| 词条 | Richard D. Poll |
| 释义 |
BiographyPoll was born in Salt Lake City, where he lived until moving to Fort Worth, Texas at age 10. He published his first article at age 13 in Liahona, the Elders' Journal, a missionary magazine published by the LDS Church.[1] From 1939-1941 he served as an LDS missionary, first in Germany until World War II began, and then in Canada. From 1942-1945, Poll served as a first lieutenant in the U.S. Army Air Force without seeing the front.[2] He married Emogene (Gene) Hill in 1943 in the Salt Lake Temple, and they remained married until their deaths in 1994 in Provo, Utah.[1][3] Throughout his life, Poll was active in the LDS Church[4] and served in various positions, such as stake high councilor.[5] AcademicsIn Fort Worth, Poll studied at Texas Christian University (TCU), completing a bachelor's degree in history in 1938. He also received a master's degree from TCU in 1939,[1] writing his thesis on the U.S. campaign against Mormon polygamy.[6] Poll later received a Ph.D. in history from the University of California, Berkeley in 1948.[1] From 1948-1970 Poll was a history professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). In 1955, he became chair of the department of history.[1] He was the charter president of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) at BYU in 1959. In 1962, Poll became associate director of the BYU Honors Program, and was named Honors Professor of the Year at BYU in 1969. From 1958-65, he had also occasionally taught at the University of Maryland, College Park, European Division.[2] At BYU, Poll clashed with BYU administration and some church leadership over his AAUP involvement, their anti-communism, and the role of organic evolution. After uncertainty over whether his BYU contract would be renewed, Poll resigned to take a position as vice president of Western Illinois University (WIU) in 1969.[7] He remained in that role until 1975, though he continued teaching history at WIU until 1983. In his retirement, Poll taught occasional classes at BYU from 1983 until his death in 1994.[2] From 1978-1993, Poll and his wife taught reading and writing skills in adult education classes offered by the LDS Church.[2] "Iron Rod" and "Liahona" metaphorPoll wrote on various topics in Latter-day Saint history and thought. His religious approach was influenced by his studies at TCU, where he examined and rejected creationism, scriptural literalism, and prophetic infallibility. He remembered one professor saying "the purpose of religion is to comfort the afflicted and afflict the comfortable."[1] In 1963,[2] Poll prepared a paper called "What the Church Means to People Like Me", which he delivered in the Palo Alto Ward sacrament meeting in August 1967 and published in A Journal of Mormon Thought.[5] The paper drew upon Book of Mormon imagery. In Lehi and Nephi's vision, people held onto an "iron rod" that followed a single path to salvation. In another story, a mysterious instrument, called the "Liahona", pointed righteous travelers toward their destination. Poll's paper set up a dichotomy between church members who see the gospel as clear and exact, or "hold to the Iron Rod", and those who follow the guidance of the church as a compass to lead their lives. He explained: The Iron Rod Saint does not look for questions but for answers, and in the gospel he finds or is confident that he can find the answer to every important question. The Liahona Saint, on the other hand, is preoccupied with questions and skeptical of answers; he finds in the gospel answers to enough important questions so that he can function purposefully without answers to the rest.[2] The subject caught the attention of LDS intellectuals and leaders, becoming a poignant metaphor in cultural discourse.[2] It would become Poll's best known article,[2] and was republished several other times.[1] In a 1971 General Conference address, church apostle Harold B. Lee alluded to and denounced Poll's ideas, saying: If there is any one thing most needed in this time of tumult and frustration, ... it is an "iron rod" as a safe guide along the straight path on the way to eternal life, ... There are many who profess to be religious and speak of themselves as Christians, and, according to one such, "as accepting the scriptures only as sources of inspiration and moral truth," and then ask in their smugness: "Do the revelations of God give us a handrail to the kingdom of God, as the Lord's messenger told Lehi, or merely a compass?"... Wouldn't it be a great thing if all who are well schooled in secular learning could hold fast to the "iron rod," or the word of God, ... ?[8] Lee also quoted the phrase, "A liberal in the Church is merely one who does not have a testimony." Lee then quoted John A. Widtsoe's definition of "a liberal in the church" as one who has broken with the fundamental principles, does not believe in its basic concepts, and sets out to reform it by changing its foundations.[8] Poll and his wife considered themselves "Liahona" Mormons.[2] Honors
WritingsBooks
| author = Campbell, Eugene E. | authorlink = Eugene E. Campbell |author2=Richard D. Poll | title = Hugh B. Brown, His Life and Thought | publisher = Bookcraft | location = Salt Lake City | year = 1975 | isbn = 0-88494-293-7 }}
| editor1-last = Poll | editor1-first = Richard D. | editor2-last = Miller | editor2-first = David E. | editor3-last = Campbell | editor3-first = Eugene E. | editor3-link = Eugene E. Campbell | editor4-last = Alexander | editor4-first = Thomas G. | editor4-link = Thomas G. Alexander | title = Utah's History | publisher = Brigham Young University Press | location = Provo, Utah | year = 1978 | isbn = 0-8425-0842-2 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = Howard J. Stoddard, Founder, Michigan National Bank | publisher = Michigan State University Press | location = East Lansing | year = 1980 | isbn = 0-87013-220-2 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = Henry D. Moyle, Man of Action | series = Unpublished manuscript in the BYU Harold B. Lee Library | publisher = s.n. | year = 1983 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = The Honors Program at Brigham Young University, 1960-1985 | publisher = Brigham Young University Honors Program | location = Provo, Utah | year = 1985 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = History and Faith: Reflections of a Mormon Historian | year = 1989 | publisher = Signature Books | location = Salt Lake City | isbn = 0-941214-75-3 | url = http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/history/cover.htm }}
|editor-last=Poll |editor-first=Richard D. |editor-mask=2 | editor2-last = Miller | editor2-first = David E. | editor3-last = Campbell | editor3-first = Eugene E. | editor3-link = Eugene E. Campbell | editor4-last = Alexander | editor4-first = Thomas G. | editor4-link = Thomas G. Alexander | title = Utah's History | publisher = Utah State University Press | location = Logan | year = 1989 | isbn = 0-87421-142-5 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | editor = Stan Larson | title = Working the Divine Miracle: The Life of Apostle Henry D. Moyle | publisher = Signature Books | location = Salt Lake City | year = 1999 | isbn = 1-56085-129-5 }} Articles
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. | title = The Mormon Question Enters National Politics, 1850-1856 | journal = Utah Historical Quarterly | volume = 25 | date = April 1957 | pages = 117–31 | url = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/USHSArchPub,5756 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = The Political Reconstruction of Utah Territory, 1866-1890 | journal = Pacific Historical Review | volume = 27 | date = May 1958 | pages = 111–26 | doi=10.2307/3636068 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 |author2=Hansen, Ralph W. | title = Buchanan's Blunder: The Utah War, 1857-1858 | journal = Military Affairs | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | date = Fall 1961 | pages = 121–31 | doi=10.2307/1983459 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = A Short History of Communism in Russia | year = 1963 | publisher = Brigham Young University, Adult Education and Extension Services | location = Provo, Utah }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = A State is Born | journal = Utah Historical Quarterly | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | date = Winter 1964 | pages = 9–31 | url = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/USHSArchPub,7888 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = What the Church Means to People Like Me | journal = A Journal of Mormon Thought | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | date = Winter 1967 | pages = 107–17 | url = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,2813 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = Joseph Smith and the Presidency, 1844 | journal = A Journal of Mormon Thought | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | date = Autumn 1968 | pages = 17–21 | url = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,860 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = God and Man in History | journal = A Journal of Mormon Thought | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | date = Spring 1972 | pages = 101–109 | url = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,4992 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = Apostle Extraordinary—Hugh B. Brown (1883-1975) | journal = A Journal of Mormon Thought | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | date = Spring 1975–1976 | pages = 68–71 | url = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,7024 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = The Americanism of Utah | journal = Utah Historical Quarterly | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | date = Winter 1976 | pages = 76–93 | url = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/USHSArchPub,7175 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = Nauvoo and the New Mormon History: A Bibliographical Survey | journal = Journal of Mormon History | volume = 5 | year = 1978 | pages = 105–23 | url = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/jmh,10220 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = Liahona and Iron Rod Revisited | journal = A Journal of Mormon Thought | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | date = Summer 1983 | pages = 67–78 | url = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,14558 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = The Legislative Antipolygamy Campaign | journal = BYU Studies | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | date = Fall 1986 | pages = 107–21 | url = http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/byustudies,979 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = The Swearing Elders: Some Reflections | journal = Sunstone | volume = 10 | issue = 9 | date = December 1985 | pages = 14–17 | url = http://www.sunstonemagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/053-14-17.pdf }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | chapter = Utah and the Mormons: A Symbiotic Relationship | title = New Views of Mormon History | editor = Davis Bitton, Maureen Ursenbach Beecher | pages = 323–41 | year = 1987 | publisher = University of Utah Press | location = Salt Lake City | isbn = 0-87480-304-7 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = Dealing with Dissonance: Myths, Documents, and Faith | journal = Sunstone | date = May 1988 | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 17–21 | url = http://www.sunstonemagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/065-17-21.pdf }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | chapter = The British Mission During the Utah War, 1857-58 | title = Mormons in Early Victorian Britain | editor = Richard L. Jensen, Malcolm R. Thorp | series = Publications in Mormon Studies | volume = 4 | year = 1989 | publisher = University of Utah Press | location = Salt Lake City | pages = 224–42 | isbn = 0-87480-322-5 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = The Move South | journal = BYU Studies | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | date = Fall 1989 | pages = 65–88 | url = http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/byustudies,1309 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = Truth, Facts, and Personal Anecdotes | journal = Sunstone | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | date = September 1991 | pages = 54–55 | url = http://www.sunstonemagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/083-35-57.pdf }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | chapter = Utah Expedition | title = Encyclopedia of Mormonism | editor = Daniel H. Ludlow | publisher = Macmillan | location = New York | year = 1992 | volume = 4 | pages = 1500–02 | chapter-url = http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Utah_Expedition }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = Thomas L. Kane and the Utah War | journal = Utah Historical Quarterly | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | date = Spring 1993 | pages = 112–35 | url = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/USHSArchPub,6939 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = Dialogue Toward Forgiveness | journal = A Journal of Mormon Thought | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | date = Spring 1993 | pages = 67–75 | url = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,22724 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = A Liahona Latter-day Saint | journal = Sunstone | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | date = September 1994 | pages = 35–38 | url = http://www.sunstonemagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/096-35-38.pdf }}
|last = Poll |first = Richard D. |author-mask = 2 |author2 = MacKinnon, William P. |title = Causes of the Utah War Reconsidered |journal = Journal of Mormon History |volume = 20 |issue = 2 |date = Fall 1994 |pages = 16–44 |url = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/jmh,14076 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120515211639/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fjmh%2C14076 |archivedate = May 15, 2012 |df = }} Other
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. | title = The Twin Relic: A Study of Mormon Polygamy and the Campaign by the Government of the United States for Its Abolition, 1852-1890 | series = Master's thesis | publisher = Texas Christian University | location = Fort Worth | year = 1939 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = The Mormon Question, 1850-1856: A Study in Politics and Public Opinion | series = Doctoral dissertation | publisher = University of California, Berkeley | date = September 1948 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = The Constitution of the United States | series = Leadership Week address (Relief Society Institute series) | date = June 15–19, 1953 | publisher = Brigham Young University | location = Provo, Utah }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = This Trumpet Gives an Uncertain Sound: A Review of W. Cleon Skousen's The Naked Communist | year = 1962 | publisher = Richard D. Poll | location = Provo, Utah }}
|editor-last=Poll |editor-first=Richard D. |editor-mask=2 | title = Education for Freedom and World Understanding; A Report of the Working Committees | year = 1962 | series = Conference on the Ideals of American Freedom and the International Dimensions of Education | publisher = U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education | location = Washington, D.C. | oclc = 193788 }}
| author = Rich, Owen S. |author2=Richard D. Poll |author-mask2=2 |author3=Tess M. Williams | title = Final Report of a Study of the Utilization of Large-Screen TV to Overcome Shortages of Classroom Space and Teaching Personnel | year = 1966 | publisher = Brigham Young University | location = Provo, Utah }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. | title = Utah and the Mormons: A Symbiotic Relationship | series = The second David E. Miller Lecture on Utah and the West | publisher = University of Utah | location = Salt Lake City | date = April 23, 1980 }}
|last=Poll |first=Richard D. |author-mask=2 | title = Quixotic Mediator: Thomas L. Kane and the Utah War | series = Dello G. Dayton Memorial Lecture | publisher = Weber State College Press | location = Ogden, Utah | year = 1985 }} Notes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book | author=Poll, Richard D. | chapter=Editor's Preface | title=Working the Divine Miracle: The Life of Apostle Henry D. Moyle | editor=Larson, Stan | publisher=Signature Books | year=1999 | location=Salt Lake City, Utah | isbn=1-56085-129-5 | url=http://www.signaturebooks.com/excerpts/working.htm#preface | accessdate=2008-11-24}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite web | title=Biography | work=The Richard Douglas Poll Papers | publisher=University of Utah Marriott Library Special Collections | url=http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv76965 | accessdate=2017-02-15}} 3. ^{{cite news | title=Deaths | date=May 2, 1994 | work=Deseret News | pages=B4 | location=Salt Lake City, Utah}} 4. ^{{cite book |author= Poll, Richard D. |chapter= Introduction |title= History & Faith: Reflections of a Mormon Historian |year= 1989 |publisher= Signature Books |location= Salt Lake City, Utah |url= http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/history/introduction.htm |accessdate= 2008-11-24}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal | author=Poll, Richard D. | title=What the Church Means to People Like Me | journal=A Journal of Mormon Thought | date=Winter 1967 | volume=4 | issue=2 | pages=107–117 | url=http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,2813 | accessdate=2008-11-24}} 6. ^{{cite book | author=Walker, Ronald W. | authorlink=Ronald W. Walker |author2=James B. Allen |author3=David J. Whittaker | title=Mormon History | publisher=University of Illinois Press | location=Urbana, Illinois | year=2001 | url=https://books.google.com/?id=-iSVA0KRs4MC&pg=PA55 | accessdate=2008-11-24 | isbn=978-0-252-02619-5}} 7. ^{{cite book |last1= Bergera |first1= Gary James |last2= Priddis |first2= Ronald |year= 1985 |chapter= Chapter 5: Partisan Politics & the University |chapter-url= http://signaturebookslibrary.org/?p=13929 |title= Brigham Young University: A House of Faith |place= Salt Lake City |publisher= Signature Books |isbn= 0-941214-34-6 |oclc= 12963965 }} 8. ^1 {{cite journal | author=Lee, Harold B. | authorlink=Harold B. Lee | title=The Iron Rod | journal=Ensign | date=June 1971 | pages=5 | volume=1 | issue=6 | location=Salt Lake City, Utah | publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | url=http://www.lds.org/ensign/1971/06/the-iron-rod | accessdate=2008-11-24}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Past MHA Presidents |publisher=Mormon History Association |url=http://www.mhahome.org/about/past_presidents.php |accessdate=2008-11-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213160038/http://www.mhahome.org/about/past_presidents.php |archivedate=February 13, 2012 }} External links
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