| 词条 | Regular insulin |
| 释义 |
| drug_name = | INN = | type = | IUPAC_name = | image = Actrapid vial.jpg | alt = | caption = A vial of regular human insulin | synonyms = insulin injection (soluble),[1] neutral insulin,[1] regular human insulin, human insulin (regular) | pronounce = | tradename = Humulin R, Novolin R, Actrapid, others[1][1] | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|insulin_human}} | MedlinePlus = a682611 | pregnancy_AU = | pregnancy_AU_comment = | pregnancy_US = B | pregnancy_category= | routes_of_administration = subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous[1] | legal_AU = | legal_AU_comment = | legal_CA = | legal_DE = | legal_NZ = | legal_UK = | legal_US = OTC | legal_UN = | legal_status = | bioavailability = | protein_bound = | metabolism = | metabolites = | onset = 30 minutes | elimination_half-life = | duration_of_action = 8 hours | excretion = | CAS_number = 9004-10-8 | class = | ATCvet = | ATC_prefix = A10 | ATC_suffix = AB | PubChem = | DrugBank = | ChemSpiderID = none | chemical_formula = | molecular_weight = }}Regular insulin, also known as neutral insulin and soluble insulin is a type of short acting insulin.[1] It is used to treat diabetes mellitus type 1, diabetes mellitus type 2, gestational diabetes, and complications of diabetes such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic states.[2] It is also used along with glucose to treat high blood potassium levels.[3] Typically it is given by injection under the skin, but may also be used by injection into a vein or muscle.[1] Onset of effect is typically in 30 minutes and they last for 8 hours.[2] The common side effect is low blood sugar.[2] Other side effects may include pain or skin changes at the sites of injection, low blood potassium, and allergic reactions.[2] Use during pregnancy is relatively safe for the baby.[2] Regular insulin can be made from the pancreas of pigs or cows.[1] Human versions can be made either by modifying pig versions or recombinant technology.[4] Insulin was first used as a medication in Canada by Charles Best and Frederick Banting in 1922.[5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[6] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$2.39–10.61 per 1,000 iu of regular insulin.[7] In the United Kingdom 1,000 iu costs the NHS 7.48 pounds, while in the United States this amount is about $134.00.[4][8] In 2016 it was the 84th most prescribed medication in the United States with more than 8 million prescriptions.[9] Versions are also available mixed with longer-acting versions of insulin, such as NPH insulin.[4] Medical usesRegular insulin is used for the long-term management of diabetes.[2] It is the treatment of choice for the two diabetic emergencies diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic states.[2] It may also be used in combination with glucose to lower potassium levels in those with hyperkalemia.[3] Side effectsSide effects may include: low blood sugar levels, skin reactions at the site of injection and low potassium levels among others.[2] ManufactureHumulin, one brand name for a group of biosynthetic human insulin products, is synthesized in a laboratory strain of Escherichia coli bacteria which has been genetically altered with recombinant DNA to produce biosynthetic human insulin. Humulin R consists of zinc-insulin crystals dissolved in a clear fluid. FormulationsIt is currently sold by many manufacturers in a number of different forms. By Eli Lilly these include:
In UK these include:[10]
References1. ^{{cite web|title=insulin regular human (OTC) – Humulin R, Novolin R|url=http://reference.medscape.com/drug/humulin-r-novolin-r-insulin-regular-human-999007|accessdate=1 December 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216210952/http://reference.medscape.com/drug/humulin-r-novolin-r-insulin-regular-human-999007|archivedate=16 December 2014|df=dmy-all}} {{Oral hypoglycemics and insulin analogs}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2011}}{{portal bar|Pharmacy and pharmacology|Medicine}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|author1=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|title=Insulin Human|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/insulin-human.html|website=www.drugs.com|accessdate=1 January 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022221822/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/insulin-human.html|archivedate=22 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} 3. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Mahoney|first1=BA|last2=Smith|first2=WA|last3=Lo|first3=DS|last4=Tsoi|first4=K|last5=Tonelli|first5=M|last6=Clase|first6=CM|title=Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=18 April 2005|issue=2|pages=CD003235|pmid=15846652|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003235.pub2}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 69|date=2015|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=9780857111562|page=464472|edition=69}} 5. ^{{cite book | first1 = Joel L. | last1 = Fleishman | first2 = J. Scott | last2 = Kohler | first3 = Steven | last3 = Schindler | name-list-format = vanc | title = Casebook for The Foundation a Great American Secret. | date = 2009 | publisher = PublicAffairs | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-7867-3425-2 | page = 22 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5RmHA1SAoAgC&pg=PA22 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170118063518/https://books.google.com/books?id=5RmHA1SAoAgC&pg=PA22 | archivedate = 18 January 2017 | df = dmy-all }} 6. ^{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)|url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=8 December 2016|date=April 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213052708/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|archivedate=13 December 2016|df=dmy-all}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Insulin, Neutral Soluble|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=431&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=8 December 2016}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=NADAC as of 2016-12-07 {{!}} Data.Medicaid.gov|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Prices/NADAC-as-of-2016-12-07/ry9m-tx78|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|accessdate=17 January 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221003023/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Prices/NADAC-as-of-2016-12-07/ry9m-tx78|archivedate=21 December 2016|df=dmy-all}} 9. ^{{cite web |title=The Top 300 of 2019 |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx |website=clincalc.com |accessdate=22 December 2018}} 10. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/insulin/human-insulin.html|title=Human Insulin - Types, Production, Action, History|access-date=2017-11-17}} 5 : Eli Lilly and Company|Insulin therapies|Human proteins|World Health Organization essential medicines|RTT |
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