| 词条 | Recognition of same-sex unions in Cuba |
| 释义 |
Cuba does not recognize same-sex marriage, civil unions, or any other form of same-sex unions. The Cuban Constitution prohibited same-sex marriage until 2019. Civil unionsA civil union law was first proposed in 2007, though was never brought up for a vote. It was announced that new legislation was going to be presented in September 2009, with a bill offering all the rights of marriage in Cuba as "civil unions" ({{lang-es|unión de hecho}}).[1] The bill was reportedly before the country's Parliament and promoted by Mariela Castro, director of the Cuban Sexual Education Center and daughter of former President and current First Secretary of the Communist Party, Raúl Castro.[2][3][4] If the bill had been approved, it would have made Cuba the first Caribbean state to recognize same-sex unions. It would also have been the first communist country to pass any form of recognition of same-sex couples. As of 2014, the legislation has stalled in Parliament. Mariela Castro has said that the legislation has the support of her father and that she was building a consensus in order to approve it.[5] Same-sex marriageAttempts to change the ConstitutionUntil 2019, Article 36 of the Constitution of Cuba defined marriage as "the voluntarily established union between a man and a woman".[6] Under Article 2 of the Family Code, marriage is restricted to the voluntary union of a man and a woman.[7] In December 2017, LGBT groups launched a campaign to amend the Cuban Constitution to include same-sex marriage.[8] On 4 May 2018, Mariela Castro stated that she would propose an amendment to the Constitution and accompanying measure to legalize same-sex marriage, as the process of constitutional reform was expected to begin in July 2018.[9][10] On 21 July, Secretary of the Council of State Homero Acosta said that the draft Constitution included a provision defining marriage as a union between two people. Changes to statutory laws would be necessary to make same-sex marriage legal.[11][12] The National Assembly approved the draft on 22 July. It was subject to public consultation between 13 August and 15 November.[13][14][15][16][17][18] The issue of same-sex marriage resulted in rare public debates and organising in Cuba. In June 2018, five Christian denominations declared same-sex marriage "contrary to the spirit of Communist Revolution".[19] In what has been described as "a war of posters", both opponents and supporters of same-sex marriage have displayed hundreds of posters around Havana, the Cuban capital.[20] In September 2018, following conservative opposition to the proposal to legalise same-sex marriage in Cuba, President Miguel Díaz-Canel announced his support for same-sex marriage in his first interview since taking office in April, telling TV Telesur that he supports "marriage between people without any restrictions", and is in favor of "eliminating any type of discrimination in society". He was the first Cuban President to publicly express support for same-sex marriage.[21][22] On 18 December, the constitutional commission removed the definition of marriage from the draft, meaning that the new Constitution, if enacted, will not regulate this issue at all. Nonetheless, it would still repeal the constitutional ban on same-sex marriage.[23][24] The National Assembly and Mariela Castro have stated that same-sex marriage would instead be legalised through a change to the Family Code, which is expected to happen after February 2019. Writing in the Havana Times, commentator and human rights activist Luis Rondón Paz argued that the Cuban state never intended to legalize same-sex marriage, and was instead seeking to deflect attention from other domestic issues and promote itself internationally as a progressive state.[25] The new Constitution was approved in a referendum on 24 February 2019.[26] Article 82 reads as follows: {{quote|Marriage is a social and legal institution. It is one form of family organization. It is based on free will and equality of rights, obligations and legal capacity of the spouses. The law decides how it is constituted and its effects.{{efn|In Spanish: El matrimonio es una institución social y jurídica. Es una de las formas de organización de las familias. Se funda en el libre consentimiento y en la igualdad de derechos, obligaciones y capacidad legal de los cónyuges. La ley determina la forma en que se constituye y sus efectos.[27]}}}}Changes to the Family CodeIn early March 2019, shortly after the constitutional referendum, the Government launched public consultations on the new Family Code, which would address same-sex marriage.[28] See also
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/4704|date=9 August 2009|title=Socialist feminist revival|first=Reihana|last=Mohideen-Znet|website=Venezuela Analysis|accessdate=24 September 2018}} {{Status of same-sex unions}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Recognition Of Same-Sex Unions In Cuba}}2. ^{{cite news|work=Havana Times|url=http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=83437| date=11 December 2012|title=Mariela Castro: Cuba ‘Ready’ for Gay Unions|accessdate=24 September 2018}} 3. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2012/01/17/raul_castros_daughter_cuba_eyes_same_sex_unions/|work=Boston Globe|title=Raul Castro’s daughter: Cuba eyes same-sex unions|date=17 January 2012|accessdate=24 September 2018}} 4. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/cuba/120117/mariela-castro-says-cuba-consider-civil-unions-gays |title=Mariela Castro says Cuba to consider civil unions for gays |access-date=2012-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121022325/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/cuba/120117/mariela-castro-says-cuba-consider-civil-unions-gays |archive-date=2012-01-21 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 5. ^{{cite news|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/10/us-cuba-gay-idUSKBN0DQ0J720140510|title=Cubans celebrate gay rights, but marriage remains distant|accessdate=24 September 2018|first=Daniel|last=Trotta|date=10 May 2014}} 6. ^Article 36, Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1992 7. ^{{cite journal|journal=MEDICC Review|url=http://www.medicc.org/publications/medicc_review/III/hiv-aids/pages/legal.html|title=Legal and Ethical Aspects of HIV/AIDS in Cuba|first1=Evelio J. |last1=Alpízar Pérez|first2=María E.|last2=Cobas Cobiella|first3=Mercedes|last3=Rodríguez Acosta|year=2001}} First presented at the 4th International Conference on HIV/AIDS in Cuba, Central America and the Caribbean, Havana, Cuba, January 2000 8. ^{{cite news|date=13 December 2017|language=Spanish|url=https://www.cibercuba.com/videos/noticias/2017-12-13-u1-e186450-homosexuales-cubanos-luchan-insertar-matrimonio-gay|title=Homosexuales cubanos luchan por insertar el matrimonio gay en la Constitución de la Isla|website=cibercuba.com|accessdate=24 September 2018}} 9. ^{{cite news|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/world/raul-castros-daughter-to-push-for-gay-marriage-in-cuba/wcm/3fcff9cf-4f01-499f-8817-0c16091023b2|title=Raul Castro's lawmaker daughter wants to make same-sex marriage legal in Cuba|date=4 May 2018|accessdate=24 September 2018|work=Edmonton Journal}} 10. ^{{cite news|language=Spanish|url=https://www.razon.com.mx/hija-de-castro-impulsa-matrimonio-gay-cuba/ |title=Hija de Castro impulsa el matrimonio gay en Cuba|date=4 May 2018|work=La Razon|accessdate=24 September 2018}} 11. ^{{cite news|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-assembly-gaymarriage/cubas-draft-constitution-opens-path-to-gay-marriage-idUSKBN1KB0P6|title=Cuba's draft constitution opens path to gay marriage|first=Sarah|last=Marsh|date=21 July 2018|accessdate=24 September 2018}} 12. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/world/cuba-s-new-constitution-would-allow-same-sex-marriages/article/527632|title=Cuba's new constitution would allow same-sex marriages|date=21 July 2018|accessdate=24 September 2018|work=Digital Journal}} 13. ^{{cite news|website=Agencia EFE|date=22 July 2018|accessdate=24 September 2018|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/cuba-s-national-assembly-concludes-debate-on-constitutional-reforms/50000262-3698805|title=Cuba's National Assembly concludes debate on constitutional reforms}} 14. ^{{cite news|date=23 July 2018|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1012921/cuban-legislature-adopts-new-constitution|website=Inquirer News|title=Cuban legislature adopts new constitution|accessdate=24 September 2018}} 15. ^{{cite news|date=23 July 2018|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-assembly-economy/cuba-economic-growth-weak-president-says-as-lawmakers-approve-new-constitution-idUSKBN1KC0X5|first=Marc|last=Frank|work=Reuters|accessdate=24 September 2018|title=Cuba economic growth weak, president says, as lawmakers approve new constitution}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/23/cubas-new-constitution-paves-way-for-same-sex-marriage|title=Cuba's new constitution paves way for same-sex marriage|first=Ed|last=Augustin|work=The Guardian|date=23 July 2018|accessdate=24 September 2018}} 17. ^{{cite web|language=Spanish|url=http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=245164|date=11 August 2018|title=Referendo de nueva constitución será el 24 de febrero|website=Rebelión|accessdate=24 September 2018}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/11/dawn-cuba-draft-constitution-explained-181111192818890.html|title=A new dawn for Cuba? The draft constitution explained|work=Al Jazeera English|date=17 November 2018}} 19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/07/24/anti-gay-marriage-church-cuba/|title=Evangelical churches in Cuba display anti-gay marriage posters against reform|website=PinkNews|first=Sofia|last=Lotto Persio|accessdate=24 September 2018|date=24 July 2018}} 20. ^{{cite news|language=Spanish|date=22 July 2018|url=https://www.cibercuba.com/noticias/2018-07-22-u1-e186450-s27061-guerra-carteles-matrimonio-igualitario-cuba|title=La "guerra de carteles" por el matrimonio igualitario en Cuba|accessdate=24 September 2018|website=cibercuba.com}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/407066-new-cuban-president-says-he-supports-same-sex-marriage|title=New Cuban president says he supports same-sex marriage|work=The Hill|date=17 September 2018|last=Anapol|first=Avery}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/cuban-president-miguel-diaz-canel-backs-sex-marriage-180917162537797.html|title=Cuban President Miguel Diaz-Canel backs same-sex marriage|last=Mitchell|first=Charlotte|date=18 September 2018|work=Al Jazeera}} 23. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.local10.com/news/cuba/cuba-eliminates-gay-marriage-language-from-new-constitution-19|title=Cuba eliminates gay marriage language from new constitution|publisher=Local10.com|first=Hatzel|last=Vela|date=18 December 2018|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219100037/https://www.local10.com/news/cuba/cuba-eliminates-gay-marriage-language-from-new-constitution-19|archive-date=19 December 2018|dead-url=no}} 24. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/cuba-eliminates-gay-marriage-language-constitution-233553613.html|title=Cuba eliminates gay marriage language from new constitution|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Yahoo!|first1=Michael|last1=Weissenstein|first2=Andrea|last2=Rodriguez|date=18 December 2018|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219100831/https://www.yahoo.com/news/cuba-eliminates-gay-marriage-language-constitution-233553613.html|archive-date=19 December 2018|dead-url=no}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=https://havanatimes.org/?p=145983|title=Same-Sex Marriage Will Never Be in Cuba’s Constitution|date=23 December 2018|work=Havana Times|last=Rondon Paz|first=Luis}} 26. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-constitution-referendum-idUSKCN1QE22Y|title=Cubans overwhelmingly ratify new socialist constitution|publisher=Reuters|first1=Marc|last1=Frank|first2=Nelson|last2=Acosta|date=25 February 2019|access-date=25 February 2019}} 27. ^{{es icon}} Constitución de la República de Cuba 28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cibercuba.com/noticias/2019-03-08-u1-e192519-s27061-gobierno-cuba-sometera-consulta-popular-nuevo-codigo-familia|title=El Gobierno de Cuba someterá a consulta popular el nuevo Código de Familia|website=CiberCuba|date=8 March 2019|language=Spanish}} 2 : LGBT rights in Cuba|Recognition of same-sex relationships by country |
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