| 词条 | Marcus Foster |
| 释义 |
| name = Marcus Albert Foster | image = Marcus_A._Foster.jpg | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = Marcus Albert Foster | birth_date = {{Birth date|1923|03|31}} | birth_place = Athens, Georgia | death_date = {{Death date and age|1973|11|06|1923|03|31}} | death_place = Oakland, California | body_discovered = | death_cause = Gunshot wounds | resting_place = Mountain View Cemetery | resting_place_coordinates = | residence = | nationality = | citizenship = American | other_names = | known_for = Oakland's first African American Superintendent; founder of the Marcus A. Foster Educational Institute; murdered by SLA | education = | alma_mater = B.A., Cheyney State College, 1947 Ed.D., University of Pennsylvania, 1971 | employer = Oakland Unified School District | occupation = Educator | years_active = 1957–1973 | home_town = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | title = Superintendent | term = 1970–1973 | predecessor = | successor = Robert Blackburn | boards = | religion = Christian Scientist | spouse = Albertine Ramseur Foster | children = Marsha Foster Boyd | parents = William and Alice Johnson Foster | relations = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} Marcus Albert Foster (March 31, 1923 – November 6, 1973) was an American educator who gained a national reputation for educational excellence while serving as principal of Simon Gratz High School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1966-1969) as Associate Superintendent of Schools in Philadelphia (1969-1970), and as the first black Superintendent of a large city school district when he was appointed Superintendent of the Oakland Unified School District in Oakland, California in 1970.[1] Foster was assassinated in 1973 by members of the Symbionese Liberation Army. Early life and educationFoster was born in Athens, Georgia, later attending public schools in Philadelphia, graduating from South Philadelphia High School.[1] His mother Alice fostered Marcus's mastery of Standard English by highlighting its importance as the dominant syntax.[2] Subsequently, as a young man he was both exceptionally scholastic and rebellious, opting to frequent the Club Ziger where one had to "smoke a stogie and drink a lot of wine to get in. Furthermore, as a member of the Trojans, a neighborhood men's club, his comrade Frye noted Foster "could hold his hands up"".[3] This broad range of youth experience aided Foster throughout his life, affording him a disposition to connect with and inspire students of myriad backgrounds while drawing together disparate groups advocating for alternative, at times oppositional, visions of social reform.[4] He graduated from Cheyney State College in 1947 and earned the Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) from the University of Pennsylvania.[1] CareerFrom 1957 to 1970 Foster taught in the Philadelphia public schools, served as principal of Dunbar Elementary School, O.V. Catto School for Boys and Gratz High School. He also served as Associate Superintendent for Community Relations.[1] He moved to Oakland in 1970 when he was appointed Superintendent of Oakland Public Schools.[1] DeathFoster was assassinated on November 6, 1973 by members of the Symbionese Liberation Army. The SLA claimed they killed Foster because of his alleged support of a plan to create a student identification card system in Oakland that proponents claimed would help keep non-student drug-dealers off campus. In reality, Foster had opposed the identification cards and had worked to water down the plan. The SLA also objected to police officers in the schools, but again they were mistaken as to Foster's position; Foster had stated that he would not allow police officers in the schools. Foster was shot eight times with hollow-point bullets that had been packed with cyanide.[5] His deputy, Robert Blackburn, was also shot, but survived. Joe Remiro and Russ Little were sentenced to life in prison for their role in the attack. Little was released on appeal after serving 5 years in prison.[6] Remiro was paroled in 2018 after serving 43 years for the assassination. SLA leader Donald DeFreeze is suspected of being the other person present who shot Blackburn.[7] Foster is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland. His widow, Albertine Ramseur Foster, died in 2011[8] and was buried alongside him. His daughter, the Rev. Marsha Foster Boyd, PhD, is President Emerita of Ecumenical Theological Seminary in Detroit, Michigan.[9] Honors and tributesFoster received the prestigious Philadelphia Award in 1969, which recognizes individuals who have made positive contributions to the city of Philadelphia. After his death, several sites were named in his honor, including the athletic fields at Gratz High School in Philadelphia including the now closed Marcus Foster Indoor Pool featured in the movie Pride, and the Student Union building at Cheyney University. The School District of Philadelphia established the Marcus A. Foster Award, which is given annually to a School District administrator for noteworthy contributions in curriculum, instruction, school improvement or administration.[10] Both the University of Pennsylvania and University of California Berkeley Graduate Schools of Education have each established the Marcus Foster Fellowship. The Oakland portion of the state-mandated program to retrofit all schools for earthquake safety in the 1970s, during which dozens of schools were either retrofitted or demolished and rebuilt, was named the Marcus Foster Earthquake Safe program. The Oakland Education Institute was founded by Foster in 1973 to raise discretionary funds to promote excellence in Oakland schools, through the collaborative efforts of Oakland's diverse communities. After his death, the Institute was renamed the Marcus A. Foster Education Institute in honor of Foster.[11] In conjunction with Oakland-area businesses, the Institute awards 60 yearly scholarships ranging from $1000 to $2000 to Oakland high school students. Over 1,500 students have received these scholarships. The Fund also regularly awards up to $2000 to Oakland public schools teachers who develop innovative educational projects.[12] References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last=Ohles|first=Frederik|author2=Shirley M. Ohles |author3=John G. Ramsay |title=Biographical Dictionary of Modern American Educators|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|year=1997|pages=432|isbn=0-313-29133-0|oclc=36430647|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBj5-zHEMvoC&lpg=PA116&dq=%22marcus%20a%20foster%22%20%22March%2031%2C%201923%22&pg=PA116#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=March 16, 2009}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Spencer|first1=John|title=In the Crossfire: Marcus Foster and the Troubled History of American School Reform|date=August 2012|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-8122-4435-9|page=30|edition=1st}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Spencer|first1=John|title=Marcus Foster and the Troubled History of American School Reform|date=August 2012|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-8122-4435-9|page=31}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Spencer|first1=John|title=IN THE CROSSFIRE Marcus Foster and the Troubled History of American School Reform|date=August 2012|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-8122-4435-9|page=38|edition=1st}} 5. ^{{cite web |date=November 11, 1973|page= A2|url = http://www.maebrussell.com/Hearst/Cyanide+Bullets+in+Foster.html |title = Oakland Bullets Had Cyanide|publisher = The Washington Post| accessdate = 2007-08-18 | last= |quote=Investigators say bullets used in the murder of Oakland's school superintendent contained cyanide. Roland Prahl, chief investigator for the Alameda County coroner's office, said Friday that five slugs recovered during the autopsy on the superintendent, Marcus Foster, had the "distinctive odor of cyanide." A coroner's report verified the presence of the poison. }}{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 6. ^"Murder in California", Time, 19 November 1973. Accessed 14 January 2007 7. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/11/14/BA85190.DTL&hw=Marcus+Foster&sn=001&sc=1000|title=Forgotten Footnote: Before Hearst, SLA killed educator|last=Taylor|first=Michael|date=November 14, 2002|work=San Francisco Chronicle|pages=A-17|accessdate=2009-03-17}} 8. ^Obituary: Albertine Ramseur (Abbe) Foster Oakland Tribune, 01 January 2011 9. ^Ecumenical Theological Seminary 10. ^"21st Annual Celebration of Excellence in Education"{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, School District of Philadelphia, Accessed 2007-01-14 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.marcusfoster.org/ |title=Marcus Foster Education Fund |publisher=Marcus Foster Education Fund |accessdate=17 December 2012}} 12. ^Marcus A. Foster Educational Institute - Our Programs; Accessed 2007-01-14 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211025734/http://www.mafei.org/OurPrograms/ |date=December 11, 2006 }} Sources
External links
18 : 1923 births|1973 deaths|1973 murders in the United States|African-American educators|20th-century American educators|American murder victims|Murdered educators|People from Athens, Georgia|People from Oakland, California|Educators from Philadelphia|American school superintendents|People murdered in California|Deaths by firearm in California|Murdered African-American people|Crimes in Oakland, California|African-American history in Oakland, California|Burials at Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)|Murder in the San Francisco Bay Area |
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