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词条 Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe
释义

  1. Current situation

      International level    European Court of Human Rights    European Union   National level  Partially-recognised and unrecognised states  Sub-national level 

  2. Future legislation

      Marriage    Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority   Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority   Non-marital partnership    Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority    Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority  

  3. Public opinion

      Opinion polls   Notes 

  4. See also

  5. Notes

  6. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}{{Same-sex marriage map Europe|align=right|size=300px}}{{Same-sex unions}}

Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalise same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions. Currently 29 of the 50 countries and 8 of the 9 dependent territories in Europe[1] recognise some type of same-sex unions, among them most members of the European Union (23/28).

As of January 2019, sixteen European countries legally recognise and perform same-sex marriages: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,[2] Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.[3] An additional twelve European countries legally recognise some form of civil union, namely Andorra, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Slovenia, and Switzerland. Poland and Slovakia recognise cohabitation for very limited purposes. Armenia and Estonia recognise same-sex marriages performed in any foreign jurisdiction where they are permitted, and Slovakia recognises same-sex marriages performed within the EU and including an EU citizen.

Of the countries that recognise and perform same-sex marriages some still allow couples to enter civil unions, e.g. Benelux countries, France and the United Kingdom,[4] whereas Germany, Ireland and the Nordic countries have terminated their pre-marriage civil union legislation so that existing unions remain but new ones are not possible.

Several European countries do not recognise any form of same-sex unions. Marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Of these, however, Armenia recognises same-sex marriages performed abroad,[5] and Croatia and Hungary recognise same-sex partnerships.

Current situation

International level

European Court of Human Rights

Over the years, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has handled cases that challenged the lack of legal recognition of same-sex couples in certain member states. The Court has held that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) requires member states to provide legal recognition, but does not require marriage to be opened to same-sex couples.

In Schalk and Kopf v Austria (24 June 2010), the European Court of Human Rights decided that the European Convention on Human Rights does not oblige member states to legislate for or legally recognise same-sex marriages. However, the Court, for the first time, accepted same-sex relationships as a form of "family life".

In Vallianatos and Others v Greece (7 November 2013),[6] the Court held that exclusion of same-sex couples from registering a civil union, a legal form of partnership available to opposite-sex couples, violates the Convention. Greece had enacted a law in 2008 that established civil unions for opposite-sex couples only. A 2015 law extended partnership rights to same-sex couples.

Oliari and Others v Italy (21 July 2015)[7] went further and established a positive obligation upon member states to provide legal recognition for same-sex couples. Italy thus breached the Convention; it eventually implemented civil unions in 2016. The decision set a precedent for potential future cases regarding the 23 member states, certain British and Dutch territories, and the states with limited recognition (excluding Kosovo), that currently do not recognise same-sex couples' right to family life.

Chapin and Charpentier v France (9 June 2016) largely confirmed Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, holding that denying a same-sex couple access to marriage does not violate the Convention. At the time of the judgment, France did allow same-sex marriage, however, the case originated from 2004, when only pacte civil de solidarité (PACS) was available to same-sex couples in France.

European Union

Some debate occurred within the European Union about how to require member states to recognise same-sex marriages conducted in other member states, as well as any European citizens' civil unions or registered partnerships, so as to ensure the right of freedom of movement for citizens' family members.[8]

In 2010, Romanian LGBT activist Adrian Coman and his American partner, Robert Claibourn Hamilton, married in Belgium, and subsequently attempted to relocate to Romania. Romanian authorities refused to recognise their marriage and the case progressed to the European Court of Justice.[9] On 11 January 2018, the ECJ’s advocate general, Melchior Wathelet, issued an official legal opinion stating that an EU member country cannot refuse residency rights to the same-sex spouse of an EU citizen on the grounds that it does not recognise same-sex marriage.[10]

On 5 June 2018 the ECJ ruled in Coman's favour, stating the term "spouse" was gender-neutral, and member states are therefore obliged to recognise EU residency rights for partners of EU citizens. However, the court confirmed that it will still be up to member states whether to authorise same-sex marriage.[11][12]

National level

Status Country Since Country population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(16 countries)
* In eight countries that have passed marriage,
other types of partnerships are available too.		Austria}} Austria* 2019[13] 8,504,850
Belgium}} Belgium* 2003[14] 11,198,638
Denmark}} Denmark 2012[15] 5,655,750
Finland}} Finland 2017[16][17] 5,470,820
France}} France* 2013[18] 66,030,000
Germany}} Germany 2017[19] 80,716,000
Iceland}} Iceland 2010[20] 325,671
Ireland}} Ireland 2015[21] 4,609,600
Luxembourg}} Luxembourg* 2015[22] 549,680
Malta}} Malta* 2017[23] 446,547
Netherlands}} Netherlands[24]* 2001[25][26] 16,856,620
Norway}} Norway 2009[27] 5,136,700
Portugal}} Portugal* 2010[28] 10,427,301
Spain}} Spain 2005[29] 46,704,314
Sweden}} Sweden 2009[30] 10,161,797
United Kingdom}} United Kingdom[3]* 2014[31][32] 62,700,000[33]
Subtotal—— 334,999,576
(45.2% of the European population)
Recognition of foreign marriage
(2 countries)
* Constitutional ban on domestic same-sex marriage		Armenia}} Armenia*2017[34]3,018,854
Estonia}} Estonia2016[35]1,315,819
Subtotal—— 4,334,673
(0.5% of the European population)
Other type of partnership
(11 countries)
* In four of the countries that have passed other types of partnerships,
yet another type of partnership is available too.		Andorra}} Andorra* 2005[36][37] 85,082
Croatia}} Croatia 2014[38][39] 4,284,889
Czech Republic}} Czech Republic* 2006[40][41] 10,513,209
Cyprus}} Cyprus[42] 2015[43] 1,117,000[44]
Greece}} Greece 2015[45] 10,816,286
Hungary}} Hungary* 2009[46][47] 9,877,365
Italy}} Italy* 2016[48][49] 60,782,668
Liechtenstein}} Liechtenstein 2011[50] 37,132
San Marino}} San Marino 2018[51]32,570
Slovenia}} Slovenia 2006[52][53][54] 2,061,085
Switzerland}} Switzerland 2007[55] 8,183,800
Subtotal—— 107,791,086
(12.6% of the European population)
Unregistered cohabitation
(2 countries)		Slovakia}} Slovakia 2018[56][57] 5,415,949
Poland}} Poland 2012[58] 38,516,527
Subtotal—— 43,932,476
(4.7% of the European population)
Total—— 452,591,390
(57% of the European population)
No recognition
(10 countries)		Albania}} Albania— 3,020,209
Azerbaijan}} Azerbaijan— 9,494,600
Bosnia and Herzegovina}} Bosnia and Herzegovina— 3,871,643
Kazakhstan}} Kazakhstan— 17,948,816
North Macedonia}} North Macedonia— 2,058,539
Monaco}} Monaco— 36,371
Romania}} Romania— 19,942,642
Russia}} Russia— 143,700,000
Turkey}} Turkey— 76,667,864
Vatican City}} Vatican City— 842
Subtotal—— 276,741,526
(37.94% of the European population)
Constitutional ban on marriage
(13 countries)
* Foreign marriages are recognised.[5]
** Other types of partnerships are available.		Armenia}} Armenia* 2015[59] 3,018,854
Belarus}} Belarus 1994[60] 9,475,100
Bulgaria}} Bulgaria 1991[61] 7,364,570
Croatia}} Croatia** 2013[62][63] 4,284,889
Georgia}} Georgia 2018[64] 4,935,880
Hungary}} Hungary** 2012[65][66] 9,877,365
Latvia}} Latvia 2006[67][68] 1,990,300
Lithuania}} Lithuania 1992[69] 2,944,459
Moldova}} Moldova 1994[70] 3,557,600
Montenegro}} Montenegro 2007[71] 647,905
Serbia}} Serbia 2006[72] 7,209,764
Slovakia}} Slovakia 2014[73][74] 5,415,949
Ukraine}} Ukraine 1996[75] 44,291,413
Subtotal—— 105,014,048
(16.66% of the European population)
Total—— 420,239,531
(49.3% of the European population)

Partially-recognised and unrecognised states

Status Country Since State population
(Last estimate count)
No recognition
(5 states)		Abkhazia}} Abkhazia— 243,564
Kosovo}} Kosovo— 1,907,592
Northern Cyprus}} Northern Cyprus— 313,626
South Ossetia}} South Ossetia— 51,547
Transnistria}} Transnistria— 475,665
Subtotal—— 2,991,994
Constitutional ban on marriage
(1 state)		Artsakh}} Artsakh 2006[76] 150,932
Subtotal—— 150,932
Total—— 3,142,926

Sub-national level

Status Country Jurisdiction Legal since Jurisdiction population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(7 jurisdictions)		Denmark}} DenmarkFaroe Islands}} Faroe Islands 2017[77][78]49,198
{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} United KingdomAkrotiri and Dhekelia}} Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2014[79] 15,700
Alderney}} Alderney 2018[80]2,020
Gibraltar}} Gibraltar 2016[81][82] 32,194
Guernsey}} Guernsey 2017[83][84] 62,948
Isle of Man}} Isle of Man 2016[85] 84,497
Jersey}} Jersey 2018[86] 100,080
Total — — — 342,637
(0.04% of the European population)
Other type of partnership
(1 jurisdiction)		{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} United KingdomNorthern Ireland}} Northern Ireland 2005[87] 1,864,000
Total — — — 1,964,080
(0.22% of the European population)
No recognition
(1 jurisdiction)		United Kingdom}} United KingdomSark}} Sark — 600
Total — — — 600
(0.001% of the European population)

Future legislation

Marriage

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} Czech Republic: On 13 June 2018, 46 deputies from ANO 2011, the Pirate Party, the Czech Social Democratic Party, the Communist Party, TOP 09 and Mayors and Independents submitted a bill to legalise same-sex marriage. The Civic Democratic Party, Freedom and Direct Democracy and KDU–ČSL are opposed.[88] On 22 June 2018 the Czech government gave their backing to the bill.[89] The first reading of the same-sex marriage bill was scheduled for 31 October, but was held some weeks later, on 14 November.[90][91] A vote on the legislation was expected on 26 March 2019 but did not take place.[92]{{flagicon|Switzerland}} Switzerland: On 5 December 2013 the Green Liberal Party of Switzerland submitted a parliamentary initiative to the National Council, proposing a constitutional amendment allowing couples to enter into a marriage or civil union irrespective of sex and sexual orientation. On 20 February 2015 the lower house's Justice Committee recommended approval of the proposal.[93] On 1 September 2015, it was also approved by the upper house's Justice Committee, paving the way for a referendum on the constitutional amendment.[94] On 16 June 2017, the Federal Assembly voted by 118-71 in favour of a proposal by the Green Liberal party to launch a parliamentary study on same-sex marriage. On 6 July 2018, the Legal Affairs Committee voted to proceed with the initiative by legislation, rather than constitutional amendment and referendum. The committee expects to present a bill by February 2019, with the law possibly taking effect on 1 January 2021.[95]

Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority

{{flagicon|Northern Ireland}} Northern Ireland: In February 2018, Karen Bradley, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, stated that same-sex marriage could be legislated for in Northern Ireland by the UK Parliament, and that the Conservative government would likely allow a conscience vote for its MPs if such legislation was introduced.[96] A bill was introduced in the House of Lords by a Conservative peer on 27 March 2018.[97] A private member's bill with cross-party support was introduced in the House of Commons the following day.[98] The bill's second reading in the Commons commenced on 11 May 2018[99] and is next scheduled for debate on 25 January 2019.[100]

Non-marital partnership

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

{{flagicon|Lithuania}} Lithuania: On 30 May 2017, Parliament approved a proposal to amend the Civil Code to recognise cohabitation agreements that would grant two or more cohabitants certain property rights without the intention to create family relations. With 46 in favor, 6 opposing and 17 abstentions, the draft proposal was approved for further consideration in the Lithuanian Parliament.[101]{{flagicon|Monaco}} Monaco: On 27 October 2016, the National Council unanimously approved a proposal to allow civil unions (pacte de vie commune).[102] On 27 April 2017, the government responded positively to the proposal.[103] The government introduced its civil union bill on 16 April 2018, and it must be approved by the National Council before becoming law. The government's proposed bill explicitly does not recognise those in a civil union as forming a family and does not allow couples in civil unions to adopt or create step-parental ties to each other's children.[104]

Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority

{{flagicon|Montenegro}} Montenegro: Montenegro’s Human and Minority Rights Ministry has drafted a law on registered partnership, under which same-sex couples will be acknowledged as legal unions but will not have the same rights as opposite-sex married couples.[105] On 27 December 2018, the government accepted the draft. If enacted, it would take effect one year thereafter.[106][107][108] On 27 February 2019, the bill was backed by the parliamentary committee on human rights.[109][110]{{flagicon|Romania}} Romania: A civil partnership bill is currently before the Chamber of Deputies. Although it was rejected by the Senate on 24 October 2016, debate has continued in several committees of the Chamber of Deputies into 2017.[111] In September 2018, the Constitutional Court ruled that same-sex couples must be given legal protection.[112]{{flagicon|Poland}} Poland: A new registered partnership bill was proposed on 12 February 2018 by the Modern party.[113][114][115]

Public opinion

Public support for same-sex marriage from EU member states as measured from a 2015 poll is the greatest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%).[116] In recent years, support has risen most significantly in Malta, from 18% in 2006 to 65% in 2015 and in Ireland from 41% in 2006 to 80% in 2015.[119]

After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation.[117] In 2008, 58% of the Norwegian voters supported same-sex marriage, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it.[118] In January 2013, 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage.[119] In a late January 2013 survey, 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions.[120]

In Greece support more than doubled between 2006 and 2015, albeit still considerably low. In 2006 15% responded that they agreed with same-sex marriages being allowed throughout Europe, whereas in 2015 33% agreed with the statement.[119]

In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage),[121] while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage[122] by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support.[123] On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.

A March 2013 survey by Taloustutkimus found that 58% of Finns supported same-sex marriage.[124]

In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[125]

In Poland a 2013 public poll revealed that 70% of Poles reject the idea of registered partnerships.[126] Another survey in February 2013 revealed that 55% were against and 38% of Poles support the idea of registered partnerships for same-sex couples.[127]

In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU.[128] In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%.[116]

Opinion polls

{{Same-sex marriage opinion polls Europe}}

Notes

1. ^Including Armenia, but excluding Greenland.
2. ^Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.
3. ^1 Excluding Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Montserrat, Northern Ireland, Sark, and the Turks and Caicos Islands.
4. ^Excluding Guernsey and Overseas Territories (except Gibraltar).
5. ^1 {{cite web|title=Same-sex marriages registered abroad are valid in Armenia |url=http://www.panarmenian.net/m/eng/news/243348}}
6. ^CASE OF VALLIANATOS AND OTHERS v. GREECE, European Court of Human Rights
7. ^CASE OF OLIARI AND OTHERS v. ITALY, European Court of Human Rights
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=REPORT&reference=A7-2013-0386&language=EN|title=REPORT on the proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on measures facilitating the exercise of rights conferred on workers in the context of freedom of movement for workers - A7-0386/2013|publisher=|accessdate=29 June 2015}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/freedom-of-thought/news/ecj-plans-to-rule-on-same-sex-marriage-in-romania/|title=ECJ plans to rule on same-sex marriage in Romania|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2018-01/cp180002en.pdf|title=PRESS RELEASE No 02/18|last=|first=|date=|website=Court of Justice of the European Union|access-date=11 January 2018}}
11. ^{{cite news |last1=Gillet |first1=Kit |title=Same-sex marriages are backed in E.U. immigration ruling |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/05/world/europe/romania-ecj-gay-marriage.html |accessdate=7 June 2018 |work=The New York Times |date=5 June 2018}}
12. ^{{cite news |title=Same-sex spouses have EU residence rights, top court rules |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44366898 |accessdate=7 June 2018 |work=BBC News |date=5 June 2018}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.vfgh.gv.at/medien/Ehe_fuer_gleichgeschlechtliche_Paare.en.php|title=Distinction between marriage and registered partnership violates ban on discrimination|publisher=Verfassungsgerichtshof Österreich|date=5 December 2017}}
14. ^{{nl icon}} Wet tot openstelling van het huwelijk voor personen van hetzelfde geslacht en tot wijziging van een aantal bepalingen van het Burgerlijk Wetboek
15. ^{{da icon}} [https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=142282 Lov om ændring af lov om ægteskabs indgåelse og opløsning, lov om ægteskabets retsvirkninger og retsplejeloven og om ophævelse af lov om registreret partnerskab]
16. ^{{fi icon}} Laki avioliittolain muuttamisesta
17. ^{{sv icon}} Lag om ändring av äktenskapslagen
18. ^{{fr icon}} LOI n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe
19. ^{{cite web|title=Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl117s2787.pdf|publisher=Bundesgesetzblatt|language=de|date=28 July 2017|accessdate=28 July 2017}}
20. ^{{is icon}} Lög um breytingar á hjúskaparlögum og fleiri lögum og um brottfall laga um staðfesta samvist (ein hjúskaparlög)
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=29530&&CatID=59|title=Marriage Bill 2015 (Number 78 of 2015)|publisher=House of the Oireachtas|accessdate=30 October 2015}}
22. ^{{fr icon}} Mémorial A n° 125 de 2014
23. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lp&itemid=28609&l=1|title=Act no. XXIII of 2017 – Marriage Act and other Laws (Amendment) Act, 2017|publisher=Ministry for Justice, Culture and Local Government of Malta|accessdate=1 August 2017}}
24. ^Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.
25. ^{{nl icon}} Wet openstelling huwelijk
26. ^{{nl icon}}ECLI:NL:HR:2007:AZ6095
27. ^{{no icon}} Lov om endringer i ekteskapsloven, barnelova, adopsjonsloven, bioteknologiloven mv. (felles ekteskapslov for heterofile og homofile par)
28. ^{{pt icon}} Lei n.º 9/2010 de 31 de Maio
29. ^{{es icon}} [https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2005-11364 Ley 13/2005, de 1 de julio, por la que se modifica el Código Civil en materia de derecho a contraer matrimonio]
30. ^{{sv icon}}Lag (2009:253) om ändring i äktenskapsbalken
31. ^Marriage (Same-sex couples) Act 2013
32. ^Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014
33. ^Combined population of England, Wales and Scotland.
34. ^{{Cite web|url=http://panarmenian.net/m/eng/news/243348|title=PanARMENIAN.Net - Mobile|website=panarmenian.net|access-date=2017-07-05}}
35. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.riigikogu.ee/index.php?op=emsplain&page=pub_file&file_id=f95adcc2-9cdd-4988-a0d3-58bf85d2df4a&|title=Kooseluseadus|date=9 October 2014|publisher=Riigikogu|language=et}}
36. ^Stable union since 2005 and civil union since 2014.
37. ^{{ca icon}} [https://www.bopa.ad/bopa/026071/Documents/lq26071006.pdf Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995]
38. ^Unregistered cohabitation between 2003 and 2014. Life partnerships životno partnerstvo since 2014.
39. ^{{hr icon}} Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola
40. ^Unregistered cohabitation since 2001 and registered partnerships registrované partnerství since 2006.
41. ^{{cs icon}} 115/2006 Sb. o registrovaném partnerství a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů
42. ^Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
43. ^Τέθηκε σε ισχύ η πολιτική συμβίωση στην Κύπρο
44. ^Including the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
45. ^ΝΟΜΟΣ ΥΠ’ ΑΡΙΘ. 3456 Σύμφωνο συμβίωσης, άσκηση δικαιωμάτων, ποινικές και άλλες διατάξεις.{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
46. ^Unregistered cohabitation élettársi kapcsolat and registered partnerships bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolat since 2009.
47. ^{{hu icon}} 2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról
48. ^Civil unions and cohabitation agreements since 2016.
49. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/12/world/europe/italy-gay-same-sex-unions.html|title=Italy Approves Same-Sex Civil Unions|last=Povoledo|first=Elisabetta|date=2016-05-11|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-05-12}}
50. ^{{de icon}} [https://www.gesetze.li/lilexprod/showpdf.jsp?media=pdf&lgblid=2011350000&gueltigdate=27112015 Gesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare (Partnerschaftsgesetz; PartG)]
51. ^{{Cite news|url=https://it.euronews.com/2018/11/16/san-marino-approva-legge-sulle-unioni-civili-piu-snella-rispetto-alla-cirinna|title=San Marino approva legge sulle unioni civili: "Più snella rispetto alla Cirinnà"|date=2018-11-16|work=euronews|access-date=2018-11-17|language=it}}
52. ^Registrirana partnerska skupnost between 2006 and 2017. Partnership (partnerska zveza) since 2017.
53. ^{{sl icon}} [https://www.uradni-list.si/glasilo-uradni-list-rs/vsebina/2016-01-1426?sop=2016-01-1426 Ukaz o razglasitvi Zakona o partnerski zvezi (ZPZ)]
54. ^24. 2. 2017 se začne uporabljati Zakon o partnerski zvezi
55. ^{{de icon}} Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare
56. ^[https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/-/SK/ZZ/1964/40/ Zák. č. 40/1964 Z. z. Občiansky zákonník]
57. ^[https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/-/SK/ZZ/2005/301/ Zák. č. 301/2005 Z. z. Trestný poriadok]
58. ^[https://www.ined.fr/Xtradocs/lawsandfamilies/LawsAndFamilies-PL-Section1.pdf Formalisation of legal family formats in Poland (pages 5-6)] (PDF)
59. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/news/latest-news/referendum-armenia-brings-constitutional-reforms | title=Referendum in Armenia brings constitutional reforms | publisher=ILGA Europe | date=16 December 2015 | accessdate=24 April 2015 | quote=Men and women of marriageable age have the right to marry with each other.}}
60. ^{{cite web|author=Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL-M. |url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bo00000_.html |title=Belarus - Constitution |publisher=Servat.unibe.ch |accessdate=2014-01-05}}
61. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.parliament.bg/en/const | title=National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria - Constitution | publisher=National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria | date=6 February 2008 | accessdate=14 July 2014 | quote=Matrimony shall be a free union between a man and a woman.}}
62. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.izbori.hr/2013Referendum/rezult/rezultati.html |title=2013 Referendum |publisher=Izbori.hr |date= |accessdate=2014-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120154152/http://www.izbori.hr/2013Referendum/rezult/rezultati.html |archive-date=20 January 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
63. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.euractiv.com/socialeurope/croats-reject-gay-marriage-refer-news-532062 |title=Croats reject gay marriage in referendum |date=2 December 2013 |accessdate=18 June 2015 |publisher=EurActiv.com |work=Reuters}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/30346|title=CONSTITUTION OF GEORGIA|publisher=Legislative Herald of Georgia}}
65. ^"New Hungarian constitution comes into effect with same-sex marriage ban," PinkNews, 3 January 2012, accessed 18 June 2015.
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.am/library/sahmanadrutyunner/hungaria.pdf|title=Text of the Hungarian Constitution (pdf)|publisher=|accessdate=29 June 2015}}
67. ^Laura Sheeter, "Latvia defies EU over gay rights", BBC News website, 16 June 2006.
68. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.saeima.lv/Likumdosana_eng/likumdosana_satversme.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-10-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209045629/http://www.saeima.lv/Likumdosana_eng/likumdosana_satversme.html |archivedate=9 December 2008 |df=dmy-all }}
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www3.lrs.lt/home/Konstitucija/Constitution.htm|title=CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA|publisher=}}
70. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.presedinte.md/titlul2 |title=Title II. Fundamental rights, freedoms and duties - Presidency of the Republic of Moldova |accessdate=18 June 2015 |quote=Article 48. [...] The family shall be founded on a freely consented marriage between a husband and wife}}
71. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,NATLEGBOD,,,47e11b0c2,0.html|title=Refworld - Constitution of Montenegro|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|work=Refworld|accessdate=29 June 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008203959/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,NATLEGBOD,,,47e11b0c2,0.html|archivedate=8 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.srbija.gov.rs/cinjenice_o_srbiji/ustav_odredbe.php?id=218 |title=Constitution of the Republic of Serbia |publisher=Srbija.gov.rs |accessdate=22 June 2015 |quote=Contracting, duration or dissolution of marriage shall be based on the equality of man and woman.}}
73. ^{{cite news | url= https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/1992/460/20141201| title=ÚSTAVA SLOVENSKEJ REPUBLIKY | publisher=Ministry of Justice of the Slovak Republic | accessdate=9 July 2015 |quote=Article 43. Marriage is a unique union between a man and a woman}}
74. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.skynews.com.au/news/world/europe/2014/06/05/slovakia-bans-gay-marriage-in-constitution.html | title=Slovakia bans gay marriage in constitution | publisher=Sky News Australia | date=5 June 2014| accessdate=9 July 2015}}
75. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/constitutions/country/52 |title=Constitutions - Legislationline |publisher=Legislationline |accessdate=18 June 2015}}
76. ^The Constitution of the Republic of Artsakh
77. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/sex-marriage-faroe-islands-approved-denmark/|title=Same-sex marriage in Faroe Islands approved by Denmark|work=Gay Star News|date=19 June 2017|last=Mathers|first=Charlie}}
78. ^{{cite web|url=http://portal.fo/nu+kunnu+samkynd+giftast.html|title=Nú kunnu samkynd giftast|work=portal.fo|date=1 July 2017}}
79. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2014/1108/pdfs/uksi_20141108_en.pdf|title=Overseas Marriage (Armed Forces) Order 2014|date=28 April 2014|work=Legislation.gov.uk}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.islandfm.com/alderney-legalises-sex-marriage/|title=Alderney Legalises Same Sex Marriage|work=islandfm.com|date=19 October 2017}}
81. ^Civil Marriage Amendment Act 2016 [No. 22 of 2016]
82. ^Civil Marriage Amendment Act 2016 - Notice of Commencement
83. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=103785&p=0|title=Same-Sex Marriage (Guernsey) Law, 2016 (P.2016/30)|accessdate=16 December 2016}}
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85. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tynwald.org.im/business/opqp/sittings/Tynwald%2020142016/MEMO-2016-SD-0198.pdf|title=Marriage and Civil Partnership (Amendment) Act 2016|publisher=|accessdate=22 July 2016}}
86. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/same-sex-marriage-legalized-jersey/#gs.F6g7n9Q|title=Same-sex marriage finally legalized on island of Jersey|work=Gay Star News|date=1 February 2018|last=Crittenton|first=Anya}}
87. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/33/contents|title=Civil Partnership Act 2004|publisher=|accessdate=29 June 2015}}
88. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.lidovky.cz/dustojnost-pro-vsechny-poslanci-navrhli-aby-manzelstvi-mohli-uzavirat-i-lide-stejneho-pohlavi-i2d-/zpravy-domov.aspx?c=A180613_161954_ln_domov_ele|title=‚Důstojnost pro všechny.‘ Poslanci navrhli, aby manželství mohli uzavírat i lidé stejného pohlaví|work=Lidovky|date=13 June 2018|language=Czech}}
89. ^{{cite web|url=https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/domaci/2517118-vlada-podporila-manzelstvi-pro-homosexualy-registrovane-partnerstvi-tim-zaniklo|title=Vláda podpořila manželství pro homosexuály, registrované partnerství by tím zaniklo|language=Czech|work=Česká Televize|date=22 June 2018}}
90. ^https://www.jsmefer.cz/prvni_cteni
91. ^https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/czech-republic-fails-vote-same-sex-marriage/#gs.Xatqk=g
92. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/guess-whos-coming-to-dinner-lgbtq-couple-could-win-christian-democrats-marriage-contest|title=Guess who’s coming to dinner? LGBTQ couple could win Christian Democrats’ marriage contest {{!}} Radio Prague|website=Radio Praha|language=en|access-date=2019-02-27}}
93. ^{{de icon}} 13.468 – Parlamentarische Initiative – Ehe für alle
94. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blick.ch/news/politik/ehe-fuer-alle-staenderat-sagt-ja-zur-homo-ehe-id4126745.html|title=Ständerat sagt Ja zur Homo-Ehe|publisher=Blick.ch|date=1 September 2015}}
95. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.lematin.ch/suisse/idee-dun-mariage-gay-progresse-berne/story/18168095|title=L'idée d'un mariage gay progresse à Berne|work=lematin.ch/|access-date=2018-07-20}}
96. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/samesex-marriage-could-be-introduced-to-northern-ireland-via-westminster-bradley-36623453.html|title=Same-sex marriage could be introduced to Northern Ireland via Westminster - Bradley|work=Independent.ie|date=20 February 2018}}
97. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/northern-ireland-samesex-marriage-bill-passes-first-stage-36750313.html|title=Northern Ireland same-sex marriage bill passes first stage - Independent.ie|work=Independent.ie|access-date=2018-03-27|language=en}}
98. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/03/27/keep-the-same-sex-marriage-bill-in-stormont-says-dup-chief-whip-who-voted-against-same-sex-marriage-for-the-rest-of-the-uk/|title=Northern Ireland gay marriage bill has 'little prospect' of progress, says DUP Chief Whip|work=PinkNews|access-date=2018-03-27|language=en-US}}
99. ^{{cite web|url=https://belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/bid-to-introduce-samesex-marriage-in-northern-ireland-blocked-36897894.html|date=11 May 2018|work=Belfast Telegraph|title=Bid to introduce same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland blocked}}
100. ^{{Cite web|url=https://services.parliament.uk/Bills/2017-19/marriagesamesexcouplesnorthernirelandno2.html|title=Marriage (Same Sex Couples) (Northern Ireland) (No.2) Bill 2017-19 — UK Parliament|website=services.parliament.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-06-08}}
101. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.lgl.lt/en/?p=17403|title=Seimas Approves the Proposal on "Cohabitation Agreements" as Alternative to Partnership Law - LGL|date=2017-05-31|work=LGL|access-date=2017-09-19|language=en-US}}
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103. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.monacohebdo.mc/21802-%E2%80%89je-suis-independante|title=" Je suis une indépendante " - Monaco Hebdo|date=2017-07-19|work=Monaco Hebdo|access-date=2017-09-01|language=fr-FR}}
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105. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/recognition-of-same-sex-unions-causes-controversy-in-montenegro-04-25-2018|title=Plan for Same-Sex Unions Rouses Fury in Montenegro|work=Balkan Insight|date=26 April 2018|last=Tomovic|first=Dusica}}
106. ^Government passes Draft law on life partnership of same-sex partners
107. ^[https://www.cdm.me/english/lgbt-couples-in-montenegro-will-be-allowed-to-marry-but-not-to-be-parents/ LGBT couples in Montenegro will be allowed to marry but not to be parents]
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109. ^[https://slobodacg.me/crna-gora-priznaje-gej-brakove/ Црна Гора признаје геј бракове]
110. ^Montenegro’s Parliamentary Committee supports same-sex communities
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116. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.equineteurope.org/IMG/pdf/ebs_437_en.pdf|title=Special Eurobarometer 437: Discrimination in the EU in 2015|date=October 2015|publisher=European Commission}}
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118. ^{{cite web|author=AVJonathan Tisdall   |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2390580.ece |title=Support for gay marriage|publisher=Aftenposten.no |date= |accessdate=5 November 2010}}
119. ^{{it icon}} Italiani favorevoli ai matrimoni tra coppie omosessuali Datamonitor, 7 January 2013
120. ^{{it icon}} Il Rapporto Italia 2013 | L'Italia del presentismo Eurispes, 31 January 2013
121. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/mhojojeyauid/ |title=Increased support for gay marriage – Survey|publisher=BreakingNews.ie |date=31 March 2008 |accessdate=5 November 2010}}
122. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2010/0915/1224278896417.html |title=Yes to gay marriage and premarital sex: a nation strips off its conservative values |publisher=Irish Times |accessdate=15 September 2010 |date=9 September 2010}}
123. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/02/23/poll-finds-irish-support-for-gay-marriage-at-73/|title=Poll finds Irish support for gay marriage at 73%|work=PinkNews|accessdate=29 June 2015}}
124. ^{{cite web|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/poll_over_half_of_finns_favour_same-sex_marriage_law/6531258|title=Poll: Over half of Finns favour same-sex marriage law|work=Yle Uutiset|accessdate=29 June 2015}}
125. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/Hrvatska/tabid/66/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/228968/Default.aspx |title=Anketa za HRT: 59 posto građana ZA promjenu Ustava|publisher=Slobodnadalmacija.hr |date=29 November 2013|accessdate=26 April 2014|language=hr}}
126. ^{{pl icon}} Polacy: Związki partnerskie? Niepotrzebne! [SONDAŻ TOK FM]
127. ^{{pl icon}} Sondaż: Polacy przeciwko związkom partnerskim. [SONDAŻ TNS OBOP]
128. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb66/eb66_highlights_en.pdf |title=EU Public Opinion: SSM |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=5 November 2010}}

See also

{{Portal|LGBT|Europe}}
  • LGBT rights in Europe
  • LGBT rights in the European Union
  • LGBT adoption in Europe
  • Recognition of same-sex unions in Africa
  • Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas
  • Recognition of same-sex unions in Asia
  • Recognition of same-sex unions in Oceania

Notes

{{Reflist|group=nb}}

References

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}{{Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Recognition Of Same-Sex Unions In Europe}}

2 : LGBT rights in Europe|Recognition of same-sex relationships by continent
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