| 词条 | Richard Halsey Best |
| 释义 |
|name= Richard Halsey Best |birth_date= {{birth date|1910|3|24}} |death_date= {{death date and age|2001|10|28|1910|3|24}} |birth_place= Bayonne, New Jersey |death_place= Santa Monica, California |placeofburial = Arlington National Cemetery |image= Richard Halsey Best.jpg |caption= |nickname= Dick |allegiance={{flagicon|United States|1912}} United States of America |branch= United States Navy |serviceyears= 1928–1944 (16 Years) |rank= Lieutenant Commander |battles= World War II Pacific War Battle of Midway |awards= Navy Cross Distinguished Flying Cross |laterwork= }} Lieutenant Commander Richard Halsey "Dick" Best, USN, (March 24, 1910 – October 28, 2001) was a dive bomber pilot and squadron commander in the United States Navy during World War II. Stationed on the USS Enterprise, Best led his dive bomber squadron in at the Battle of Midway, sinking one Japanese aircraft carrier and potentially damaging another, before being invalided out with tuberculosis in 1942. Early career (1928–1941)Richard H. Best was appointed to the United States Naval Academy in 1928. Having graduated with honors in 1932, he served for two years aboard the light cruiser {{USS|Richmond|CL-9|6}}. In 1934 he was transferred to the Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, as a naval aviation student. He completed his flight training in December 1935. His first assignment was Fighting Squadron Two (VF-2B) aboard the aircraft carrier {{USS|Lexington|CV-2|6}}, flying the Grumman F2F. In June 1938, he was given the choice to either join a patrol squadron at Panama or Hawaii, or become a flight instructor at Pensacola: he chose Pensacola, and was assigned to instruct Training Squadron Five. Anticipating what was probably coming, after a year and some months of instructing, Best decided that he could be of most use as a dive bomber pilot. He put in a request for a transfer to the Pacific Fleet as that. On May 31, 1940, Best received orders to join Bombing Squadron Six (VB-6), which was assigned to the aircraft carrier {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|6}}. Upon arrival at the squadron's base on land, Naval Air Station North Island, California, on June 10, Best was made Flight Officer (operations officer) of the squadron, who was third-in-command. By early 1942, after the war in the Pacific had begun, he had advanced to Executive Officer, a standard Navy term for second-in-command, under his close friend and USNA classmate, William Hollingsworth, known as "Holly," as commander. Best subsequently became squadron Commander in time for the Battle of Midway.[1] War in the Pacific (1941–1944)Marcus Island, Doolittle raidOn February 24, 1942 Best took part in the attack of Wake Island by the Enterprise Air Group, and on March 4 Marcus Island was attacked. After these raids Enterprise returned to Pearl Harbor and accompanied the {{USS|Hornet|CV-8|6}} during the "Doolittle Raid" in mid-April. Both carriers then sped to the south, but were too late to take part in the Battle of the Coral Sea. Both carriers and their sister ship {{USS|Yorktown|CV-5|6}} were then recalled to participate in what was to be the Battle of Midway.[3]Battle of MidwayAfter contact reports of Midway-based PBY Catalina patrol aircraft on the morning of June 4, 1942, Enterprise started to launch her air group starting on 07:06h. However, the squadrons became separated and reached the Japanese independently. Only the dive bombers stayed together and reached the enemy by 09:55h. At about 10:22h the Enterprise dive bombers started to attack two Japanese carriers, which proved to be the Kaga and the Akagi. Sinking of the AkagiAt this point, the attack became confused, as all 34 Dauntlesses started to attack Kaga, and none the Akagi. Lieutenant Best noticed the error and broke off with his two wingmen to attack the Akagi.[4] At 10:26h Best's three SBDs attacked the Akagi. The first bomb, dropped by Lt.(jg) Edwin John Kroeger, missed. The second bomb, aimed by Ens. Frederick Thomas Weber, landed in the water, near the stern. The force wave of that hit jammed the Akagi's rudder.[5] The last bomb, dropped by Best, punched though the flight deck and exploded in the upper hangar, in the middle of 18 Nakajima B5N2 planes parked there. That hit doomed the Akagi.[6] Sinking of the HiryuLater that day, Lieutenant Best participated in the attack on the last remaining Japanese carrier, the Hiryu, possibly scoring one of the four hits.[7] Another very credible and more recent source states that on June 4, 1942, Best's gunner, James Francis Murray "saw the flash of their bomb through the smoke as it struck [Hiryu] amidships forward of the island. Best is believed to be the first American pilot to successfully bomb two Japanese carriers in one day."[8] After the battle, Best was awarded the Navy Cross and the Distinguished Flying Cross. Considering this unique accomplishment, Admiral Thomas Moorer and Vice-Admiral Bill Houser made a serious but failed effort to recommend Best for the Medal of Honor after Best's death in 2001.[9] Invalided outOn the morning flight, Best had tested an oxygen bottle to be sure that it was not leaking caustic soda. Best's first inhalation was then filled with gas fumes. He snorted the gas fumes out, not thinking about it anymore. The next day Best began to cough up blood repeatedly. The flight surgeon found out that the gas fumes had activated latent tuberculosis. He entered the hospital at Pearl Harbor on June 24, 1942. After undergoing 32 months of treatment, Richard Best retired from the US Navy in 1944.[10] Civilian life (1944–2001)After his retirement from the Navy, Best moved to Santa Monica, California, where he lived for the rest of his life. After discharge from the hospital, Best worked in a small research division of the Douglas Aircraft Corporation. This division became part of the Rand Corporation in December 1948, where Best headed the security department until his retirement in March 1975.[11] He died in October 2001 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Best was married and had a daughter (Barbara Ann Llewellyn), a son (Richard Halsey Best II),[12] a grandson, and a step-daughter (Amy Best). References1. ^{{cite book | last1=Hernandez | first1=Daniel V. | first2=Richard H. | last2=Best | title=SBD-3 Dauntless and the Battle of Midway | location=Valencia, Spain | publisher=Aeronaval Publishing | year=2004 | page=7 | isbn=84-932963-0-9}} 2. ^{{cite web | title=BOMBING SQUADRON SIX ACTION REPORT - 1015, 1 February 1942 | website=USS ENTERPRISE CV-6 | publisher=USS ENTERPRISE CV-6 ASSOCIATION | year=2003 | url=http://www.cv6.org/1942/marshalls/marshalls_2.htm | accessdate=26 July 2017}} 3. ^http://cv6.org/1942/midway/default.htm 4. ^Robert J. Cressman: A Glorious Page in our History. The Battle of Midway 4-June 6, 1942. Pictoral Histories Publishing Co., Missoula 1990, pp. 101-102. {{ISBN|0-929521-40-4}} 5. ^Jonathan Parshall, Anthony Tully: Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway, Washington 2005, p. 257. {{ISBN|978-1-57488-923-9}} 6. ^Jonathan/Tully, pp. 241-242 7. ^Parshall/Tully say that it is difficult to assess who hit Hiryu (p. 326). 8. ^{{harvnb|Moore|2014|p=289}} 9. ^{{harvnb|Moore|2014 |p=355}} 10. ^Gordon W. Prange: Miracle at Midway. Penguin Books, London/New York 1982, pp. 273-274. {{ISBN|0-14-006814-7}}; Best's battle account: http://www.immf-midway.com/narrative.html 11. ^Hernandez, p. 7. 12. ^http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/rhbest.htm Bibliography
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7 : 1910 births|2001 deaths|Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)|United States Naval Academy alumni|Burials at Arlington National Cemetery|Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|American naval personnel of World War II |
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