| 词条 | Richard Hamilton (officer) |
| 释义 |
| name = Richard Hamilton | image = | caption = | birth_date = c. 1655 | death_date = December 1717 | birth_place = | death_place = | placeofburial = | placeofburial_label = | placeofburial_coordinates = | nickname = | birth_name = | allegiance = Jacobite army | branch = | serviceyears = | rank = | servicenumber = | unit = | commands = | battles = Williamite War in Ireland | battles_label = | awards = | relations = George Hamilton of Donalong (father) Anthony Hamilton (brother) | laterwork = | signature = }} Richard Hamilton (c. 1655 – 1717) was an officer in the Irish army, who served in the Jacobite forces during the Williamite War, rising to the rank of lieutenant general. He defeated the protestants of Ulster at the Break of Dromore and the Battle of Cladyford. He was commander-in-chief during part of the siege of Derry, and fought at the Battle of the Boyne. He died in French exile. Background and youthHe was born about 1655 a younger son of a large aristocratic family of Scottish origin (see further down). His father was George Hamilton of Donalong, an Irish baronet, and his paternal grandfather was James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn in Scotland. His branch of the family was catholic and royalist. His grandfather had been protestant, but his paternal grandmother, Marion Boyd, had been a recusant,{{sfn|Metcalfe|1909|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpaisley00metcuoft/page/234 234]|ps=: "Her husband had been a staunch Protestant, an elder in the Kirk, and a member of the General Assembly. During his lifetime she had evidently conformed; but after his death she had evidently relapsed."}} who brought up her children as Catholics. Family tree: |Jams1=James H., 1st Earl Abercorn {{midsize|1575–1618}}|boxstyle_Jams1=border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em; background: #ffb; |Mrn=Marion Boyd (recusant)}}{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}{{chart|Jams2| | Wlm | | Cld | | Grg |y| Mry | | Alx |boxstyle=border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em; |Jams2=James H., 2nd Earl Abercorn {{midsize|c. 1604 – c. 1670}}|boxstyle_Jams2=border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em; background: #ffb; |Wlm=William {{midsize|c. 1605 – 1680}} |Cld=Claud H. 2nd Baron H. of Strabane {{midsize|c. 1606 – 1638}} |Grg=George H., 1st Bt. Donalong {{midsize|c. 1607 – 1679}} |Mry=Mary Butler |Alx=Alexander {{midsize|d. bef. 1669}}}}{{chart| | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|.}}{{chart| | Jms |y| Elz | | Grg | | Ant | | Thm | |Rchrd| |Jhn|boxstyle=border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em; |Jms=James {{midsize|1620–1673}} |Elz=Elizabeth Colepepper |Grg=George {{midsize|d. 1667}} |Ant=Anthony {{midsize|1646–1720}} |Thm=Thomas |Rchrd=Richard {{midsize|c. 1655 – 1717}}|boxstyle_Rchrd=border: 2px solid #f00; border-radius: 0.5em; |Jhn=John {{midsize|d. 1691}}}}{{chart| |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|.| |}}{{chart|Jams6| | Grg | | Wlm |boxstyle=border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em; |Jams6=James Hamilton, 6th Earl Abercorn {{midsize|c. 1661 – 1734}}|boxstyle_Jams6=border-width: 1px; border-radius: 0.5em; background: #ffb; |Grg=George {{midsize|d. 1692}} |Wlm=William {{midsize|d. 1737}}}}{{chart/end}}{{midsize|Note: earls 3 to 5 are not shown. Earl 3 descends from Earl 2. Earls 4 & 5 descend from Claud H. of Strabane.}} During the interregnum, while Richard was still an infant, the family moved to France and stayed there until the Restoration in 1660. After the Restoration his family returned to England and settled at Whitehall.{{snf|Wauchope|2004|p=888 line 10|ps=: "... he was taken to France as an infant, where he was brought up until the Restoration, when his family moved to Whitehall."}} In French serviceAs a younger son of an aristocratic family, a career in the army seemed a natural choice. However, as protestants were preferred in the English army, he followed the example of his elder brothers George and Anthony and went to France. George had raised a regiment for French service in Ireland and had served under Turenne, Condé, and Luxembourg but was killed in action in 1667 at the Zaberner Steige. In 1671 Richard Hamilton was commissioned into that regiment. In 1678 he succeeded Thomas Dongan as the regiment's colonel, but the unit was disbanded later that year. He then joined a French regiment, which he commanded for over six years. This seems to have been the Roussillon Regiment, according to a remark in a letter from Louvois to d'Avaux.{{sfn|Macaulay|1855|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofengland03maca_1/page/198 198]|ps=: "Si c'est celuy qui est sorti de France le dernier, qui s'appelloit Richard, il n'a jamais veu de siège, ayant toujours servi en Rousillon."}} He was well accepted at court and Wachaupe reports that "he danced before Louis XIV as a zephyr in Quinault's ballet Le triomphe de l'amour at St Germains-en-Laye".{{sfn|Wauchope|2004|p=888, right column, line 20}} However, the same is said of his brother Anthony. Either there is a confusion or both brothers were zephyrs in this ballet. In March 1685 he was obliged to leave France after a bitter disagreement with Louvois, the minister of war, over the state of his regiment and a brawl with the {{Interlanguage link multi|Louis Nicolas de Neufville de Villeroy|fr|3=Louis Nicolas de Neufville de Villeroy|lt=Marquis d'Alincourt}} over the Princess de Conti, Louis XIV's recently widowed daughter.{{sfn|La Fayette|1731|p=[https://archive.org/details/mmoiresdelacour02unkngoog/page/n193 193]|ps=: "on l'avoit chassé de la cour, par ce qu'il s'étoit rendu amoureux de la princesse de Conti, fille du Roi ..."}} In Irish and Jacobite serviceHaving returned to England, he was made a colonel of a regiment of Irish dragoons by James II on 20 June 1685. He was promoted to brigadier in April 1686, making him the third most senior officer of the Irish Army after Tyrconnell and Justin McCarthy, Viscount Mountcashel.{{sfn|Wauchope|2004|p=888, right column, middle|ps=: "He was made a colonel of dragoons on the Irish establishment by James II on 20 June 1685, and in April 1686 he was promoted to brigadier, making him (after Tyrconnell and Justin MacCarthy) the third most senior member of the Irish army."}} In May 1686 he was appointed to the privy council of Ireland. He was promoted to major-general on 12 November 1688.{{sfn|Wauchope|2004|p=889a}} He went to England with the Irish troops that Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell viceroy (Lord Lieutenant) of Ireland sent to help James when the king's position became precarious in the built-up to the Glorious Revolution. These troops should have helped to defend the south coast of England against a possible Dutch invasion. They caused the Irish Fright in England in December 1688. They surrendered to William and were disbanded after James's flight.{{sfn|Chichester|1890|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/203 203]|ps=: "Hamilton arrived in England with the troops sent over by Tyrconnell on the rumour of a Dutch invasion, and which were disbanded by William of Orange after James's flight."}} Richard Hamilton was incarcerated at the Tower of London.{{sfn|Childs|1987|p=[]|ps=: "Colonel Richard Hamilton, an Irish catholic, was confined to the Tower of London on 31 December 1688 and his regiment was entrusted to Lieutenant-Colonel John Coy ..."}} William wanted to bring Ireland around to his side by proposing favourable terms to Tyrconnell. He thought to have found a suitable messenger in Richard Hamilton. He freed him from the Tower and sent him to Ireland on parole. Richard Hamilton landed at Ringsend (near Dublin) in January 1689. He went to a tavern, where a witness reported that he "broke out into loud laughter, saying he could not forbear it, thinking how finely he had shammed the Prince of Orange".{{sfn|HMC|1889|p=[https://archive.org/details/hists52199538/page/n215 189]}} He then went on to urge Tyrconnell to reject William's terms and joined the Irish Jacobites.{{sfn|Chichester|1890|p=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/204 204]|ps=: "and Hamilton, forgetting his pledges, actively abetted him."}} Tyrconnell promoted him to Lieutenant-General and sent him to Ulster at the head of a force of 2500 to put down the protestant rebellion there. He defeated Sir Arthur Rawdon's protestant Army of the North in the battle called the Break of Dromore on 14 March 1689 in County Down and then continued northwards into County Antrim where he raided Antrim Castle and took Viscount Massereene's silverware and furniture to a value of about £3000, a considerable amount at the time.{{sfn|O'Laverty|1884|p=[https://archive.org/details/historicalaccoun03olav/page/264 264]|ps=: "After the break of Dromore Colonel Skeffington abandoned Antrim Castle, which was occupied by a detachment of the troops of the Jacobite General Richard Hamilton. They seized Lord Massereene's plate ..."}} Hamilton then marched on to Londonderry. In the meantime James II had landed in Ireland (on 12 March) and had sent Lieutenant-General de Rosen, the French commander-in-chief, up north with an army. The two armies linked up on the march to Londonderry. The commanders were both lieutenant-generals, but de Rosen had been appointed Marshal of Ireland for the duration of the campaign. Nevertheless, Hamilton did not want to submit to de Rosen. Lundy, the governor of Londonderry tried to defend the so-called fords along the River Finn south of the city. On 15 April 1689 Hamilton attacked at Clady. The Duke of Berwick was with him.{{sfn|FitzJames|1778|p=[https://archive.org/details/mmoiresdumar01berw/page/48 47]|ps=: "De là nous marchâmes, le 15 Avril, au pont de Clady, sur la rivière de Strabane, dont les Rebelles, au nombre de dix mille, vouloient défendre le passage ..."}} De Rosen broke through the enemy's line of defence in a separate action near Strabane. Lundy fled to the city.{{sfn|Wauchope|2004|p=889b|ps=: "At the battle of the Fords (15 April) de Rosen and Hamilton made separate attacks on Lundy's positions on the rivers Finn and Foyle and forced Lundy's troops back to the city."}} The siege of the town began on the 18 April. James and de Rosen returned to Dublin and left Lieutenant-General Jacques de Fontanges, comte de Maumont, in command. However, Maumont was killed during a sally on the 21 April and the command devolved to Hamilton, who lacked experience in sieges. De Rosen he came back in June. The siege was finally abandoned after 105 days on 31 July 1689. Hamilton retreated with the army to the south. At the Battle of the Boyne, on 1 July 1690, Hamilton commanded the right wing of the Irish army, defending the ford at Oldbridge.{{sfn|Chichester|1890|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/204 204, left column, lower third]|ps=: "His conspicuous bravery in the fight at the Boyne is admitted by writers of all parties."}} He was wounded and taken prisoner. He was interrogated by William who asked him whether his men will continue to fight. Hamilton answers "On my honour, Sir, I believe that they will". Thereupon William twice calls out "Your honour!", reminding him of his broken parole.{{sfn|Story|1593|p=[https://archive.org/details/impartialhistory00stor/page/n101 84]|ps=: "His Majesty asked him, Whether the Irish would fight any more? Yes, (said he) an't please your Majesty upon my Honour I believe they will, for they have a good Body of horse still. The King look'd a little aside at him when he named his Honour, and repeated it once or twice, Your Honour: Intimating (as He always says a great deal in a few Words) that what the other affirmed upon his Honour was not to believed, since he had forfeited that before ..."}}{{sfn|Macaulay|1855|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofengland03maca_1/page/634 634]|ps=: "'Is this business over?' he said; 'or will your horse make more fight?' 'On my honour, Sir' answered Hamilton 'I believe that they will!' 'Your honour!' muttered William; 'Your honour!'"}} Hamilton was kept a prisoner, first in Dublin, then at Chester Castle, and finally at the Tower of London. French exileIn April 1692 he was exchanged for Lord Mountjoy.{{sfn|Clark|1921|p=[https://archive.org/details/anthonyhamiltonh00claruoft/page/108 108]|ps=: "In April of the next year, 1692, he [Richard Hamilton] was at last allowed to go to France and was there exchanged for Lord Mountjoy."}} Having arrived in France he went to Versailles to thank Louis XIV for his liberation. In 1692 he served under Marshal Bellefonds in King James's forces that should have invaded England. However, the defeat of the French fleet at Barfleur and La Hougue, 19–24 May 1692, prevented the invasion.{{sfn|Wauchope|2004|889}} Hamilton became active at the exiled Jacobite court, and in 1696 he became James's master of the robes.{{sfn|Chichester|1890|p=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft/page/204 204, right column]|ps=: "At Calais in 1696, in the hope of some attempt at restoration, James appointed him a lieutenant-general of his forces and master of the robes."}} In March 1708 he was involved in an attempt to invade Scotland, but the attack was aborted.{{sfn|Luttrell|1857|p=[https://archive.org/details/abriefhistorica04luttgoog/page/n290 282]ps=: "Besides the French general officers on board, he had with him 4 of his own country, viz. Dorington, Richard Hamilton, Skelton and Galmoy; ..."}} In 1713, Hamilton was implicated in a scandal in which he had plotted to usurp Lord Middleton's position as secretary of state. He left James's court and went to live with his niece Marie-Elisabeth de Gramont who was abbess of the convent St Marie in Poussay, Lorraine, leading a life of piety. He died in December 1717 in Poussay.{{sfn|Wauchope|2004|889}} FamilyRichard was the fifth of the six sons of Sir George Hamilton of Donalong, an Irish baronet, who in turn was the fourth son of James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn in Scotland. His mother was Mary Butler, sister of the 1st Duke of Ormond.{{sfn|Burke|1869|p=[https://archive.org/details/genealogicalhera00inburk/page/2 p2, right column, bottom]|ps=: "George (Sir) of Donalong, co. Tyrone, and Nenagh, co. Tipperary, created a baronet of Ireland, in 1660, for his services to the royal cause. Sir George m. Mary, 3rd dau. of Walter, Viscount Thurles, and sister of James 1st Duke of Ormonde. ..."}} One of his elder brothers was the playwright Anthony Hamilton. His nephew James Hamilton fought on William's side and was to become the 6th Earl of Abercorn. Notes and references{{refbegin}}
9 : 1650s births|1717 deaths|17th-century Irish people|18th-century Irish people|People from County Tyrone|Irish soldiers in the army of James II of England|Jacobite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland|5th Dragoon Guards officers|Irish expatriates in France |
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