| 词条 | Relaxation (psychology) |
| 释义 |
Relaxation in psychology, is the emotional state of a living being, of low tension, in which there is an absence of arousal that could come from sources such as anger, anxiety, or fear. According to the Oxford dictionary[1] relaxation is when the body and mind are free from tension and anxiety. Relaxation is a form of mild ecstasy coming from the frontal lobe of the brain in which the backward cortex sends signals to the frontal cortex via a mild sedative. Relaxation can be achieved through meditation, autogenics, and progressive muscle relaxation. Relaxation helps improve coping with stress. Stress is the leading cause of mental problems and physical problems,[2] therefore feeling relaxed is beneficial for a person's health. When we are stressed, the sympathetic nervous system is activated because we are in a fight-or-flight response mode; over time, this could have negative effects on a human body. HistoryThe idea of relaxation in psychology was popularized by Dr.Edmund Jacobson in his published book Progressive Relaxation. It was a technical book intended for doctors and scientists. His book describes tensing and relaxing specific muscles at a time to achieve overall relaxation in the body.[3] Jacobson then published another book called You Must Relax published in 1934 that was geared towards the general public. According to Jacobson, his research started in 1908 at Harvard University, and later moving on to Cornell and University of Chicago. His research was aimed at improving the general human well being. In 1932, Johannes Schultz and Wolfgang Luthe developed a method of relaxation that emphasized using the power of suggestion, called autogenic training. In 1975, Herbert Benson and Mirium Z. Klipper published a book called The Relaxation Response, which gives instructions on tying meditation techniques into daily activities the average person could do.[4] Relaxation techniques{{main|Relaxation technique}}Although stress levels vary across society, the fact remains that stress can be detrimental to one's health. In order to combat this stress, there have been a variety of methods developed that have been proven to reduce stress and its consequences in everyday life. The majority of techniques can be classified in to either Physical, Mental or Therapeutic techniques. Physical relaxation techniqueBreathing techniques is one of the easiest ways to reduce stress. It requires little effort and can be done anywhere at any time. Proper breathing techniques that incorporate deep abdominal breathing have been shown to reduce the physical symptoms of depression, anxiety and hypertension as well as everyday emotional symptoms of anger and nervousness.[5] Progressive muscle relaxation is a relaxation technique that requires an individual to focus on flexing and holding a certain set of muscles and then slowly relaxing those same muscles. As the individual flexes and releases those muscles from top to bottom they will feel a deep sense of relaxation. Progressive muscle relaxation is a somewhat adapted version of the Jacobsonian Relaxation Technique developed in the 1920s.[6] Progressive muscle relaxation is currently used in clinical and non-clinical settings to reduce the effects of anxiety and sleeplessness brought upon by stress.[6] The long-term goal of this relaxation technique is to be able to identify when your body's muscles are suffering the effects of stress and to be able to relax the individual and the individuals muscles when directed.[6] Mental techniqueMeditation has long been practiced in other regions around the world. However, it is a practice that is fairly new to North America and it is gaining attention quickly for the physical and psychological benefits it provides to your body. Studies have shown that in addition to reducing physiological and psychological stresses placed on your body, individuals who practice meditation have much fewer doctor visits for both physical and psychological illnesses.[7]Hypnosis relaxation therapy has recently become another technique used among healthcare professionals to promote relaxation. When performed correctly, hypnosis has the ability to put an individual in a deep state of relaxation. During this state the individual is vulnerable to suggestions stated by the person performing the hypnosis. Not only will the hypnotized individual be stress free and in a deep state of relaxation but it is thought that when the individual is out of hypnosis they will be less susceptible to the effects of stress as suggested by the person who performed the hypnosis on them. In addition to relaxation, hypnosis therapy is being used to treat a variety of conditions. Treatments for conditions using hypnosis that are currently being promoted by The Mayo Clinic are; smoking addiction therapy, pain control therapy, weight loss, coping with chemotherapy, asthma, and allergy relief.[8]Therapeutic relaxationRelaxation techniques used in therapy by a certified counselor or therapist could include any of the previous techniques discussed. Professionals in the fields of psychology or counseling will have the ability to administer a variety of these techniques. If they feel it is appropriate they may prescribe medication to assist the patient with relaxation. Although a number of these techniques are simple and can be performed on one's own time, patients may receive better results if they are guided by a professional who is very familiar with the techniques. MeditationHerbert Benson, a professor at the medical school at Harvard University, has proposed in his book The Relaxation Response a mechanism of the body that counters the fight-or-flight response. The relaxation response reduces the body’s metabolism, heart and breathing rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and calms brain activity. It increases the immune response, helps attention and decision making, and changes gene activities that are the opposite of those associated stress.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}} The relaxation response is achieved through meditation. Benson's meditation technique involves these four steps:
AutogenicsAutogenics was invented by Dr. Johannes Heinrich Schultz in the 1920s. The process of autogenics is by relaxing muscles deeply, and by doing so, the mind follows through and relaxes as well. There as six parts to autogenics training:
Progressive muscle relaxationProgressive muscle relaxation helps relax your muscles by tensing certain parts of the body (such as the neck), and then releasing the tension in order to feel the muscles relaxing. This technique helps for people with anxiety because they are always tense throughout the day.[9]BenefitsThe benefits of relaxation can be found in three main areas of an individual’s health, including; mental, physical and physiological health. Being relaxed can do positive things for someone’s health from just elevating your mood[10] to helping with insomnia.[11] All of these things can help an individual live a happier and healthier life and may increase the longevity of one's life.[11] There are not many draw backs of relaxation. It is an easy technique to understand and follow through with. Three categories that relaxation can help with are mental, physical, and physiological. MentalMental health is very important and needs to be worked on every day. Relaxation can help with many impairments that can occur in one's mental health. There is a higher mood and lower anxiety in those who practice relaxation techniques.[3] Those who are relaxed have much slower and clearer thought processes than those who are not relaxed; this can be shown on an EEG.[12] It is well known that relaxation can help reduce stress. With reducing stress, a person can help reduce the negative things that stress can do to the body.[12] Coping mechanisms are also improved with relaxation techniques in both mental and physical pain.[10] Sleep disorders are an area that can produce stress and mental health issues. Relaxation may help reduce insomnia in those who have sleeping disorders. Those with insomnia may even give up sleeping aids just by practicing relaxation techniques.[11] Being off of unnecessary medication or sleep aids will help health as an over all. Even though relaxation cannot get rid of chronic diseases, it may help dull of the symptoms one may have. Many cancer and AIDS patients are taught relaxation techniques.{{nonspecific|date=November 2016}} PhysicalPhysical health is also something that needs to be worked on daily, whether it is exercise, healthy eating, or relaxation.[11] states that blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate will all decrease when one is relaxed.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} This means that a person's heart does not beat as fast and their breathing is shallow, helping one's body have time to rest. This will reduce the extra stress that these things can do to the body if they are over worked. Muscle tension will decrease.[11] If one's muscle tension is decreased they are not burning up extra energy that they may need later in the day. Metabolism can also decrease; this is mostly seen in hibernation and sleep and that gives the body extra time to rest and focus on other aspect that it needs to.[11] This could be seen as a good or bad thing, depending on the overall quality of health. People who practice relaxation have said to be able to tolerate pain better both mentally and physically.[10] PhysiologicalIn regards to the nervous system, relaxation can also play a big role. An individual will go from active and alert, which is the sympathetic, to parasympathetic which is rest and digest.[12] When they are relaxing, it gives the body time to catch up. A person does not need to worry about running, because they are sitting still and allowing “rest and digest”. Immune systems will increase with increased relaxation[5] which is why relaxation can be seen as part of treatment for AIDS and cancer patients.[11] See also
References1. ^Oxford Dictionary (2014). Relaxation,http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/relaxation?q=relaxation+ 2. ^Physical health and mental health, https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/a-to-z/p/physical-health-and-mental-health 3. ^1 Pagnini, F., Manzoni, G. M., Castelnuovo, G., & Molinari, E. (2013). Brief literature review about relaxation therapy and anxiety.Body, Movement and Dance in Psychology, 8 4. ^Lettus, D. (2010) Breathe and Relax. Library Journal, 135. pp 30-32. 5. ^1 MacGregor, H.E. (2004, Oct 17). Take a breath to relieve stress specialized breathing techniques beneficial to health, practitioners say. Journal-Gazette. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/411159521 6. ^1 2 Greenwald, D. (2012, May 24). Innovative Health: De-stress with progressive muscle relaxation technique. Alamogordo Daily News. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1015669126 7. ^Take a mental break (meditation can help ease stress). (1996). Benefits Canada, 20(3), 7. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/224308859 8. ^Carrero, M.D. (2012, Nov 13). Is hypnosis for you? Therapeutic hypnosis has been shown to help patients reduce stress, quit smoking, lose weight and more. Morning Call. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1151633865 9. ^{{cite web|last1=Zandt|first1=Daniel|title=Deep Relaxation Meditation: Guidance & Best Picks|url=http://stillmind.org/deep-relaxation-meditation/|website=Stillmind.org|accessdate=20 November 2016}} 10. ^1 2 Wachholtz, A., & Pargament, K. (2005). Is Spirituality a Critical Ingredient of Meditation? Comparing the Effects of Spiritual Meditation, Secular Meditation, and Relaxation on Spiritual, Psychological, Cardiac, and Pain Outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28(4), 369-384. 11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Benson, H. (1993). The Relaxation Respone. Mind Body Medicine How to Use Your Mind For Better Health, 233-25 12. ^1 2 Kenneth R. Jones & Steve Heymen (1988). Using Relaxation: Coping with Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. UNC Center for Functional GI & Motility Disorders. Further reading
3 : Psychological attitude|Emotions|Mental states in Csikszentmihalyi's flow model |
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