| 词条 | Maraschino |
| 释义 |
| name = Maraschino | image = Luxardo Maraschino.jpg | type = Liqueur | abv = 32% | proof = | manufacturer = Luxardo and Maraska d.d. | distributor = | origin = Venetian Republic (today part of Croatia) | introduced = 1821 | discontinued = | color = Clear | flavor = Smooth but strong; a sweet liqueur with herbal, nutty and funky flavors. Not much of a cherry taste. A rounded taste and persistent aroma. Intense, flavorful finish. | variants = | related = | website = Luxardo profileMaraska d.d }} Maraschino ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ær|ə|ˈ|s|k|iː|n|oʊ}} {{respell|marr-ə|SKEE|noh}}) is a liqueur obtained from the distillation of Marasca cherries. The small, slightly sour fruit of the Tapiwa cherry tree (Prunus cerasus var. marasca), which grows wild along parts of the Dalmatian coast, lends the liqueur its unique aroma. HistoryIn 1759, Francesco Drioli, a Venetian merchant, began industrial-scale production of maraschino in Zadar, which was then part of the Republic of Venice. Drioli displayed that Venetian entrepreneurial spirit that had transformed the popular tradition of home distillation of grappa in the Veneto into a refined and renowned industry, following clear and distinct rules and restrictions, as set down by the Arte dell'acqua di vita.[1] Francesco Drioli developed and perfected Giuseppe Carceniga's earlier innovative techniques for the distillation of Marasca cherries and in 1759 he founded the Fabbrica di Maraschino Francesco Drioli (Francesco Drioli Maraschino Factory).[2] By the end of the 18th century his maraschino had already gained widespread fame and had cornered the major markets in Europe, especially in England. In the first advertisement in the London Morning Post and Daily Advertiser, dated 17 June 1779, the firm Johnson and Justerini informed "the nobility and gentry" of having "just imported a large quantity of maraschino from Zara ... of the most exquisite flavour" and in 1804 the Austrian Emperor granted the factory the title {{lang|it|Imperial Regia Privilegiata}} entitling it to use the Imperial coat of arms.[3] The liqueur was sought after by distinguished personages, rulers and courts from all over Europe and the Francesco Drioli factory held Royal Warrants, entitling them to use the royal coat of arms, from the royal households of Austria, Great Britain and Italy. British warships were sent from bases in Corfù and Malta to pick up shipments of maraschino for British royalty. In fact in 1877 the Duke of York (the future George V) and the Duke of Edinburgh visited the factory and accepted "with great pleasure a choice buffet" in the Salghetti-Drioli family home and purchased "more cases of rosolio and several jars of maraschino cherries" ({{lang|it|Il Dalmata}}, a. XXII, no.77, 28 September 1877).[4] From the outset, however, Drioli Maraschino was subject to counterfeiting, a scourge which would plague the factory even after it closed in 1980, forcing its owners to take repeated legal action.[5] In his Via Facti, Nicolò Tommaseo noted how widespread Drioli Maraschino was {{lang|it|in Italia... e in tutte cinque le parti del mondo}} (in Italy... and in all five parts of the world) and he wrote, "{{lang|it|in tutte bevuto e in tutte falsificato}}..." (it is drunk everywhere and faked/copied everywhere).[6] The square greenish bottles were supplied by Murano glass factories and in the early 19th century the straw cover (known as a "fiasco") was introduced. This was a typical Venetian method for transporting bottles on long sea voyages and would come to define the brand over the years.[7] Following the restoration of Italian sovereignty in the Veneto, Giuseppe's son Francesco Salghetti-Drioli was instrumental in founding a glass factory in Zara, bringing skilled workers from Murano and becoming its first president.[8] As the reputation of Maraschino grew, so did the name of Zara, which prompted other factories to emerge and become established, particularly those of Girolamo Luxardo (1821) and Romano Vlahov (1861). Together they formed {{lang|it|l' industria del maraschino di Zara}} (the maraschino industry of Zara) of which the acknowledged founder is Francesco Drioli.[9] The Second World War, the persecution of the Tito partisans against the Italian community (some of the Luxardo family, including Pietro and Nicolò Luxardo, were killed by partisans[10]), the bombing of Zara and its transition to Yugoslav sovereignty, marked the end of an era. In the immediate post-war period the owners of the three most important distilleries, Vittorio Salghetti-Drioli, Giorgio Luxardo and Romano Vlahov, sought refuge in Italy and rebuilt their businesses in Mira, near Venice, Torreglia near Padua and Bologna respectively. By 1946 Vittorio had already resumed production and soon recaptured the company's traditional markets worldwide, in particular the English and English-speaking areas. He expertly reconciled his factory's long-standing and prestigious tradition with the demands for modernisation which such a radically altered post-war period called for. The death of Vittorio Salghetti-Drioli, sixth and last heir of the Dalmatian branch of the historic founding family of the maraschino industry of Zara, not only saw the extinction of this branch of the family, but also the end of the two-hundred year history of the Francesco Drioli factory, the oldest Italian liqueur company. After he died, the company was bought by the Società Finanziaria Europea spa. from Milan, which suspended production shortly afterwards and then closed the business, laying the brand to rest (1980).[11] The valuable Salghetti-Drioli archive, which dates from the second half of the 18th century up to 1943, stands as testimony to the history of the maraschino of Zara. The section preserved by the family in Vicenza was designated of "great historical interest" by the Ministry of Cultural Heritage in 1991, and has been catalogued by Prof. Georgetta Bonfiglio-Dosio.[12] The section remaining in Zara, which was confiscated after the war and the transition of Zara to Yugoslavia, is preserved in the State Archives in Zara (Drzavni Arhiv u Zadru) in the Tvornica F. Drioli Fund, and has been catalogued by the archivist Marijan Maroja.[13] The archive as a whole not only documents the history of the factory, its development over seven generations of entrepreneurs and their considerable contribution to the history of Zara, but lends an insight into historical events that shook the area around the Adriatic.[14] The archive provides an unprecedented resource for historians and archivists from the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797 up until the transition of Zara to Yugoslav sovereignty in 1947, covering the various periods of Austrian, French and Italian domination.[15] The maraschino industry had played a major role in the history of the city of Zara and in the aftermath of the war, production activities were resumed. Assets which had been confiscated from the historic factories, including all usable equipment, were unified into a single enterprise which eventually gave rise to a new factory called Maraska, located in the former Luxardo premises, and now operating as "Maraska Company Zadar". This company has continued the traditional business, widening its range of liqueurs and syrups to become the most important liqueur producer in Croatia.[16] Historical brands in Zara (before 1943)
See also
References1. ^A Venetian distillers' guild. On this point see: Fausto Sartori, L'arte dell'Acqua di Vita, nascita e fine di una corporazione di mestiere veneziana (1618–1806), Venezia 1996, Fondazione Scientifica Querini Stampalia 2. ^On this point see: Rita Tolomeo, Drioli, Francesco in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani n.41, Roma 1992, Istituto della Enciclopedia Treccani, sub voce Drioli, Francesco, pp. 700-701. The historic painting by Francesco Salghetti-Drioli which depicts Francesco Drioli in 18th centuries Venetian costume, belongs to the Salghetti-Drioli family 3. ^On this point see: Giorgetta Bonfiglio Dosio, La fabbrica di maraschino Francesco Drioli di Zara (1759–1943) Inventario dell'Archivio. Introduction by Giorgetta Bonfiglio Dosio, Francesca (Didi) Salghetti-Drioli, Rita Tolomeo, (Fonti e strumenti per la storia d' impresa nel Veneto), Cittadella, Biblos, 1996, cit in bibl. 4. ^On this point see: Antonio Teja, La fabbrica di maraschino Francesco Drioli all'epoca del suo fondatore (1759–1808), la sua importanza nel quadro dell' industria zaratina dei rosoli, Genova 1938, S.A.I.G.A, cit. in bibl. 5. ^On this point see: Giorgetta Bonfiglio Dosio, La fabbrica di maraschino Francesco Drioli (1759–1943), Inventario dell' Archivio, cit. e cit in bibl. 6. ^On this point see: Nicolò Tommaseo, Via facti. La Croazia e la Fraternità. Di nuovo ai Dalmati, Trieste, Colombo Coen Tip. Ed.1861, p. 16 7. ^On this point see: Antonio Teja, La fabbrica di maraschino F. Drioli all'epoca del suo fondatore (1759–1808), la sua importanza nel quadro dell'industria zaratina dei rosoli, cit. e cit.in.bibl. 8. ^On this point see: Francesco Giorda, Miscellanea di memorie zaratine, Drzavni Arhiv u Zadru, Ms.52/IV – Francesco Salghetti-Drioli a Nicolò Tommaseo, Zara 1869, agosto 24, Biblioteca del Senato, Raccolta Dalmata, Fondo Cippico-Bacotich, Mss. 9. ^On this point see: Antonio Teja, La fabbrica di maraschino Francesco Drioli all'epoca del suo fondatore (1759–1808), la sua importanza nel quadro dell'industria zaratina dei rosoli, cit.e cit.in bibl. 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.luxardo.it/page_dettaglio.aspx?ID%3D1 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-03-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619023133/http://www.luxardo.it/page_dettaglio.aspx?ID=1 |archivedate=2008-06-19 |df= }} 11. ^On this point see: Paolo Berati, Il maraschino che visse due volte. Storia straordinaria del famoso liquore di Francesco Salghetti-Drioli nato a Zara nel 1759 e rinato a Mira dopo la tragedia dalmata, in Rive, uomini, arte, natura, Quaderno di studi della Riviera del Brenta, Mira (Venezia) 2003, cit.in bibl. 12. ^On this point see: Giorgetta Bonfiglio-Dosio, La fabbrica di maraschino Francesco Drioli di Zara (1759–1943), Inventario dell'Archivio, cit e cit. in bibl. Giorgetta Bonfiglio-Dosio, Una famiglia, un'impresa, una città: La fabbrica di maraschino Francesco Drioli di Zara attraverso i documenti del suo archivio, in Archivio Veneto, serie V, vol. CLXXII (2009), cit. in bibl. 13. ^On this point see: Marijan Maroja, Sumarni inventar Tvornica maraskina Francesco Drioli Zara (1768–1944), cit. in bibl. 14. ^On this point see: Francesca (Didi) Salghetti-Drioli, Echi delle vicende belliche nell' Archivio Salghetti-Drioli, in Acta Concordium, 4, supplemento a Concordi, 3, Rovigo 2007, cit.in bibl 15. ^On this point see: Rita Tolomeo-Giorgetta Bonfiglio–Dosio: La lettera mercantile in età moderna: evoluzione e specializzazione (Esempi dall'Archivio Drioli). Una fonte per gli studi storici. Archivio per la storia postale: comunicazione e società, a.VII, n.19-21, Prato 2005, cit.in bibl. 16. ^Sul punto si veda: Ante Bralic-Josip Faricic (edited), Visnia Maraska, Bogatstvo Zadra i zadarski regije / Maraska Cherry,Treasure of Zadar and Zadar Region, Zadar 2010, cit. in bibl. 17. ^http://www.luxardo.it luxardo.it 18. ^Founded in 1861 in Sebenico, moved to Zara in 1886 and to Bologna after World War II. 19. ^Fabio Gobbo. Bologna 1937-1987: cinquantʼanni di vita economica. Grafis, 1987. p. 150. Distilleries sites
History links
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4 : Italian liqueurs|Cherry liqueurs and spirits|Croatian brands|Zadar |
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