| 词条 | Robert A. Baker |
| 释义 |
|name = Robert A. Baker |image = |image_size = |caption = |birth_date = {{Birth date|1921|06|27|mf=yes}} |birth_place = Blackford, Kentucky, U.S. |residence = |nationality = American |death_date = {{Death date and age|2005|08|08|1921|06|27|mf=yes}} |death_place = Lexington, Kentucky, U.S. |field = Psychology |work_institutions = Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory Human Resources Research Office at Fort Knox University of Kentucky |alma_mater = University of Kentucky Stanford University |known_for = Ghost and UFO investigations. Critic of psychiatric pseudoscience and coercion. |prizes = }}Robert Allen Baker Jr. (June 27, 1921 – August 8, 2005) was an American psychologist, professor of psychology emeritus of the University of Kentucky,[1] skeptic, author, and investigator of ghosts, UFO abductions, lake monsters and other paranormal phenomena. He is the editor of Psychology in the Wry, a collection of satire, and was formerly the co-editor of Approaches, a quarterly journal of contemporary poetry. His satirical and humorous verses have appeared in Vogue, Saturday Review, The Journal of Irreproducible Results, Worm-Runners' Digest, and other journals.[2] He wrote 15 books[3] and is a Past Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.[4] Personal lifeBaker was born in 1921 in the little community of Blackford, in Webster County, Kentucky. His father did shoe repair and his mother was a drugstore clerk. Despite their own lack of education, his parents encouraged him to study from an early age. He attended primary school in Hopkinsville, Kentucky and graduated from Hopkinsville High School in 1939.[5] He served in the Army Air Forces as a cryptographer during World War II, and began reading about human psychology at that time.[5] Baker died of congestive heart failure on the 52nd anniversary of his marriage to Rose Paalz "Dolly" Baker, with whom he fathered six children.[5] Academic careerBaker graduated from the University of Kentucky in 1948 and later returned to receive a master's degree in psychology. He received a doctorate in psychology from Stanford University in 1951.[6] After completing his PhD, he became a staff scientist at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory, doing military research. In 1953 he joined the Human Resources Research Office at Fort Knox, where he did human factors research relating to the Army. He served on the faculty of Chico State College and Indiana University Southeast and was a staff psychologist for the Kentucky Department of Corrections.[7] In 1969 he joined the faculty of the University of Kentucky in the psychology department. He was chairman of the psychology department for four years.[5] Baker spent the last 20 years of his career here, until his retirement. He served as president of the Kentucky Psychological Association and was a fellow of the American Psychological Association.[8] Baker was a critic of pseudoscience in the practice of psychiatry and psychotherapy, and of the coercive nature of psychiatry. He wrote on this topic and allied himself with Thomas Szasz in his criticism.[9] In a 2002 letter to Szasz, Baker metaphorically refereed to psychiatrists as "rapists wearing the mantle of science."[10] Career as a skepticHis parents instilled skepticism in him from an early age. He was interested in ghosts as a child, but was disappointed to discover upon investigation that the noises emanating from a nearby "haunted cave" were actually natural in origin.[5] As a university psychologist, he sometimes encountered cases with a paranormal element. He would do his best to find a non-paranormal explanation or resolution for these cases, and eventually gained a reputation as a "ghost buster".[5] When Joe Nickell was seeking an advanced degree at the University of Kentucky, the two met. They later worked together on several paranormal investigations and co-wrote a book on the topic. Nickell once said, "No one knew more about alien abductions than Robert Baker."[8] After retiring from the university in 1989, he devoted much of his time to anomalistic psychology and scientific skepticism, writing several books on related topics including hypnosis, ghosts, alien abductions and false memory syndrome. Baker wrote that many paranormal phenomena can be explained via psychological effects such as hallucinations, sleep paralysis and hidden memories, a phenomenon in which experiences that originally make little conscious impression are filed away in the brain to be suddenly remembered later in an altered form.[11] He was an organizer with and served as president of the Kentucky Association of Science Educators and Skeptics.[8] He wrote numerous articles and book reviews for Skeptical Inquirer magazine[12][13][14] and CSI's Skeptical Briefs newsletter.[15][16][17] In 2000, he was acknowledged when a panel of experts chose the outstanding skeptics of the 20th Century.[18] At a meeting of the executive council of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) in Denver, Colorado in April 2011, Baker was selected for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon of Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy of deceased fellows of CSI and their contributions to the cause of scientific skepticism.[19] See also
Bibliography
| title = A Stress Analysis of a Strapless Evening Gown, and Other Essays for a Scientific Age | place = New York | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 1963 | isbn = 0-13-852608-7 | oclc = 338410 | url=https://books.google.com/?id=ze1ZAAAAMAAJ }}
| title = Psychology In The Wry | place = Princeton, New Jersey | publisher = Van Nostrand Company | year = 1963 | isbn=0-442-09861-8 | oclc = 656894 | url=https://books.google.com/?id=E_8AAAAAMAAJ }}
| title = Private Eyes: 101 Knights : a Survey of American Detective Fiction, 1922-1984 | place = Bowling Green, Ohio | publisher = Popular Press | year = 1985 | isbn=0-87972-330-0 | url=https://books.google.com/?id=BwhuwWYptUgC }}
| isbn = 0-87975-576-8 }}
| isbn = 0-87975-729-9 }}
References1. ^{{cite journal|last=Shafer|first=Mike|author2=Cabin John |title=What is it that gives humans that feeling that someone is watching them?|journal=Popular Science|year=2001|volume=259|issue=1|pages=70–75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aMvlJHsRUIC&pg=PA75|accessdate=30 March 2012|issn=0161-7370}} 2. ^http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/106429.Robert_A_Baker 3. ^{{cite press release | title = CSICOP Laments Passing of Two World Class Paranormal Experts Philip Klass and Robert Baker | publisher = CSICOP | date = 12 August 2005 | url = http://www.csicop.org/remembrance.html | accessdate = 4 December 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080509131834/http://www.csicop.org/remembrance.html | archivedate = 9 May 2008 | df = }} 4. ^{{cite web | title = CSICOP / Fellows | publisher = The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry | url = http://www.csicop.org/about/fellows.html | accessdate = 4 December 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080615215501/http://www.csicop.org/about/fellows.html |archivedate = 15 June 2008}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news | last = Bernstein | first = Adam | title = Obituary: Psychology Expert Robert Baker; Unmasked Ghostly Apparitions | pages = B05 | publisher = The Washington Post | date = 12 August 2005 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/11/AR2005081102036_pf.html | accessdate = 4 December 2008 }} 6. ^1 {{Citation | url=https://books.google.com/?id=SdxRAAAAMAAJ | accessdate=8 December 2008 | publisher=Stanford University | year=1951 | pages=325–327 | title=Abstracts of Dissertations for the Degrees of Doctor of Philosophy and Doctor of Education | oclc=5010152 }} 7. ^{{cite web | title = Dr Robert Allen Baker, Jr. (1921 - 2005) | publisher = Find A Grave | date = August 11, 2005 | url = https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/11519683 | accessdate = 4 December 2008 }} 8. ^1 2 {{cite web | title = Robert Baker 1921 - 2005 | publisher = Kentucky Association of Science Educators and Skeptics | url = http://www.kases.org/baker.htm | accessdate = 4 December 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080512073725/http://www.kases.org/baker.htm | archivedate = 12 May 2008 | df = }} 9. ^{{Citation | last=Baker | first=Robert A. |url=http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_07_3_baker.pdf | title=Psychiatry's Gentleman Abolitionist | newspaper=The Independent Review | volume=VII | issue=3 | date=Winter 2003 | pages=455–460 | issn=1086-1653 |accessdate=2008-12-28}} 10. ^https://www.scribd.com/doc/313787993/Letter-to-Thomas-Szasz-from-psychologist-Robert-A-Baker 11. ^Baker, Robert A. (1996). Hidden Memories: Voices and Visions from Within. Prometheus Books. {{ISBN|978-1573920940}} 12. ^{{Citation | last=Baker | first=Robert A. | title=How To Bust a Ghost | newspaper=Skeptical Inquirer | publisher=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry | issn=0194-6730 | volume=11 | issue=1 | date=Fall 1986 | pages=84–90 }} 13. ^{{Citation | last=Baker | first=Robert A. | title=The Aliens Among Us: Hypnotic Regression Revisited | newspaper=Skeptical Inquirer | publisher=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry | issn=0194-6730 | volume=12 | issue=2 | date=Winter 1987–1988 | pages=147–162 }} 14. ^{{Citation|last=Baker |first=Robert A. |title=Can We Tell When Someone Is Staring at Us? |url=http://www.csicop.org/si/2000-03/stare.html |newspaper=Skeptical Inquirer |publisher=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry |issn=0194-6730 |volume=24 |issue=2 |date=March–April 2000 |pages=? |accessdate=2008-12-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119113056/http://csicop.org/si/2000-03/stare.html |archivedate=January 19, 2009 }} 15. ^{{Citation|last=Baker |first=Robert A. |title=Have You Seen "The Light?" |url=http://www.csicop.org/sb/9506/light.html |newspaper=Skeptical Briefs |publisher=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry |issn=1060-216X |volume=5 |issue=2 |date=June 1995 |pages=? |accessdate=2008-12-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125182807/http://www.csicop.org/sb/9506/light.html |archivedate=January 25, 2009 }} 16. ^{{Citation|last=Baker |first=Robert A. |title=A Skeptic's Notebook: Prayer Wars |url=http://www.csicop.org/sb/9709/baker.html |newspaper=Skeptical Briefs |publisher=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry |issn=1060-216X |volume=7 |issue=3 |date=September 1997 |pages=? |accessdate=2008-12-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210190407/http://www.csicop.org/sb/9709/baker.html |archivedate=December 10, 2008 }} 17. ^{{Citation|last=Baker |first=Robert A. |title=The Case of the Missing Poltergeist |url=http://www.csicop.org/sb/2000-06/poltergeist.html |newspaper=Skeptical Briefs |publisher=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry |issn=1060-216X |volume=10 |issue=2 |date=June 2000 |pages=? |accessdate=2008-12-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007205459/http://www.csicop.org/sb/2000-06/poltergeist.html |archivedate=October 7, 2008 }} 18. ^{{cite web |author1=The Editors |title=The Ten Outstanding Skeptics of the 20th Century |url=https://www.csicop.org/si/show/ten_outstanding_skeptics_of_the_twentieth_century |website=csicop.org |publisher=Skeptical Inquirer |accessdate=6 October 2018 |date=January–February 2000}} 19. ^{{cite web|title=The Pantheon of Skeptics|url=http://www.csicop.org/about/the_pantheon_of_skeptics|website=CSI|publisher=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry|accessdate=30 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131054129/http://www.csicop.org/about/the_pantheon_of_skeptics|archivedate=31 January 2017|dead-url=no}} External links
17 : 1921 births|2005 deaths|American atheists|American psychologists|American science writers|American skeptics|Critics of alternative medicine|Critics of parapsychology|Anomalistic psychology|People from Webster County, Kentucky|Psychology educators|University of Kentucky alumni|University of Kentucky faculty|Stanford University alumni|Fellows of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry|Fellows of the American Psychological Association|MIT Lincoln Laboratory people |
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