| 词条 | Manicouagan Reservoir |
| 释义 |
| name = Manicouagan Reservoir | image = Manicouagan-EO.JPG | caption = View from orbit | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = Rivière-aux-Outardes, Manicouagan RCM Rivière-Mouchalagane, Caniapiscau RCM, Quebec | coords = {{Coord|51|23|N|68|42|W|type:waterbody_region:CA-QC_scale:1000000|display=inline,title}} | lake_type = annular lake, reservoir, impact crater lake | inflow = | outflow = Manicouagan River | catchment = {{convert|29241|km2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = Canada | length = | width = | area = {{convert|1942|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|85|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|350|m|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|139.8|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}[1] | residence_time = 8 | shore = {{convert|1322|km|abbr=on}} | elevation = {{convert|342|to|359|m|abbr=on}} (Dates: 1980 to 2005) | islands = René-Levasseur Island | cities = | pushpin_map = Canada Quebec#Canada }}Manicouagan Reservoir (also Lake Manicouagan) is an annular lake in central Quebec, Canada, covering an area of {{convert|1,942|km2|abbr=on}}. The lake island in its centre is known as René-Levasseur Island, and its highest point is Mount Babel. The structure was created 214 (±1) million years ago by the impact of a meteorite of {{convert|5|km|abbr=on|spell=on|0}} diameter. The lake and island are clearly seen from space and are sometimes{{when|date=March 2019}} called{{by who|date=March 2019}} the "eye of Quebec". The lake has a volume of {{convert|137.9|km3|abbr=on}}.[1][2] GeographyThe reservoir is located in Manicouagan Regional County Municipality in the Côte-Nord region of Quebec, Canada,[3] about {{convert|300|km|abbr=on}} north of the city of Baie-Comeau, although its northernmost part is located in Caniapiscau Regional County Municipality. Quebec Route 389 passes the eastern shore of the lake. The crater is a multiple-ring structure about {{convert|100|km|-1|abbr=on}} across, with the reservoir at its {{convert|70|km|-1|abbr=on}} diameter inner ring being its most prominent feature. It surrounds an inner island plateau called René-Levasseur Island. Mount Babel is the highest peak of the island, at {{Convert|952|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level and {{Convert|590|m|0|abbr=on}} above the reservoir level. The Louis-Babel Ecological Reserve makes up the central part of the island. Impact crater{{Infobox terrestrial impact site| name = Manicouagan Reservoir impact crater | other_name = | photo = | photo_caption = | map = | map_caption = | coordinates = | confidence = Confirmed | diameter = * {{cvt|100|km||}} (originally)
| depth = | age = 214 ± 1 Ma Triassic–Jurassic boundary | exposed = | drilled = | imp_size = {{cvt|5|km|abbr=on|1}} | bolide = | country = | state = }} Manicouagan Reservoir lies within the remnant of an ancient eroded impact crater (astrobleme). The crater was formed following the impact of an asteroid with a diameter of {{convert|5|km|abbr=on|0|spell=on}}, which excavated a crater originally about {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} wide, although erosion and deposition of sediments have since reduced the visible diameter to about {{convert|72|km|abbr=on}}. It is the earth's sixth-largest confirmed impact crater according to rim-to-rim diameter.[4] Mount Babel is interpreted as the central peak of the crater, formed by post-impact uplift. It is one of the oldest known impact craters. Research has shown that impact melt within the crater has an age of 214 ± 1 million years. As this is 12 ± 2 million years before the end of the Triassic, the impact that produced the crater cannot have been the cause of the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event.[5][6] Hypothetical multiple impact eventIt has been suggested that the Manicouagan crater may have been part of a multiple impact event which also formed the Rochechouart crater in France, Saint Martin crater in Manitoba, Obolon' crater in Ukraine, and Red Wing crater in North Dakota. David Rowley, a geophysicist, with the University of Chicago, working with John Spray of the University of New Brunswick and Simon Kelley of the Open University, discovered that the five craters appeared to form a chain, indicating the breakup and subsequent impact of an asteroid or comet,[7] similar to the well observed string of impacts of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 on Jupiter in 1994.[8] {{clear|left}}Hydroelectric project{{Main|Daniel-Johnson Dam}}The Manicouagan Reservoir as it presently exists was created in the 1960s, by flooding the earlier Lake Mushalagan (Mouchalagan) to the west of the central plateau and then-smaller Manicouagan to the east, by construction of the Daniel-Johnson Dam.[9] The works were part of the massive Manicouagan or Manic series of hydroelectric projects undertaken by Hydro-Québec, the provincial electrical utility. The complex of dams is also called the Manic-Outardes Project because the rivers involved are the Manicouagan and the Outardes. The reservoir acts as a giant headpond for the Manicouagan River, feeding the Jean-Lesage generating station (Manic-2), René-Lévesque generating station (Manic-3), and Daniel-Johnson Dam (Manic-5) generating stations downstream. In the peak period of the winter cold, the lake surface is usually lower, since the turbines run all the time at peak load to meet the massive electrical heating needs of the province. The surface of the lake also experiences low levels in the extreme periods of heat in New England during the summer, since in that period Hydro-Québec sells electrical energy to the joint New England grid and individual utilities in the United States. See also{{stack|{{Portal|Canada|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
References1. ^1 Hydro-Québec - Cinq principaux réservoirs d'Hydro-Québec 2. ^{{cite web|last=Briney|first=Amanda|title=The World’s Top Ten Largest Reservoirs by Volume|url=http://geography.about.com/od/waterandice/a/damsreservoirs_3.htm|publisher=About.com|accessdate=19 August 2010}} 3. ^{{cite Earth Impact DB | name = Manicouagan| linkname = presqu%27ile | accessdate = 2009-08-19}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Impact Structures listed by Diameter (Increasing) |url=http://www.passc.net/EarthImpactDatabase/Diametersort.html|publisher=PASSC|accessdate=6 July 2012}} 5. ^{{cite journal|first=J.P.|last=Hodych|author2=G.R.Dunning|title=Did the Manicouagan impact trigger end-of-Triassic mass extinction?|journal=Geology|volume=20|date=1992|pages=51.54|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0051:DTMITE>2.3.CO;2|bibcode = 1992Geo....20...51H }} 6. ^Ramezani, J., S. A. Bowring, M. S. Pringle, F. D. Winslow, III, and E. T. Rasbury (2005). "The Manicouagan impact melt rock: a proposed standard for intercalibration of U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar isotopic systems". 15th V.M. Goldsmidt Conference Abstract Volume, p. A321. 7. ^Spray, J.G., Kelley, S.P. and Rowley, D.B. (1998). "Evidence for a late Triassic multiple impact event on Earth". Nature, v. 392, pp. 171-173. Abstract 8. ^{{Cite news | last = Steele | first = Diana | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Crater chain points to impact of fragmented comet | newspaper = University of Chicago Chronicle | pages = | year = | date = 19 March 1998 | url = http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/980319/craters.shtml | postscript = }} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://craterexplorer.ca/manicouagan-impact-structure/ |title=Manicouagan Impact Structure |website=Crater Explorer |accessdate=25 April 2017}} External links{{Commons category|Daniel-Johnson Dam}}
7 : Impact craters of Quebec|Triassic impact craters|Manicouagan-Outardes hydroelectric project|Reservoirs in Quebec|Biosphere reserves of Canada|Lakes of Côte-Nord|Annular lakes |
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