| 词条 | Mantou |
| 释义 |
| name = Mantou | image = ClassicwhiteMantou.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Classic white mantou | alternate_name = Chinese steamed bun, Chinese steamed bread | country = China | region = | creator = | course = | type = Bread, dim sum | served = | main_ingredient = Wheat flour, water, leavening agents | variations = | calories = | other = }}{{Infobox Chinese |t=饅頭 |s=馒头 |p=mántou |mi={{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Zh-mántou.ogg|m|an|2|.|t|ou|5}} |j=maan4 tau4 |poj=bán-thô or bán-thâu |t2=麵頭 |s2=面头 |p2=miàntóu |poj2=mī-thâu |lmz=meu上 doe平 }}Mantou ({{zh|t=饅頭|s=馒头}}), often referred to as Chinese steamed bun, is a type of cloud-like steamed bread or bun popular in Northern China.[1] Folk etymology connects the name mantou to a tale about Zhuge Liang.[1] DescriptionMantou are typically eaten as a staple food in northern parts of China where wheat, rather than rice, is grown. They are made with milled wheat flour, water and leavening agents. In size and texture, they range from {{convert|4|cm|in}}, soft and fluffy in the most elegant restaurants, to over {{convert|15|cm|in}}, firm and dense for the working man's lunch. As white flour, being more heavily processed, was once more expensive, white mantou were something of a luxury in pre-industrial China. Traditionally, mantou, bing, and wheat noodles were the staple carbohydrates of the northern Chinese diet, analogous to rice, which forms the mainstay of the southern Chinese diet. They are also known in the south, but are often served as street food or a restaurant dish, rather than as a staple or home cooking. Restaurant mantou are often smaller and more delicate and can be further manipulated, for example, by deep frying and dipping in sweetened condensed milk. They are often sold pre-cooked in the frozen section of Asian supermarkets, ready for preparation by steaming or heating in the microwave oven. A similar food, but with a savory or sweet filling inside, is baozi.[2] Mantou is the older word, and in some regions (such as the Jiangnan region of China, and Korea) mantou (or the equivalent local reading of the word) can be used to indicate both the filled and unfilled buns, while in Japan the equivalent local reading of the word (manjū) refers only to filled buns. Etymology and historyMantou may have originated in the Qin State of the Zhou Dynasty during the reign of King Zhaoxiang (307 BCE – 250 BCE).[3] Mantou as well as other wheat derived foodstuffs such as noodles, Shaobing and Baozi became popular during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE - 206 CE) and collectively were known as {{zh|labels=no|t=餅|p=bǐng}}; mantou was distinguished as {{zh|labels=no|t=蒸餅|p=zhēngbǐng}} or {{zh|labels=no|t=籠餅|p=lóngbǐng}}.[4] During the Western Jin dynasty (265–316 CE), Shu Xi ({{lang|zh|束皙}}) wrote about steamed cakes ({{zh|labels=no|t=蒸餅|p=zhēngbǐng}}) in his "Ode to boiled cakes" ({{zh|labels=no|t=湯餅賦|p=tāngbǐngfù}}), written around 300 CE. He first called them mantou ({{zh|labels=no|t=曼頭|p=màntóu}}). In this book, it was advised to eat this in a banquet during the approach of spring.[5] The Mongols are thought to have taken the filled (baozi) style of mantou to many countries of Central and East Asia about the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty in the 13th century. The name mantou is cognate to manty and mantı; these are filled dumplings in Turkish,[6] Persian,[7] Uzbek,[8] ("mantu")[9] cuisines. FolkloreA popular Chinese legend relates that the name mantou actually originated from the homophonous word mántóu, which literally means "barbarian's head". The legend was set in the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 CE) when Zhuge Liang, the Chancellor of the state of Shu Han, led the Shu army on a campaign against Nanman forces in the southern lands of Shu, which correspond to roughly present-day Yunnan, China, and northern Myanmar. After subduing the Nanman king Meng Huo, Zhuge Liang led the army back to Shu, but met a swift-flowing river which defied all attempts to cross it. A barbarian lord informed him that in olden days, the barbarians would sacrifice 50 men and throw their heads into the river to appease the river deity and allow them to cross. As Zhuge Liang did not want to cause any more of his men to lose their lives, he ordered his men to slaughter the livestock the army brought along, and fill their meat into buns shaped roughly like human heads (round with a flat base). The buns were then thrown into the river. After a successful crossing, he named the bun "barbarian's head" (mántóu, 蠻頭, which evolved into the modern 饅頭).[10] Another version of the story relates back to Zhuge Liang's southern campaign when he instructed that his soldiers who had fallen sick from diarrhea and other illnesses in the swampy region be fed with steamed buns with meat or sweet fillings.[11] Variations in meaning outside northern ChinaPrior to the Song dynasty (960–1279), the word mantou meant both filled and unfilled buns.[12] The term baozi arose in the Song dynasty to indicate filled buns only.[13] As a result, mantou gradually came to indicate only unfilled buns in Mandarin and other varieties of Chinese. In many areas, however, mantou still retains its meaning of filled buns. In the Jiangnan region where Wu Chinese is spoken, it usually means both filled and unfilled buns. In Shanxi, where Jin Chinese is spoken, unfilled buns are often called momo (饃饃), which is simply the character for "steamed bun". The name momo spread to Tibet and Nepal and usually now refers to filled buns or dumplings.[14] The name mantou is cognate to manty and mantı; these are filled dumplings in Turkish,[15] Persian,[16] Uzbek,[17] and Pakistani ("mantu")[18] cuisines. In Japan, manjū (饅頭) usually indicates filled buns, which traditionally contain bean paste or minced meat-vegetable mixture (nikuman 肉まん "meat manjū").[19] Filled mantou are called siyopaw in Philippine,[20] ultimately derived from Chinese shāobāo (燒包). In Thailand, they called filled mantou as "salapao" (ซาลาเปา).[21] In Korea, mandu ({{lang|ko|만두}}; {{lang|ko-Hant|饅頭}})[22] can refer to both baozi or jiaozi (餃子). In Mongolian cuisine, manty or mantu are steamed dumplings[23] and a steamed variation is said to have led to the Korean mandu.[24] In Singapore, the dish chilli crab is commonly served with a fried version of mantou.[25][26][27] See also{{Commons category|Mantou}}{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
References1. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Graves|first1=Helen|title=Chinese food and drink: Pork belly mantou – recipe| url= https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/oct/02/pork-belly-mantou-recipe|accessdate=28 January 2015| work= TheGuardian.com| publisher= Guardian News & Media LLC| date=2 October 2013}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Hsiung|first1=Deh-Ta|title=The Chinese Kitchen: A Book of Essential Ingredients with Over 200 Easy and Authentic Recipes|date=2002|publisher=MacMillan|location=New York, New York|isbn=9780312288945|page=33}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.confucianism.com.cn/html/A00030020/276251.html |title=Mán tóu dí lì shǐ |script-title=zh:馒头的历史 |language=Chinese |trans-title=History of Mantou |date=2006-05-24 |website=中国国学网 |authors=Jina |quote="《事物绀珠》说，相传"秦昭王作蒸饼"。"}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.confucianism.com.cn/html/A00030020/276251.html |title=Mán tóu dí lì shǐ |script-title=zh:馒头的历史 |language=Chinese |trans-title=History of Mantou |date=2006-05-24 |website=中国国学网 |authors=Jina |quote="自汉代开始有了磨之后，人们吃面食就方便多了，并逐渐在北方普及，继而传到南方。中国古代的面食品种，通称为"饼"。据《名义考》，古代凡以麦面为食，皆谓之"饼"。以火炕，称"炉饼"，即今之"烧饼"，以水沦，称"汤饼"(或煮饼)，即今之切面、面条：蒸而食者，称"蒸饼"(或笼饼)，即今之馒头、包子：绳而食者，称"环饼"(或寒具)，即今之馓子。"}} 5. ^{{Quote|{{zh|labels=no|t=三春之初，陰陽交際，寒氣既消，〈《北堂書鈔》卷一百四十四「消」作「除」。〉溫不至熱。}}|{{lang|zh|束皙}}|湯餅賦 on Wikisource}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Malouf|first1=Greg and Lucy|title=Turquoise: A Chef's Travels in Turkey| date= 2008| publisher= Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=9780811866033|page=244|}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Civitello|first1=Linda|title=Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People| date= 2007| publisher= John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780471741725|page=89|}} 8. ^{{cite book| last1= Rishi|first1=Inderjeet|title=Super Snacks: 100 Favorite Snacks from Five Continents|date=2012|publisher=Trafford Publishing| isbn= 9781466963559|page=173}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}} 9. ^{{cite book| last1= Brown| first1= Lindsay| first2=Paul |last2= Clammer| first3= Rodney |last3= Cocks|title=Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway| date= 2008| publisher= Lonely Planet|isbn=9781741045420|page=198}} 10. ^{{cite book|last1=Bates|first1=Roy|title=29 Chinese Mysteries| date= 2008| publisher= Lulu.com|isbn=9780557006199|pages=103–104|}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}} 11. ^{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Keekok|title=Warp and Weft, Chinese Language and Culture|date=2008|publisher=Strategic Book Publishing|isbn=9781606932476|page=86|}} 12. ^cf Zhuge Liang tale; also {{cite web |url=http://books.sina.com/bg/sinablog/women/20110808/035335073.html |title=Shǐ huà “ mán tóu ” hé “ bāo zǐ ” yóu lái |script-title=zh:史話“饅頭”和“包子”由來 |language=Chinese}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://books.sina.com/bg/sinablog/women/20110808/035335073.html |title=Shǐ huà “ mán tóu ” hé “ bāo zǐ ” yóu lái |script-title=zh:史話“饅頭”和“包子”由來 |language=Chinese}} 14. ^{{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=Stewart|title=When Asia Was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks Who Created the "Riches of the "East"|date=2009|publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn= 978-0306817397| page= 13| edition= Reprint|}} 15. ^{{cite book|last1=Malouf|first1=Greg and Lucy|title=Turquoise: A Chef's Travels in Turkey| date= 2008| publisher= Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco|isbn=9780811866033|page=244|}} 16. ^{{cite book|last1=Civitello|first1=Linda|title=Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People| date= 2007| publisher= John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780471741725|page=89|}} 17. ^{{cite book| last1= Rishi|first1=Inderjeet|title=Super Snacks: 100 Favorite Snacks from Five Continents|date=2012|publisher=Trafford Publishing| isbn= 9781466963559|page=173}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}} 18. ^{{cite book| last1= Brown| first1= Lindsay| first2=Paul |last2= Clammer| first3= Rodney |last3= Cocks|title=Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway| date= 2008| publisher= Lonely Planet|isbn=9781741045420|page=198}} 19. ^{{cite book|title=The East, Volumes 30-31|date=1994|publisher=East Publications|location=Tokyo |page= 9}} 20. ^{{cite book| last1= Eggs|first1= Malcolm |first2=Seb |last2= Emina|title=The Breakfast Bible|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing| isbn= 9781408839904}} 21. ^{{cite book| last1= Sukphisit| first1= Suthon|title=The vanishing face of Thailand: folk arts and folk culture|date=1997|publisher=Post Books| isbn= 9789742020279| page= 155}} 22. ^{{cite book|last1=Wong|first1=Lee Anne| title= Dumplings All Day Wong: A Cookbook of Asian Delights From a Top Chef|date=2014|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York, New York |isbn= 9781624140594| page= 51}} 23. ^{{cite book|last1=Bloom|first1=Greg |first2= Paul |last2= Clammer| first3= Michael |last3= Kohn| title=Central Asia| date= 2010|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=9781741791488|page=86}} 24. ^{{cite book|last1=Pettid|first1=Michael J.|title=Korean Cuisine: An Illustrated History| date= 2008| publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=9781861893482|page=98}} 25. ^{{cite news|last1=Tan|first1=Jeanette|title=Chilli crab, mantou wow MasterChef Australia's George Calombaris in Singapore|url=https://sg.entertainment.yahoo.com/blogs/singapore-showbiz/chilli-crab--mantou-wow-masterchef-australia-s-george-calombaris-in-singapore-150005273.html|accessdate=28 January 2015|agency=Yahoo Entertainment, Singapore|publisher=Yahoo Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd.|date=28 October 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029043024/https://sg.entertainment.yahoo.com/blogs/singapore-showbiz/chilli-crab--mantou-wow-masterchef-australia-s-george-calombaris-in-singapore-150005273.html|archivedate=29 October 2014|df=}} 26. ^{{cite news|last1=Ting|first1=Deanna|title=5 Can't-Miss Singapore Dining Experiences|url=http://www.successfulmeetings.com//news/destinations/international/5-can-t-miss-singapore-dining-experiences/|accessdate=28 January 2015|agency=Northstar Travel Media LLC.|publisher=Successful Meetings|date=12 December 2012}} 27. ^{{cite news|last1=Sietsema|first1=Robert|title=Chili Crab Dip With Mantou From Masak, Dish #71|url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/forkintheroad/2012/08/chili_crab_dip.php|accessdate=28 January 2015|work=Village Voice|date=7 August 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094435/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/forkintheroad/2012/08/chili_crab_dip.php|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=}} External links
4 : Chinese breads|Dim sum|Steamed buns|Vegetarian dishes of China |
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