请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Manfred Eigen
释义

  1. Education and early life

  2. Career and research

  3. Personal life

  4. Honours and awards

  5. References

  6. Bibliography

  7. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}{{Infobox scientist
|name = Manfred Eigen
| image = Eigen,Manfred 1996 Göttingen.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Manfred Eigen, Göttingen 1996
|birth_date = {{birth date|1927|05|09|df=y}}
|birth_place = Bochum, Germany
|death_date = {{death date and age|2019|02|06|1927|05|09|df=y}}
|death_place = Göttingen, Germany
|residence =
|nationality = German
|alma_mater = University of Göttingen
| thesis_title = Ermittlung der molekularen Struktur reiner Flüssigkeiten und Lösungen aus thermischen und kalorischen Eigenschaften
| thesis_url = http://worldcat.org/oclc/73966255
| thesis_year = 1951
|doctoral_advisor = Arnold Eucken[1]
|doctoral_students = Geoffrey Hoffmann
|known_for = {{Plainlist|
  • Chemical reactions
  • Quasispecies model}}

|influences = Werner Heisenberg
Arnold Eucken
|influenced =
| website = {{URL|http://www.mpibpc.mpg.de/14858258/Manfred_Eigen|Official listing at Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry }}
|field = Biophysical chemistry
|work_institutions = {{Plainlist|
  • Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry
  • Braunschweig University of Technology}}

|prizes = {{Plainlist|
  • Otto Hahn Prize (1962)
  • Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1967)[2]
  • ForMemRS (1973)[2]}}

}}Manfred Eigen (9 May 1927 – 6 February 2019) was a German biophysical chemist who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[3] for work on measuring fast chemical reactions.[4]

Eigen’s research helped solve major problems in physical chemistry and aided in the understanding of chemical processes that occur in living organisms.

In later years, he explored the biochemical roots of life and evolution. He worked to install a multidisciplinary program at the Max Planck Institute to study the underpinnings of life at the molecular level. His work was hailed for creating a new scientific and technological discipline: evolutionary biotechnology.[6]

Education and early life

Eigen was born on 9 May 1927 in Bochum,[5][6] the son of Hedwig (Feld) and Ernst Eigen, a chamber musician.[9] As a child he developed a deep passion for music, and studied piano.[6]

World War II interrupted his formal education. At age fifteen he was drafted into service in a German antiaircraft unit. He was captured by the Soviets toward the end of the war. He managed to escape (he said later that escape was relatively easy),[6] and walked hundreds of miles across defeated Germany, arriving in Göttingen in 1945. He lacked the necessary documentation for acceptance to university,[7] but was admitted after he demonstrated his knowledge in an exam. He entered the university’s first postwar class.

Eigen desired to study Physics, but since returning soldiers who were previously enrolled received priority, he enrolled in Geophysics. He earned an undergraduate degree and entered graduate study in natural sciences. One of his advisors was Werner Heisenberg, the noted proponent of the uncertainty principle.[6] He received his doctorate in 1951.

Career and research

Eigen received his Ph.D. at the University of Göttingen in 1951 under supervision of Arnold Eucken.[1] In 1964 he presented the results of his research at a meeting of the Faraday Society in London. His findings demonstrated for the first time that it was possible to determine that rates of chemical reactions that occurred during time intervals as brief as a nanosecond.

Beginning in 1953 Eigen worked at the Max Planck Institute for Physical Chemistry in Göttingen, becoming its director in 1964 and joining it with the Max Planck Institute for Spectroscopy to become the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry. He was an honorary professor of the Braunschweig University of Technology. From 1982 to 1993, Eigen was president of the German National Merit Foundation. Eigen was a member of the Board of Sponsors of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.[8][9]

In 1967, Eigen was awarded, along with Ronald George Wreyford Norrish[10] and George Porter,[11] the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. They were cited for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions induced in response to very short pulses of energy.

In addition, Eigen's name is linked with the theory of quasispecies, the error threshold, error catastrophe, Eigen's paradox, and the chemical hypercycle, the cyclic linkage of reaction cycles as an explanation for the self-organization of prebiotic systems, which he described with Peter Schuster in 1977.[12][13][14][15]

Eigen founded two biotechnology companies, Evotec and Direvo.[16]

In 1981, Eigen became a founding member of the World Cultural Council.[17]

Eigen was a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences even though he was an atheist.[18] He died on 6 February 2019 at the age of 91.[19][20][21][22]

Personal life

Eigen was married to Elfriede Müller.[9] The union produced two children, a boy and a girl.[9] He later married Ruthild Oswatitsch, a longtime scientific partner.[23]

Honours and awards

Eigen won numerous awards for his research including:

  • Otto Hahn Prize (1962)[24]
  • Honorary doctorate from Harvard University (1966)[25]
  • Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1967), shared with Ronald George Wreyford Norrish and George Porter, for his studies on the kinetics of extremely fast running chemical reactions with relaxation methods[26]
  • Member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (now the Russian Academy of Sciences) (1976)[27]
  • Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1973[2]
  • Pour le Mérite (1973)[28]
  • Faraday Lectureship Prize from the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1977[39]
  • Austrian Decoration for Science and Art[29]
  • Lower Saxony State Prize for Science (1980)[30]
  • Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize (1992)[24]
  • Helmholtz Medal (Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1994)[27]
  • Max Planck Research Award (1994), jointly with Rudolf Rigler of the Karolinska Institute[31]
  • Honorary member of the Ruhr University Bochum (2001)[32]
  • Lifetime Achievement Award from the Institute of Human Virology in Baltimore (2005)[24]
  • Wilhelm Exner Medal (2011)[33]
{{clear}}

References

1. ^1 {{MathGenealogy|id=57934}}
2. ^1 {{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030402/https://royalsociety.org/people/manfred-eigen-11384/|archivedate=17 November 2015|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/manfred-eigen-11384/|title=Professor Manfred Eigen ForMemRS|publisher=Royal Society|location=London}}
3. ^1 {{Citation|pmid=4860395|last=Weisskopf|first=V. F.|last2=Eyring|first2=H.|last3=Eyring|first3=E. M.|publication-date=10 November 1967|year=1967|title=Nobel Prizes: 4 named for international award (Hans Bethe, Manfred Eigen, R.G. Norrish, George Porter)|volume=158|issue=3802|periodical=Science|pages=745–8|doi=10.1126/science.158.3802.745|bibcode=1967Sci...158..745W}}
4. ^{{Citation|pmid=3300805|last=Winkler-Oswatitsch|first=R.|publication-date=9 May 1987|year=1987|title=Manfred Eigen. Scientist and musician|volume=26|issue=2–3|periodical=Biophys. Chem.|pages=109–15|doi=10.1016/0301-4622(87)80015-7}}
5. ^{{Citation|pmid=3300802|publication-date=9 May 1987|year=1987|title=Manfred Eigen Festschrift: special issue dedicated to Professor Manfred Eigen on the occasion of his 60th birthday|volume=26|issue=2–3|periodical=Biophys. Chem.|pages=101–390}}
6. ^{{Citation|pmid=17029872|last=Schlögl|first=R. W.|publication-date=30 June 1997|year=1997|title=To Manfred Eigen on his 70th birthday|volume=66|issue=2–3|periodical=Biophys. Chem.|pages=71–3|doi = 10.1016/S0301-4622(97)00075-6}}
7. ^{{Cite book|title=Creativity: The psychology of discovery and invention|last=Czikszentmihalyi|first=Mihaly|publisher=Harper Perennial|year=2013|pages=54}}
8. ^{{Citation|pmid=3300804|publication-date=9 May 1987|date=1987|title=List of publications by Manfred Eigen|volume=26|issue=2–3|periodical=Biophys. Chem.|pages=103–8|doi=10.1016/0301-4622(87)80014-5}}
9. ^{{Citation|pmid=3300803|publication-date=9 May 1987|year=1987|title=Curriculum vitae of Manfred Eigen|volume=26|issue=2–3|periodical=Biophys. Chem.|pages=102|doi=10.1016/0301-4622(87)80013-3}}
10. ^{{cite journal|last1=Dainton|first1=F.|last2=Thrush|first2=B. A.|title=Ronald George Wreyford Norrish. 9 November 1897-7 June 1978|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=27|year=1981|pages=379–424|issn=0080-4606|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1981.0016}}
11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Fleming|first1=G. R.|last2=Phillips|first2=D.|title=George Porter KT OM, Lord Porter of Luddenham. 6 December 1920 - 31 August 2002: Elected F.R.S. 1960|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=50|year=2004|pages=257–283|issn=0080-4606|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2004.0017}}
12. ^Eigen & Schuster (1977) The Hypercycle. A Principle of Natural Self-Organisation. Part A: Emergence of the Hypercycle. Naturwissenschaften Vol. 64, pp. 541–565.
13. ^Eigen & Schuster (1978) The Hypercycle. A Principle of Natural Self-Organisation. Part B: The Abstract Hypercycle. Naturwissenschaften Vol. 65, pp. 7–41.
14. ^Eigen & Schuster (1978) The Hypercycle. A Principle of Natural Self-Organisation. Part C: The Realistic Hypercycle. Naturwissenschaften Vol. 65, pp. 341–369.
15. ^Manfred Eigen and Peter Schuster The Hypercycle: A principle of natural self-organization, 1979, Springer {{ISBN|0-387-09293-5}}
16. ^Jackle H, Rotte C, & Gruss P (2017) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5982432/ Manfred Eigen: the realization of his vision of Biophysical Chemistry]. European biophysics journal Vol. 47, pp. 319-323.
17. ^{{cite web|title=About Us|publisher=World Cultural Council|url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/about-us/|accessdate=8 November 2016}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hanskrause.de/HKHPE/hkhpe_03_02.htm|title=HKHPE 03 02|website=www.hanskrause.de|accessdate=9 April 2018}}
19. ^{{cite news|date=7 February 2019|title=Manfred Eigen, 1967 Nobel Chemistry Laureate, Dies at 91|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/02/07/world/europe/ap-eu-germany-obit-eigen.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 February 2019}}
20. ^{{cite news|last=Merlot|first=Julia|date=7 February 2019|title=Der Bezwinger des Unmessbaren|url=http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/technik/manfred-eigen-ist-tot-der-bezwinger-des-unmessbaren-a-1252131.html|work=Der Spiegel|location=Hamburg|language=German|access-date=7 February 2019}}
21. ^{{cite web|date=7 February 2019|title=Göttingen Nobel Laureate Manfred Eigen has died|url=https://www.mpibpc.mpg.de/15874842/Manfred-Eigen|work=The Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry|location=Göttingen|access-date=7 February 2019}}
22. ^{{cite news|last=Lindinger|first=Manfred|date=7 February 2019|title=Die Klaviatur des Lebens|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/forschung-politik/die-klaviatur-des-lebens-zum-tod-des-grossen-naturforschers-manfred-eigen-16029709.html|work=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|language=German|access-date=9 February 2019}}
23. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |first=Martin |last=Weil |title=Obituaries: Manfred Eigen |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/obituaries/2019/02/11/manfred-eigen-nobel-winning-chemist-who-clocked-speeds-fast-reactions/wgrBmaAjTp07e0aZZNF8OL/story.html?et_rid=25832560&s_campaign=todaysheadlines:newsletter |work=The Boston Globe |date=12 February 2019 |accessdate=12 February 2019}}
24. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.mpibpc.mpg.de/14858258/Manfred_Eigen|title=Manfred Eigen|website=www.mpibpc.mpg.de|accessdate=8 February 2019}}
25. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|date=2019|title=Eigen – Biographical|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1967/eigen/biographical/|work=NobelPrize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB|access-date=7 February 2019}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967 – Nobelprize.org|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1967/|accessdate=2 April 2013}}
27. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.pas.va/content/accademia/en/academicians/ordinary/eigen.html|title=Manfred Eigen|website=www.pas.va}}
28. ^{{cite web|date=2019|title=Pour le Mérite: Manfred Eigen|url=http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/sites/default/files/vita/Manfred-Eigen-vita.pdf|work=www.orden-pourlemerite.de|access-date=7 February 2019}}
29. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Eigen_Manfred|title=Academy of Europe: Eigen Manfred|website=www.ae-info.org}}
30. ^{{cite web|date=2019|title=Der Niedersächsische Staatspreis|url=https://niedersachsen.de/land_leute/menschen/sehr_geehrte_niedersachsen/der-niedersaechsische-staatspreis-20065.html|work=Portal Niedersachsen|access-date=7 February 2019}}
31. ^{{cite news|last=Brünjes|first=Angela|date=5 December 2014|title=Manfred Eigen erhielt 1967 den Nobelpreis für Chemie|url=http://www.goettinger-tageblatt.de/Campus/Themen/Nobelpreis-Hell/Manfred-Eigen-erhielt-1967-den-Nobelpreis-fuer-Chemie|work=Göttinger Tageblatt|language=German|access-date=7 February 2019}}
32. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.mpibpc.mpg.de/15881307/cv|title=Vita|website=www.mpibpc.mpg.de}}
33. ^Editor, ÖGV. (2015). Wilhelm Exner Medal. Austrian Trade Association. ÖGV. Austria.

Bibliography

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
  • Manfred Eigen, "From Strange Simplicity to Complex Familiarity: A Treatise on Matter, Information, Life and Thought." 2013 Oxford University Press.
  • Eigen (1971) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722154324/http://www.physik.uzh.ch/groups/aegerter/teaching/Biophys/eigen.pdf Selforganization of matter and the evolution of biological macromolecules]. Naturwissenschaften, Vol. 58, Nr. 10, pp. 465–523.
  • Manfred Eigen, Ruthild Winkler: The Laws of the Game: How The Principles of Nature Govern Chance, 1983, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|0-691-02566-5}}
  • Manfred Eigen, "Molekulare Selbstorganisation und Evolution." (Self organization of matter and the evolution of biological macro molecules.) Naturwissenschaften 58 (10). 1971 pp. 465–523. In English. Influential theoretical paper on origin-of-life biochemistry.
  • Manfred Eigen tells his life story at Web of Stories (video)

  • Interview with Manfred Eigen by Harry Kroto, NL Freeview video provided by the Vega Science Trust.
  • "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140222195833/http://www.forschungsnachrichten.de/biologie/biologie-artikel/falls-ein-gott-die-naturgesetze-erschuf%2c-so-erschuf-er-auch-das-leben-durch-evolution.htm Falls ein Gott die Naturgesetze erschuf, so erschuf er auch das Leben durch Evolution]" (in German) Interview with Manfred Eigen from 2004, Archive
{{div col end}}

External links

  • [https://www.mpibpc.mpg.de/15681387/05_MPIbpcNews_Mai_2017.pdf "The institute congratulates Manfred Eigen on his 90th birthday!"] at mpibpc.mpg.de
  • {{youtube|OzK12wI6TJs|Manfred Eigen - Early childhood recollections about music}}
{{Authority control}}{{Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 1951-1975}}{{Founding members of the World Cultural Council}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Eigen, Manfred}}

26 : 1927 births|2019 deaths|Braunschweig University of Technology faculty|Faraday Lecturers|Foreign Members of the Royal Society|Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Foreign Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences|Founding members of the World Cultural Council|German biophysicists|German atheists|German Nobel laureates|Max Planck Society people|Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization|Members of the French Academy of Sciences|Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences|Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|Nobel laureates in Chemistry|People from Bochum|People from the Province of Westphalia|German physical chemists|Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)|Studienstiftung alumni|University of Göttingen alumni|University of Göttingen faculty|Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art|Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/30 7:28:34