请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan
释义

  1. Partnership certificates

     List  Statistics 

  2. Marriage

     Background  Constitution  Political support  Legal challenges  {{vanchor|Koseki}} 

  3. Public opinion

  4. See also

  5. References

{{Same-sex unions}}Same-sex marriage is not recognized in Japan. {{As of|2019}}, twenty cities and city wards issue same-sex partnerships certificates which provide some benefits, however, they are entirely symbolic.[1][2] In addition, koseki ({{lang-ja|戸籍}}) household registration allows for some next-of-kin legal rights. Most polls conducted since 2013 have found that a slight majority of Japanese people support the legalization of same-sex marriage or partnerships.[3]

Partnership certificates

On April 1, 2015, Shibuya ward in central Tokyo announced that it would offer same-sex couples special "partnership certificates" ({{lang-ja|パートナーシップ宣誓制度}}, {{transl|ja|pātonāshippu sensei seido}}) which are stated to be equivalent to marriage. While these licenses are not legally recognized as marriage certificates, they are still a useful tool in civil matters such as hospital visitation rights and housing.[1][2] The Shibuya ward office began accepting applications on 28 October 2015.[3]

In response to this action by the Shibuya ward office, the "Special Committee to Protect Family Ties" ({{lang|ja|家族の絆を守る特命委員会}}, {{transl|ja|kazoku no kizuna wo mamoru tokumei iinkai}}) of the federal ruling Liberal Democratic Party was formed in March 2015 to discuss the matter. An officer from the Ministry of Justice who was invited to comment has stated that the action by Shibuya is legal because the certificate issued is not a marriage certificate and the current Japanese legal code does not prohibit the "partnership" of same-sex couples.[4]

In July 2015, Tokyo's Setagaya ward announced that it would be joining Shibuya in recognizing same-sex partnerships from 5 November of the same year.[5][6][7] On 30 November 2015, the special city of Takarazuka, located in Hyōgo Prefecture, announced it would issue partnership certificates to same-sex couples beginning on 1 June 2016.[8][9] In December 2015, the city of Iga in Mie Prefecture made a similar announcement with certificates starting on 1 April 2016.[10][11][12] On 22 February 2016, Naha, the capital of Okinawa Prefecture, announced it would begin issuing partnership certificates to same-sex couples on 8 July 2016, making it the first core city in Japan to recognize same-sex couples.[13][14][15][16]

In April 2016, an LGBT rights group began a campaign for the official recognition of same-sex couples in Sapporo, the capital of Hokkaido Prefecture. The group took its petition to the Sapporo City Government in June 2016.[17] In December 2016, officials announced that Sapporo planned to draw up guidelines by March 2017.[18] In March, the City Government announced that partnership certificates would be issued to couples beginning on 1 June 2017. While the certificates hold no legal meaning, some insurance companies use it allow same-sex partners to be added as beneficiaries. According to the city, about 1,500 people expressed opinions welcoming the program, while some opposed it.[19][20] Sapporo became the first designated city in Japan to recognize same-sex couples.[21]

On 14 February 2018, the Fukuoka City Government announced plans to start issuing partnership certificates to same-sex and different-sex couples from 2 April 2018.[22][23] Osaka followed suit on 9 July 2018,[24] and Chiba on 29 January 2019.[25][26][27]

The Tokyo ward of Nakano began offering partnership certificates in August 2018. Couples can receive notarized documentation recognizing a delegation agreement for medical treatment and nursing care, property management and other areas in which married couples share responsibility.[28] The town of Ōizumi, in Gunma Prefecture, began issuing partnership certificates on 1 January 2019.[29]

On 1 April 2019, the cities of Edogawa,[30] Fuchū, Hirakata,[31] Kumamoto, Odawara,[32][33] Sakai,[34][35][36] Sōja, Toshima and Yokosuka all started recognizing same-sex couples.[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] The city of Hida also planned to start issuing such certificates that same day, however, this was postponed to an unspecificed date.[45]

Miyazaki will begin issuing partnership certificates in June 2019,[46] Kitakyushu in July 2019,[47] and Narashino sometime in 2020.[48]

In January 2019, the Government of Ibaraki Prefecture announced it was considering introducing partnership certificates for same-sex couples in April 2019. Should the proposal be approved, it would make Ibaraki the first prefecture of Japan to recognize same-sex couples.[49][50][51] In March 2019, Governor Kazuhiko Ōigawa expressed his personal support for the introduction of such a scheme, while the Ibaraki Prefectural Assembly is still considering legislation to this effect.[52]

Measures to allow same-sex partnership certificates are currently also under consideration in Saitama and have been proposed in numerous areas, including the Tokyo wards of Arakawa, Bunkyō, Chiyoda, Chūō, Katsushika, Kita, Kōtō, Nerima, Sumida, and Taitō, and the cities of Abashiri, Hachiōji, Hannō, Iruma, Kamakura, Kawagoe, Kawasaki, Kazo, Moroyama and Sakado.[53]

List

The following 20 cities and wards offer "partnership certificates", comprising about 10% of the Japanese population. In 4 further cities, such policies have yet to take effect.

{{div col|colwidth=33em}}
  • Shibuya, Tokyo (2015)
  • Setagaya, Tokyo (2015)
  • Iga, Mie (2016)
  • Takarazuka, Hyōgo (2016)
  • Naha, Okinawa (2016)
  • Sapporo, Hokkaido (2017)
  • Fukuoka, Fukuoka (2018)
  • Osaka, Osaka (2018)
  • Nakano, Tokyo (2018)
  • Ōizumi, Gunma (2019)
  • Chiba, Chiba (2019)
  • Edogawa, Tokyo (2019)
  • Fuchū, Tokyo (2019)
  • Hirakata, Osaka (2019)
  • Kumamoto, Kumamoto (2019)
  • Odawara, Kanagawa (2019)
  • Sakai, Osaka (2019)
  • Sōja, Okayama (2019)
  • Toshima, Tokyo (2019)
  • Yokosuka, Kanagawa (2019)
  • Miyazaki, Miyazaki (2019)
  • Kitakyushu, Fukuoka (2019)
  • Narashino, Chiba (2020)
  • Hida, Gifu (TBD)
{{div col end}}

Statistics

The first couple to receive a partnership certificate were Koyuki Higashi and Hiroko Masuhara in Shibuya. They were personally congratulated by Mayor Ken Hasebe.[3] On 5 November 2015, the day Setagaya began recognising same-sex partnerships, 8 couples went to the Setagaya ward office to apply for partnership certificates.[3]

By April 2017, 17 same-sex couples had been issued partnership certificates in Shibuya.[54]

By late November 2018, 319 partnerships had been officially recognized; 81 in Setagaya, 69 in Osaka, 59 in Sapporo, 34 in Fukuoka, 31 in Shibuya, 25 in Naha, 14 in Nakano, 4 in Iga, and 2 in Takarazuka. Note that Osaka, Fukuoka and Sapporo also offer these partnership registrations to opposite-sex couples.[55]

Marriage

Background

On March 27, 2009, it was reported that Japan allows its nationals to marry same-sex foreign partners in countries where same-sex marriage is legal. Japan does not allow same-sex marriage domestically and had so far also refused to issue a key document required for citizens to wed overseas if the applicant's intended spouse is of the same legal sex. Under the change, the Ministry of Justice instructed local authorities to issue the key certificate—which states a person is single and of legal age—for those who want to have same-sex marriages.[56]

In June 2011, the deputy head abbot of Kyoto's Shunkō-in Zen temple announced that the temple would perform same-sex marriage ceremonies as part of Gay and Lesbian Pride Month.[57]

Since 15 May 2012, Tokyo Disney Resort has allowed symbolic (not legally recognized) same-sex marriage ceremonies in its Cinderella's Castle hotel.[58] On March 3, 2013, its first same-sex marriage was held.[59] Koyuki Higashi married her partner, who was only identified by the name Hiroko.[60]

In March 2019, the Justice Ministry revoked a deportation order for a gay Taiwanese man who remained in Japan illegally after overstaying his visa, giving consideration to his longtime same-sex relationship with a Japanese national. The ministry issued the man, who had lived in Japan for about 25 years, a special residency permit. The ministry's Immigration Bureau granted the man a one-year resident visa after the Tokyo District Court suggested that it review the order.[61][62]

Constitution

Article 24 of the Japanese Constitution states:[63] "Marriage shall be based only on the mutual consent of both sexes and it shall be maintained through mutual cooperation with the equal rights of husband and wife as a basis." Previously, a couple in Japan could marry only if their respective head of household (the father, or in the absence of a father, the eldest son) consented to the union. As a result, arranged marriage was the dominant form of marriage. Those couples who could not obtain permission had to elope and stay in common-law marriage.

The purpose of Article 24 of the new Constitution was to assert freedom of consenting adults to marry, and to explicitly establish the equality of both sexes in marriage. The wording defined marriage as a union of husband and wife. Some legal scholars argue that because the intent behind the article was not in reference to same-sex marriage, it need not apply in legalising same-sex marriage. However, conservative lawmakers as well as legal scholars who take a literal approach to constitutional interpretation argue that such an argument is a stretch.[64]

In February 2015, the National Diet debated whether same-sex marriage should be recognized under Japan's Constitution.[65] Kota Matsuda, a member of the House of Councillors, said:

{{quote|We need to eliminate lifestyle difficulties for same-sex couples. A prerequisite to achieving this goal is dealing with Article 24 of the Constitution.}}

Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe expressed his opinion on the issue:[65]

{{quote|Extending the institution of marriage to same-sex couples was not anticipated under the current Constitution. It is an issue that concerns the very core of family values and, I believe, one that requires extremely careful consideration.}}

Political support

The Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan supports same-sex marriage.[66] In December 2018, it was announced it would introduce a bill to amend the Civil Code so as to allow same-sex marriage sometime in 2019.[67]

Legal challenges

In November 2018, several same-sex couples throughout the country announced their intention to file suit against state authorities, arguing that the refusal to recognise same-sex marriage is unconstitutional.[68] In January 2019, about a dozen same-sex couples applied for marriage certificates at different city offices in Japan.[69] Lawsuits contesting the same-sex marriage ban were filed on 14 February in district courts in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya and Sapporo.[70]

{{vanchor|Koseki}}

In Japan, each citizen is registered through the koseki system whereby an individual is registered as a part of household (while in the West, a birth certificate can act as a proof of identity). Koseki registration performs a somewhat similar role to marriage in the West as it endows a member of the same koseki legal power (as next of kin) in dealing with civil matters such as inheritance, hospital visits or the right to organise a funeral. Therefore, registering each other as a part of the koseki works as a substitute for Western-style marriage. As a consequence, Japanese gay couples, in the absence of same-sex marriage or civil partnership laws, often use adoption procedures to register themselves as belonging to the same household (where the older partner legally adopts the younger partner, which in absence of a spouse makes the only adopted child the sole executor of that household).

Public opinion

A May 2013 Ipsos poll found that out of over a thousand Japanese adult interviewees, 24% of respondents were in favor of same-sex marriage and another 27% supported other forms of recognition for same-sex couples.[71] An April 2014 Ipsos poll found that 26% of respondents were in favor of same-sex marriage and that 24% were in favor of some other form of recognition for couples.[72] A May 2015 Ipsos poll found 30% of respondents in favour of same-sex marriage and a further 28% in favour of some other form of recognition (meaning that 58% supported recognising same-sex couples in some form).[73]

According to a survey by Nihon Yoron Chōsa-ka, conducted on 1 and 2 March 2014, 42.3% of Japanese supported same-sex marriage, while 52.4% opposed it.[74] Another poll conducted by FNN in April 2015 showed that 59% supported the same-sex partnership certificate law proposed in Shibuya and 53% supported same-sex marriage. This was the first time a poll had found majority support for same-sex marriage.[75][76] An additional poll conducted in November 2015 showed a 51% majority as supporting same-sex marriage, unions or partnerships.[77] 41% were opposed. People under the age of 20 were overwhelmingly in favor of same-sex marriage (72% support), whereas people aged 70 and over overwhelmingly opposed same-sex marriage (24% support).[78]

A 2017 opinion poll released by the NHK showed that 51% of Japanese supported same-sex marriage.[79]

According to an opinion poll carried out by Dentsu in October 2018, 78.4% of Japanese in their 20s to 50s were in favour of same-sex marriage. Support was higher among women (87.9%) than men (69.2%), and was higher among younger respondents: 87.3% for people in their 20s, 81.2% for people in their 30s, 77.5% for people in their 40s, and 72.5% for people in their 50s.[80]

See also

  • Marriage in Japan
  • LGBT rights in Japan
  • Homosexuality in Japan
  • Recognition of same-sex unions in Asia

References

1. ^{{cite news|url=http://en.rocketnews24.com/2015/03/26/japan-government-hard-at-work-trying-to-thwart-shibuya-wards-move-to-approve-same-sex-marriages/|title=Japan government hard at work trying to prevent Shibuya Ward approving same-sex marriages|author=Master Blaster|publisher=Rocket News 24}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/05/11/404822093/the-first-place-in-east-asia-to-welcome-same-sex-marriage|title=The First Place In East Asia To Welcome Same-Sex Marriage|date=11 May 2015|work=NPR.org|accessdate=30 June 2015}}
3. ^1 2 [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/11/05/national/social-issues/shibuya-set-issue-first-certificates-recognizing-sex-couples/ Tokyo’s Shibuya and Setagaya wards issue first same-sex partnership papers]
4. ^{{cite news|last1=二階堂|first1=友紀|title=渋谷区の「同性婚」条例案、自民内から異論相次ぐ|url=http://www.asahi.com/articles/ASH3T5Q0KH3TUTFK00Y.html|accessdate=26 March 2015|publisher=朝日新聞社|date=26 March 2015}}
5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://en.rocketnews24.com/2015/07/31/tokyos-setagaya-ward-to-begin-legally-recognizing-same-sex-partnerships/ |title=Tokyo’s Setagaya Ward to begin legally recognizing same-sex partnerships |publisher=Rocket News 24 |date=31 July 2015}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/tokyos-setagaya-ward-to-begin-legally-recognizing-same-sex-partnerships |title=Tokyo’s Setagaya Ward to begin legally recognizing same-sex partnerships|publisher=Japan Today|date= 31 July 2015|accessdate=30 September 2015}}
7. ^Tokyo’s Shibuya and Setagaya wards issue first same-sex partnership papers
8. ^{{cite web|author=Wee, Darren |url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/takarazuka-first-city-in-japans-kansai-region-to-certify-gay-couples/ |title=Takarazuka first city in Japan's Kansai region to certify gay couples |publisher=Gay Star News |date=December 1, 2015}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.rocketnews24.com/2016/06/01/takarazuka-becomes-fourth-japanese-municipality-to-recognize-same-sex-partnerships/ |title=Takarazuka becomes fourth Japanese municipality to recognize same-sex partnerships |publisher=RocketNews24 |date=1 June 2016}}
10. ^1 {{cite web|last=Williams |first=Joe |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/12/26/another-japanese-city-to-recognise-same-sex-relationships/|title=Another Japanese city to recognise same-sex relationships |publisher=Pink News|date=December 26, 2015|accessdate=December 26, 2015}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201603010007 |author=Masanori, Hiuchi |title=City in Mie Prefecture to recognize same-sex partnerships in April |publisher=Asahi Shimbun |date=1 March 2016 |access-date=2016-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302100844/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201603010007 |archive-date=2016-03-02 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/3rd-municipality-in-japan-starts-issuing-same-sex-partnership-papers |title=3rd municipality in Japan starts issuing same-sex partnership papers |publisher=Japan Today |date=3 April 2016 }}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://ageofqueer.com/archives/8697 |title=酷新聞：好消息！日本沖繩那霸市 承認同性伴侶 |publisher=Age of Queer |date=27 February 2016 |language=zh}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2016/02/22/naha-lgbt-couple_n_9294782.html |title=那覇市、同性パートナーシップ制度を開始へ【LGBT】 |publisher=The Huffington Post |date=23 February 2016 |language=ja }}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/07/08/national/naha-ready-certify-sex-marriages/ |title=Naha starts system to certify same-sex marriages |publisher=The Japan Times |date=8 July 2016}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.rocketnews24.com/2016/07/07/okinawas-capital-city-naha-officially-recognizes-same-sex-partnerships/ |author=Wilson, Scott |title=Okinawa’s capital city Naha officially recognizes same-sex partnerships |publisher=RocketNews24 |date=7 July 2016}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201604080063.html |author=Sekine, Kazuhiro |title=Sapporo LGBT activists to take fight for equality to city officials |publisher=Asahi Shimbun |date=8 April 2016}}
18. ^Sapporo to join other cities in recognizing same-sex partnerships as marriages
19. ^Sapporo to become first major city to recognize LGBT couples in June
20. ^Sapporo will be Japan’s first major city to recognise same-sex relationships
21. ^Sapporo first major city in Japan to issue certificates recognizing same-sex couples
22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/02/14/national/social-issues/fukuoka-city-become-japans-seventh-municipality-recognize-lgbt-couples/ |title=Fukuoka city to become Japan’s seventh municipality to recognize LGBT couples |publisher=The Japan Times |date=14 February 2018}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/04/02/national/fukuoka-begins-official-recognition-lgbt-partnerships/ |title=Fukuoka begins official recognition of LGBT partnerships |publisher=The Japan Times |date=April 2, 2018}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2018/06/42675a24bff7-osaka-to-start-recognizing-lgbt-couples-from-july.html|title=Osaka to start recognizing LGBT couples from July|publisher=Kyodo News|date=28 June 2018}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/08/25/national/social-issues/city-chiba-issue-partnership-certificates-sex-common-law-couples/|title=Chiba to issue nonbinding certificates recognizing same-sex and common-law couples|publisher=The Japan Times|date=25 August 2018}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2019/01/5f12f87916de-chiba-1st-japanese-city-to-recognize-lgbt-couples-common-law-marriage.html|title=Chiba 1st Japan city to certify both common-law marriage and LGBT couples|publisher=Kyodo News|date=29 January 2019}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20190130-00010003-chibatopi-socc|title=「世間の価値観変えたい」　千葉市パートナーシップ宣誓制度施行　市民や事業者にも理解を|publisher=Yahoo! Japan|date=30 January 2019|language=Japanese}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20180510/p2a/00m/0na/016000c|title=Tokyo's Nakano Ward to offer partnership certificates to same-sex couples this summer|publisher=The Mainichi|date=10 May 2018}}
29. ^{{ja icon}} [https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGKKZO3940665026122018L60000/ LGBTパートナー認定、群馬・大泉町が来月導入]
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.jp/articles/2019/03/15/07421869.html|title=同性パートナーシップ制度　江戸川区も導入|language=Japanese|date=15 March 2019|website=日テレNEWS24}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.city.hirakata.osaka.jp/0000023099.html|title=定例記者会見（平成31年2月）|website=Hirakata-shi homepage|date=1 March 2019|language=Japanese}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kanaloco.jp/article/390074|title=パートナーシップ制度、小田原市が４月導入　県内２例目|language=Japanese|date=22 February 2019|website=カナロコ (Kanaloco)}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.kanaloco.jp/article/entry-158070.html|title=性的少数者カップル公認　横須賀市、小田原市が制度導入へ|website=カナロコ (Kanaloco)|date=31 March 2019|language=Japanese}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.city.sakai.lg.jp/shisei/jinken/jinken/sakaipartnership.html|title=堺市パートナーシップ宣誓制度|language=Japanese|date=12 March 2019|website=Sakai-shi homepage}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2019/01/31/lgbt-partnership_a_23658163/?ncid=tweetlnkjphpmg00000001|title=LGBT「パートナー宣誓制度」創設へ　大阪府堺市で4月から|publisher=HuffPost Japan|date=2 February 2019|language=Japanese}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20190131/ddl/k27/010/321000c|title=堺市も同性パートナー　４月導入、事実婚は含めず　／大阪|publisher=Mainichi Shimbun|date=31 January 2019|language=Japanese}}
37. ^{{ja icon}} [https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGKKZO3829444028112018L83000/ 府中市、LGBTパートナー認定 来年4月に]
38. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gifu-np.co.jp/news/20190216/20190216-114642.html|title=飛騨市がパートナーシップ証明制度　ＬＧＢＴや事実婚対象|website=岐阜新聞Web|date=16 February 2019|language=Japanese}}
39. ^{{ja icon}} [https://www.sankei.com/politics/news/181204/plt1812040014-n1.html 熊本市がパートナー公認へ　ＬＧＢＴ、来年４月導入]
40. ^{{ja icon}} [https://www.nikkansports.com/general/news/201811120000772.html 横須賀市がＬＧＢＴパートナーシップ制度を導入へ]
41. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASM2D6S0PM2DULOB01K.html|title=性的少数者や事実婚、横須賀市も４月からパートナー制度|language=Japanese|date=14 February 2019|website=Asahi Shimbun}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://mainichi.jp/articles/20190220/ddl/k33/010/434000c|title=同性カップル認定へ パートナーシップ制度、２６日に条例案 ／岡山|language=Japanese|date=20 February 2019|website=Mainichi Shimbun}}
43. ^{{ja icon}} [https://mainichi.jp/articles/20180920/k00/00m/040/093000c ＬＧＢＴなど 豊島区も「パートナーシップ制度」導入へ]
44. ^{{cite news |title=東京・豊島区がパートナー制度　条例制定、渋谷に続き全国２例目 |url=https://www.sankei.com/politics/news/190322/plt1903220037-n1.html |accessdate=25 March 2019 |agency=The Sankei News |date=22 March 2019 |language=Japanese}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASM3N6KFJM3NOHGB00W.html|title=パートナーシップ制度を延期　飛だ市、議会から「拙速」|date=20 March 2019|language=Japanese|website=Asahi Shimbun}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.the-miyanichi.co.jp/kennai/_37222.html|title=宮崎市６月にも導入　ＬＧＢＴパートナーシップ|website=Miyanichi Press|date=24 February 2019}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20190221/ddl/k40/010/366000c?pid=14517|title=７月からパートナーシップ制度導入　性的少数者カップル、市営住宅への入居も　／福岡|language=Japanese|date=21 February 2019|website=Mainichi Shimbun}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20190215/ddl/k12/040/105000c|title=習志野市、指針　パートナー宣誓制度、２０年度導入へ　／千葉|website=Mainichi Shimbun|date=15 February 2019|language=Japanese}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20190129/k00/00m/040/233000c|title=茨城県がパートナーシップ制度導入を検討　LGBTなど対象　都道府県初|publisher=Mainichi Shimbun|date=30 January 2019|language=Japanese}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2019/01/29/ibraki-partnership_a_23656425/?ncid=tweetlnkjphpmg00000001|title=茨城県が「パートナーシップ制度」導入めざす　都道府県で初めて、同性カップルの権利後押し|publisher=HuffPost Japan|date=30 January 2019|language=Japanese}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0005514889|title=Ibaraki to consider LGBT rights bill|publisher=The Japan News|date=31 January 2019}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.sankei.com/life/news/190325/lif1903250028-n1.html|title=パートナーシップ導入へ条例改正案可決　茨城県議会|language=Japanese|date=25 March 2019|website=The Sankei News}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20180605/p2a/00m/0na/020000c|title=Sexual minorities seek recognition of same-sex partnerships from 23 municipal assemblies|publisher=The Mainichi|date=5 June 2018}}
54. ^[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/05/08/national/social-issues/tokyo-rainbow-pride-participants-march-change-lgbt-recognition/ Tokyo Rainbow Pride participants march for ‘change’ in LGBT recognition]
55. ^[https://www.nijiironews.com/2018/12/04/319-couples-using-partnership-systems-across-japan/ 319 Couples Using Partnership Systems Across Japan]
56. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5imtwjW1jvMoCTXZaahFbK3ClE9ZA|title=Japan allows its citizens same-sex marriage abroad|date=27 March 2009|publisher=Google|agency=Agence France-Presse|accessdate=10 March 2013}}
57. ^{{cite web|url = http://shunkoinzentemple.blogspot.com/2011/05/promoting-same-sex-marriage-and-lgbt.html|title = Promoting the Same-Sex Marriage and LGBT Rights in Japan|author = Rev. Taka|publisher = Shunkoin Today|date = May 11, 2011}}
58. ^同性結婚、ミッキーマウスも支持 東京ディズニーリゾート - AFP(2012年9月8日閲覧)
59. ^[https://archive.is/20130411043459/http://jp.ibtimes.com/articles/41235/20130302/995771.htm 元タカラジェンヌと女性のカップルが、東京ディズニーリゾートで初の同性挙式] - インターナショナルビジネスタイムズ(2013年3月3日閲覧)
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/03/05/japan-lesbian-pair-are-first-same-sex-couple-to-get-married-in-tokyo-disney/|title=Japan: Lesbian pair are first same-sex couple to get married in Tokyo Disney|work=PinkNews|accessdate=30 June 2015}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/3003067/japan-cancels-deportation-taiwanese-man-same-sex-relationship|title=Japan cancels deportation of Taiwanese man in same-sex relationship|work=South China Morning Post|date=24 March 2019}}
62. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/03/22/national/justice-ministry-overturns-deportation-order-gay-taiwanese-man-without-visa/|title=Justice Ministry overturns deportation order for gay Taiwanese man without visa|work=The Japan Times|date=22 March 2019}}
63. ^[https://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html "THE CONSTITUTION OF JAPAN"], Japan.Kantei.Go.Jp, accessed 17 May 2018.
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/politics/AJ201502190062|title=Abe: Gay marriage not an option under the Constitution|work=AJW by The Asahi Shimbun|accessdate=30 June 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20150219182028/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/politics/AJ201502190062|archivedate=19 February 2015|df=}}
65. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0002968253 |title=Amending the Constitution / Unanticipated situation: same-sex marriage |publisher=The Japan News |date=30 May 2016}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201808030033.html|title=LDP ‘instructs’ Sugita to educate herself after anti-gay article|publisher=The Asahi Shimbun|date=3 August 2018}}
67. ^[https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20181231/p2a/00m/0na/017000c CDP to seek Civil Code revisions to recognize same-sex marriage], The Mainichi, 31 December 2018
68. ^[https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20181114/p2a/00m/0na/011000c Same sex couples to sue state seeking marriage recognition on constitutional grounds], The Mainichi, 14 November 2018
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201901170049.html|title=Gay couple file for marriage in Yokohama, challenges law|publisher=The Asahi Shimbun|date=17 January 2019|author=Satomi Sugihara}}
70. ^{{cite web|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20190204/p2a/00m/0na/022000c|title=Same-sex marriage lawsuits to be filed on Valentine's Day by 13 couples nationwide|publisher=The Mainichi|date=4 February 2019}}
71. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsos-na.com/download/pr.aspx?id=12795|title=Same-Sex Marriage|date=7–21 May 2013|publisher=Ipsos|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314051755/http://www.ipsos-na.com/download/pr.aspx?id=12795|archivedate=14 March 2016|df=}}
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsos-na.com/download/pr.aspx?id=13813|title=Same-Sex Marriage: Respondents in 15 Countries Assess Their Views on Same-Sex Marriage|date=June 2014|publisher=Ipsos|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106020526/http://www.ipsos-na.com/download/pr.aspx?id=13813|archivedate=2015-01-06|df=}}
73. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/nine-facts-we-learned-about-same-sex-marriage-support-poll#.mdE1QlGOk |title=This Is How Many People Support Same-Sex Marriage In 23 Countries Around The World - BuzzFeed News |publisher=Buzzfeed.com |date= |accessdate=2015-11-10}}
74. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/03/18/national/52-4-of-japanese-say-they-oppose-same-sex-marriage/|title=52.4% of Japanese say they oppose same-sex marriage|work=The Japan Times|accessdate=30 June 2015}}
75. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mirairo.co.jp/archives/5792 |title=あなたは同性婚についてどう思う？〜世論調査の結果から日本の未来を考える〜 | ミライロ |publisher=Mirairo.co.jp |date= |accessdate=2015-11-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151253/http://www.mirairo.co.jp/archives/5792 |archivedate=2015-12-08 |df= }}
76. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sankei.com/politics/news/150330/plt1503300017-n2.html |title=【産経・ＦＮＮ合同世論調査】少年法の対象年齢引き下げに賛成８２％、内閣支持率は５３・６％で４カ月連続上昇（2/2ページ） - 産経ニュース |publisher=Sankei.com |date=2015-03-30 |accessdate=2015-11-10}}
77. ^1 {{cite web|last=Watanabe |first=Chisaki |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-29/majority-of-japanese-support-same-sex-marriage-poll-shows |title=Majority of Japanese Support Same-Sex Marriage, Poll Shows - Bloomberg Business |publisher=Bloomberg.com |date=2015-11-29 |accessdate=2015-12-27}}
78. ^{{cite news|title=日逾五成民眾 贊成同性婚姻合法化|url=http://news.sina.com.tw/article/20151129/15635608.html|agency=中廣新聞網|date=2015-11-29|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208131029/http://news.sina.com.tw/article/20151129/15635608.html|archivedate=2015-12-08|df=}}
79. ^{{cite news|title=NHK民調：日本逾5成民眾挺同婚|url=http://m.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/201705040394.aspx|agency=中央社|date=2017-05-04}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201901280009.html|title=Survey: 78% of Japanese in 20s to 50s favor legal gay marriages|publisher=The Asahi Shimbun|date=28 January 2019}}
{{LGBT in Japan}}{{Asia topic|Recognition of same-sex unions in}}

6 : Human rights in Japan|Japanese family law|LGBT in Japan|Marriage, unions and partnerships in Japan|Politics of Japan|Recognition of same-sex relationships by country
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/14 0:07:21