petit Thier, where killings were personally ordered by Peiper.[8] The precise number of prisoners of war and civilians massacred attributable to Kampfgruppe Peiper is still not clear. According certain sources, 538 to 749 POWs had been the victims of war crimes perpetrated by Peiper's men. These figures are not corroborated by the report of the United States Senate subcommittee that later inquired into the subsequent trial; according to the Committee.[18] According to this report, the count of POWs or civilians killed at different places is as follows:
Aftermath and trial{{Main|Malmedy massacre trial}}On January 13, 1945, American forces recaptured the site where the killings had occurred. The cold had preserved the scene well. The bodies were recovered on January 14/15, 1945. The memorial at Baugnez bears the names of the murdered soldiers. In addition to the effect the event had on American combatants in Europe, news of the massacre greatly affected the United States. This explains why the alleged culprits were deferred to the Dachau Trials, which were held in May and June 1946, after the war.[19] In what came to be called the "Malmedy massacre trial", which concerned all of the war crimes attributed to Kampfgruppe Peiper during the Battle of the Bulge, the highest-ranking defendant was General Sepp Dietrich, commander of the 6th SS Panzer Army, to which Peiper’s unit had belonged. Joachim Peiper and his principal subordinates were defendants.[19] The tribunal tried more than 70 persons and pronounced 43 death sentences (none of which were carried out) and 22 life sentences. Eight other men were sentenced to shorter prison sentences.[19] After the verdict, the way in which the court had functioned was disputed, first in Germany (by former Nazi officials who had regained some power due to anti-Communist positions with the occupation forces), then later in the United States (by Congressmen from heavily German-American areas of the Midwest). The case was appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, which made no decision. The case then came under the scrutiny of a sub-committee of the United States Senate.[18] This drew attention to the trial and the judicial irregularities that had occurred during the interrogations that preceded the trial. But, before the United States Senate took an interest in this case, most of the death sentences had been commuted, because of a revision of the trial carried out by the US Army.[19] The other life sentences were commuted within the next few years. All the convicted war criminals were released during the 1950s, the last one to leave prison being Peiper in December 1956. A distinct case about the war crimes committed against civilians in Stavelot was tried on July 6, 1948, in front of a Belgian military court in Liege, Belgium. The defendants were 10 members of Kampfgruppe Peiper; American troops had captured them on December 22, 1944, near the spot where one of the massacres of civilians in Stavelot had occurred. One man was discharged; the others were found guilty. Most of the convicts were sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment; two officers were sentenced to 12 and 15 years. Death of PeiperPeiper chose to live in France following his 1956 release from jail and settled in Traves. A former Communist resistance member in that region identified him in 1974 and notified the French Communist Party. In 1976 a Communist historian found the Peiper file in the STASI archives. On June 21, tracts denouncing his presence were distributed in the village. A day later, an article in the Communist publication L'Humanité revealed Peiper's presence in Traves, and he received death threats. Because of the death threats, Peiper sent his family back to Germany, but he remained in Traves. During the night of July 13/14, 1976, a gunfight took place at Peiper's house and it was set on fire. Peiper's charred corpse was later found in the ruins with a bullet in his chest. The perpetrators were never identified, but were suspected to be former members of the World War II French Resistance or Communists. Peiper had just started writing a book about Malmedy and what followed.[20] See also
Notes{{Refbegin}}{{Cnote|i| In Cole's history of World War II, footnote 5 on page 264 reads, Thus Fragmentary Order 27. issued by Headquarters, 328th Infantry, on December 21 for the attack scheduled the following day says: "No SS troops or paratroopers will be taken prisoner but will be shot on sight."[1]}}{{Cnote|ii|That article includes a diagram showing where the bodies were discovered.[11]}}{{Refend}}References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite book| series = United States Army in World War II, The European Theater of Operations| title = The Ardennes| first = Hugh M.| last = Cole| publisher = Office of the Chief of Military History| location= Washington, D.C.| year = 1965 |chapterurl = http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/7-8/7-8_5.htm| chapter = Chapter V: The Sixth Panzer Army Attack}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 {{cite book |first= Charles |last=MacDonald |year=1984 |title=A Time For Trumpets: The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge |publisher=Bantam Books|ISBN=0-553-34226-6}} 3. ^1 {{cite book| title= Ardennes 1944–1945, Guide du champ de bataille|language=French|editor= Émile Engels |location=Racine, Bruxelles |year=1994}} 4. ^1 {{cite book |title=Malmedy Massacre |first=Richard |last= Gallagher |publisher=Paperback Library |year=1964 |pages=110–111}} 5. ^1 {{cite book | last = Cavanagh | first = William | title = The Battle East of Elsenborn | publisher=Pen & Sword Books | location = City | year = 2005 | isbn = 1-84415-126-3 }} 6. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=The Longest Winter: The Battle of the Bulge And the Epic Story of World War II's Most Decorated Platoon |last=Kershaw|first=Alex |page=330 | publisher=Da Capo Press |date=October 30, 2005 |ISBN =0-306-81440-4}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book |title=Massacre At Malmédy during the Battle of the Bulge |first=Michael |last=Reynolds |work=World War II Magazine |date=February 2003 |url=http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3030591.html?page=1&c=y |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307200416/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3030591.html?page=1&c=y |archivedate=March 7, 2007 |df= }} 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|title=Review and Recommendation of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes |date=October 20, 1947 |pages=4–22 |url=http://137.248.11.66/attachments?lang=de&barcode=06-024 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 9. ^Cole (1965). Statement of General Lauer "the enemy had the key to success within his hands, but did not know it."{{page needed|date=December 2015}} 10. ^1 Wholesale Slaughter at Baugnez-lez-Malmedy, Willy D. Alenus {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505030431/http://members.cox.net/honorguard2/Battle_of_the_Bulge.html |date=May 5, 2007 }} 11. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.criba.be/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=4 |title=Mortuary Affairs Operations at Malmedy |accessdate=March 22, 2007 |last=Glass |first=Lt Col Scott T. |date=November 22, 1998 |publisher=Centre de Recherches et d'Informations sur la bataille des Ardennes |language= |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927080809/http://www.criba.be/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=4 |archivedate = September 27, 2007}} 12. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps1786/malmedy.html |title=Mortuary Affairs Operations At Malmedy—Lessons Learned From A Historic Tragedy|first=MAJ Scott T. |last=Glass}} 13. ^Roger Martin, L'Affaire Peiper, Dagorno, 1994, p. 76 14. ^{{cite book |title=The Brave Innkeeper of 'The Bulge' |last=Toland |first=John |magazine=Coronet Magazine |year=December 1959 |url=http://www.criba.be/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=278&Itemid=4 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808173524/http://www.criba.be/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=278&Itemid=4 |archivedate=August 8, 2007 |df= }} 15. ^{{cite web |title=Stavelot, Belgium, 17 to 22 December 44 |first=Capt John E. |last=Kent |publisher=Centre de Recherches et d'Informations sur la Bataille des Ardennes |url=http://www.criba.be/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=269&Itemid=4 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808173552/http://www.criba.be/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=269&Itemid=4 |archivedate=August 8, 2007 |df= }} 16. ^{{cite web |title=Sad souvenirs or life of the people of Stavelot during the winter of 1944–1945 |first=Guy |last=Lebeau |url=http://www.criba.be/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=180&Itemid=4 |publisher=Centre de Recherches et d'Informations sur la Bataille des Ardennes |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927080825/http://www.criba.be/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=180&Itemid=4 |archivedate=September 27, 2007 |df= }} 17. ^{{cite book |last1= Goldstein |first1=Donald M. |last2=Dillon |first2=Katherine V. |last3=Wenger |first3=J. Michael |title=Nuts!: The Battle of the Bulge: The Story and Photographs |date=1994 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |pages=167–182}} 18. ^1 {{cite book| title=Malmedy massacre Investigation–Report of the Subcommittee of Committee on Armed Services |publisher=United States Senate Eighty-first Congress, first session, pursuant to S. res. 42, Investigation of action of Army with Respect to Trial of Persons Responsible for the Massacre of American Soldiers, Battle of the Bulge, near Malmedy, Belgium, December 1944 |date=October 13, 1949}} 19. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |first1=Danny S. |last1=Parker|title=Fatal Crossroads: The Untold Story of the Malmedy Massacre at the Battle of Bulge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68oBAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA239 |page=239 |isbn=978-0306821523 |publisher=Da Capo Press |edition=paperback |date=August 13, 2013}} 20. ^{{cite book|last=Westemeier |first=Jens |year=2007 |title=Joachim Peiper: A Biography of Himmler's SS Commander |publisher=Schiffer Publications|location= |isbn=978-0-7643-2659-2 }} Further reading
External links
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