“Ring-tailed lemur vocalizations”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The ring-tailed lemur has a complex array of distinct vocalizations used to maintain group cohesion during foraging and alert group members to the presence of a predator. The tables below detail calls documented in the wild and studied at the Duke Lemur Center.^[1]

Adult Affiliative Vocalizations

Call

Vocalizers

Inferred Function

Moan

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--moan1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--moan2.ogg|sample 2}}

All except infants <14 weeks

Promotes group cohesion in low-to-moderate arousal contexts

Early-High Wail

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--early-high_wails1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--early-high_wails2.ogg|sample 2}}

All except infants <6–8 weeks

Promotes group cohesion; indicates moderate-to-high level arousal level of caller

Late-High Wail

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--late-high_wails1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--late-high_wails2.ogg|sample 2}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--late-high_wails3.ogg|sample 3}}

Non-infant females (typically), males (rarely)

May promote group cohesion under conditions of extreme arousal

Howl

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--howl1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--howl2.ogg|sample 2}}

Non-infant males

Male advertisement call; together with female counter-calling, howls advertise the presence and location of the group

Hmm

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--hmms1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--hmms2.ogg|sample 2}}

All except infants <5 weeks

Indicates that slow group relocation is imminent and promotes group cohesion, or reflects a caller's desire to maintain conspecific contact

Huh

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--huhs1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--huhs2.ogg|sample 2}}

Infants >3 months (most frequent); male juveniles and adolescents; rarely by adults

Similar to hmm, but marks a caller's location more effectively

Purr

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--purr1.ogg|sample}}

Adult females (most frequent); both sexes of all age classes

Appears to express contentment; also may communicate nonaggressive intent of an adult during close contact

Chirp

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--chirps1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--chirps2.ogg|sample 2}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--chirp_series1.ogg|sample 3}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--chirp_series2.ogg|sample 4}}

All except infants <3 weeks

Elicits rapid group movement and may promote group cohesion in this context

Adult Agonistic Vocalizations

Call

Vocalizers

Inferred Function

Yip

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--yip1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--yip+cackle_intermediate1.ogg|sample 2}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--yip-to-cackle_transition1.ogg|sample 3}}

All non-infants, except alpha females

Expresses mild fear and, perhaps, willingness to defer to a dominant

Cackle

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--cackle1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--cackle2.ogg|sample 2}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--cackle3.ogg|sample 3}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--cackle4.ogg|sample 4}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--cackle+squeal_in_background.ogg|sample 5}}

Adults of both sexes

A defensive display that may reflect a willingness to become aggressive if pressed

Squeal

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--squeals1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--squeals2.ogg|sample 2}}

Males, during tail waving only

Male "status assertion" vocalization

Twitter

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--twitter1.ogg|sample}}

All except infants <6 months

Communicates somewhat fearful but nevertheless assertive demeanor

Plosive Bark

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--plosive_barks1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--plosive_barks2.ogg|sample 2}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--plosive_barks3.ogg|sample 3}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--plosive_barks4.ogg|sample 4}}

Both sexes of all ages classes

High-intensity threat vocalization

Chutter

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--chutter1.ogg|sample}}

Dominant adults (toward subordinates of all ages)

Low-to-moderate threat vocalization; may encourage subordinates to give way to dominants, thereby reaffirming dyadic dominance relationships.

Alerting & Antipredator Vocalizations

Call

Vocalizers

Inferred Function

Gulp

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--gulps1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--gulps2.ogg|sample 2}}

All except infants <14 weeks

Generalized "group alert" vocalization

Rasp

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--rasp.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--rasps_different_callers1.ogg|sample 2}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--rasps_same_caller1.ogg|sample 3}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--rasps_&_rasp+shriek_intermediates.ogg|sample 4}}

All except infants

Aerial predator alarm call

Shriek, variant 1

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--shriek_var1_1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--r+s_intermediate_and_shriek_var1.ogg|sample 2}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--r+s_intermediate_&_2_shrieks_var1.ogg|sample 3}}

All except infants

May serve to inform a raptor that it has been seen, and/or may discourage pursuit by intimidation, as well as to broadcast widely that a low-flying raptor has been detected

Shriek, variant 2

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--shriek_var2_1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--shrieks_var2_&_rasp+shriek_intermediate_&_shriek_var2.ogg|sample 2}}

All except infants

Same as variant 1, except that variant 2 may express the more urgent nature of the aerial predator encounter.

Click

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--clicks1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--clicks2.ogg|sample 2}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--clicks3.ogg|sample 3}}

All except infants <2 weeks

The click is a low-arousal "location marker" that draws attention to a caller.

Close-Mouth Click Series (CMCS)

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--close-mouth_click_series1.ogg|sample}}

All except infants <2 months

Moderate-arousal "location marker"

Open-Mouth Click Series (OMCS)

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--open-mouth_click_series1.ogg|sample}}

All except infants

A "location marker" reserved for a limited number of contexts of very high arousal; also appears to serve as a cue that aids in the synchronization of yaps

Yap

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--yaps1.ogg|sample}}

All except infants

Yap}}Carnivore mobbing call

Infant Affiliative Vocalizations

Call

Inferred Function

Infant Contact Call

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--infant_contact_calls1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--infant_contact_calls2.ogg|sample 2}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--infant_contact_calls3.ogg|sample 3}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--infant_contact_calls4.ogg|sample 4}}

Conspecific vocal contact; functions initially to attract the mother and later as a precursor to moans and wails

Infant Trill, variant 1

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--infant_trills_var1_1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--infant_trills_var1_2.ogg|sample 2}}

Expresses desire for, and contentment from, conspecific contact

Infant Trill, variant 2

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--infant_trill_var2_1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--infant_trill_var2_2.ogg|sample 2}}

May express contentment and/or crossing the sensory threshold from contentment to discomfort

Infant Distress Vocalizations

Call

Inferred Function

Infant Whit, variant 1

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--infant_whits_var1.ogg|sample}}

Infant distress call; expresses discomfort and/or distress

Infant Whit, variant 2

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--infant_whits_var2.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--infant_whits_transition_var1-var2.ogg|sample 2}}

Infant high-intensity distress call

Infant Yelp

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--infant_yelps1.ogg|sample 1}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--infant_yelps2.ogg|sample 2}}

{{Audio-nohelp|Lemur_catta--infant_yelps3.ogg|sample 3}}

Serves both as an affiliative and distress vocalization in eliciting prompt retrieval by the mother

1. ^{{cite journal |doi = 10.1159/000156749 |last = Macedonia |first = Joseph M. |year = 1993 |title = The vocal repertoire of the ringtailed lemur (Lemur catta) |journal = Folia Primatologica |volume = 61 |pages = 186–217 |pmid=7959437}}

References