| 词条 | Rhynchotherium |
| 释义 |
| name = Rhynchotherium | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Miocene|Pliocene}} | image = Rhynchotherium.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Restoration | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Mammalia | ordo = Proboscidea | familia = †Gomphotheriidae | genus = †Rhynchotherium | genus_authority = Falconer, 1868 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision =
}}Rhynchotherium is an extinct genus of proboscidea endemic to North America and Central America during the Miocene through Pliocene from 13.650—3.6 Ma, living for approximately {{Mya|13.6-3.6|million years}}.[1] This gomphothere had two tusks and may have evolved from Gomphotherium.[2] TaxonomyRhynchotherium was first described in 1868 on the basis of a lower jaw from the Miocene of Tlaxcala, Mexico.[3] Later, the type species epithet R. tlascalae was erected for the jaw by Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1918. In 1921, a gomphothere skull from the Mt. Eden area of southern California was described as a subspecies of Trilophodon shepardi (a now-defunct combination for Mastodon shepardi), T. s. edensis,[4] but was subsequently reassigned to Rhynchotherium.[5] Other species subsequently assigned to Rhynchotherium included R. falconeri,[6] R. paredensis, R. browni,[7] and R. simpsoni.[8] It was the closest relative to Cuvieronius, and may be ancestral to it.[9]Lucas and Morgan (2008) reviewed the taxonomy of Rhynchotherium and concluded that only R. edensis, R. falconeri, R. paredensis, R. browni, and R. simpsoni could be confidently referred to Rhynchotherium.[10] Because the genotype of Rhynchotherium is referable to Gomphotherium, the ICZN was petitioned to conserve the genus by designating R. falconeri as the type species,[10] which it did.[11] Misassigned species
Phylogenetic position according to Mothé et al (2016)[9] {{clade|label1={{extinct}}Gomphotheriidae (Gomphotheres) |1={{clade |1={{extinct}}Gomphotherium |label2= |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}Gnathabelodon |label2= |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}Eubelodon |label2=Brevirostrine clade |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}Stegomastodon |label2= |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}Sinomastodon |label2= |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}Notiomastodon |label2= |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}Rhynchotherium |2={{extinct}}Cuvieronius }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} References1. ^Paleobiology database: Rhynchotherium basic info {{Proboscidea Genera}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q2353831}}{{paleo-mammal-stub}}2. ^{{cite journal | last = Arroyo-Cabrales | first = J. | authorlink = |author2=Polaco, O. J. |author3=Laurito, C. |author4=Johnson, E. |author5=Alberdi, M. T. |author6= Zamora, A. L. V. | title = The proboscideans (Mammalia) from Mesoamerica | journal = Quaternary International | volume = 169-170 | issue = | pages = 17–23 | publisher = Elsevier | location = | date = 2007 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGS-4MV7537-1&_user=4430&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000059594&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4430&md5=76ada3a75568a0204a762a05d9171f86 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130202203916/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VGS-4MV7537-1&_user=4430&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000059594&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4430&md5=76ada3a75568a0204a762a05d9171f86 | dead-url = yes | archive-date = 2013-02-02 | doi = 10.1016/j.quaint.2006.12.017 | id = | accessdate = 2008-07-28}} 3. ^FALCONER, H. (1868): Paleontological Memoirs. Volume II: 74 –75; London (Hardwicke). 4. ^C. Frick. 1921. Extinct vertebrate faunas of the badlands of Bautista Creek and San Timoteo Canyon, southern California. University of California Publications in Geology 12(5):277-424 5. ^FRICK, C. (1933): New Remains of Trilophodont-Tetralophodont mastodons. – Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 59: 505 – 652. 6. ^OSBORN, H. F. (1923): New subfamily, generic and specific stages in the evolution of the proboscidea. – American Museum Novitates, 99: 1– 4. 7. ^OSBORN, H. F. (1936): Proboscidea: a monograph of the discovery, evolution, migration, and extinction of the mastodonts and elephants of the world, vol. 1: Moeritherioidea, Deinotherioidea, Mastodontoidea. New York (The American Museum Press). 8. ^OLSEN, S. J. (1957): A new beak-jawed mastodont from Florida. – Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 2: 131–135. 9. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Mothé|first=Dimila|last2=Ferretti|first2=Marco P.|last3=Avilla|first3=Leonardo S.|title=The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|pages=e0147009|date=12 January 2016|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0147009}} 10. ^LUCAS, S. G. (2010): Rhynchotherium Falconer, 1868 (Mammalia; Proboscidea): proposed conservation of usage by designation of Rhynchotherium falconeri OSBORN, 1923 as the type species. – Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 67: 158 –162. 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://iczn.org/content/opinion-2295-case-3515-rhynchotherium-falconer-1868-mammalia-proboscidea-usage-conserved-des|title=OPINION 2295 (Case 3515) Rhynchotherium Falconer, 1868 (Mammalia; Proboscidea): usage conserved by designation of Rhynchotherium falconeri Osborn, 1923 as the type species|date=March 2012}} 12. ^1 LUCAS, S.G. & MORGAN, G.S., 2008. Taxonomy of Rhynchotherium (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Miocene-Pliocene of North America.- New Mex. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull. 44: 71-87. 6 : Gomphotheres|Miocene proboscideans|Pliocene proboscideans|Neogene mammals of North America|Prehistoric mammal genera|Fossil taxa described in 1868 |
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