“Margaret Douglas”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox (8 October 1515 – 7 March 1578), was the daughter of the Scottish queen dowager Margaret Tudor and her second husband Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. In her youth she was high in the favour of her uncle, Henry VIII of England, but twice incurred the King's anger, first for her unauthorised engagement to Lord Thomas Howard, who died in the Tower of London in 1537 because of his misalliance with her, and again in 1540 for an affair with Thomas Howard's nephew Sir Charles Howard, the brother of Henry's wife Catherine Howard. On 6 July 1544, she married Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, one of Scotland's leading noblemen. Her son Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, married Mary, Queen of Scots, and was the father of James VI and I.

Early life

Margaret was born at Harbottle Castle in Northumberland. Her mother had crossed the border from Scotland when her father was facing difficulties in Scotland. In October 1528, Angus was threatened by James V of Scotland and sent Margaret back over the River Tweed into England at Norham Castle.^[1] After a brief stay at Berwick Castle accompanied by her nurse or 'gentlewoman' Isobel Hoppar,^[2] Margaret joined the household of her godfather, Cardinal Wolsey. When Wolsey died in 1530, Lady Margaret was invited to the royal Palace of Beaulieu, where she resided in the household of Princess Mary.^[3] Because of her nearness to the English crown, Lady Margaret Douglas was brought up chiefly at the English court in close association with Mary, her first cousin, the future Queen Mary I, who remained her lifelong friend.^[4] At Christmastime at Greenwich Palace in 1530, 1531, and 1532, Henry VIII gave Margaret the generous sum of 10 marks (£6-13s–4d).^[5]

When Anne Boleyn's court was established, Margaret was appointed as a lady-in-waiting. There she met Anne Boleyn's uncle, Lord Thomas Howard, and they began their courtship. Thomas was a younger son of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, by his second marriage to Agnes Tilney.^[6]^[7]^[8] By the end of 1535 Thomas and Margaret had fallen in love and become secretly engaged.^[9]^[3]

King Henry turned against Anne Boleyn in May 1536. When in early July 1536 he learned of Margaret's engagement to Thomas Howard (Anne's uncle), he was furious. Henry had declared his daughters Mary and Elizabeth bastards, leaving Margaret very high in the line of succession; for her to contract an unauthorized marriage was politically outrageous, especially with the son of a powerful nobleman and near kin of the disgraced queen. Both Lord Thomas and Lady Margaret were committed to the Tower. On 18 July 1536, Parliament, by an Act of Attainder, condemned Thomas to death for attempting to 'interrupt ympedyte and lett the seid Succession of the Crowne'. The Act also forbade the marriage of any member of the King's family without his permission.^[9] Thomas was spared execution, but remained in the Tower even after Margaret broke off their relationship. He died there on 31 October 1537.

Margaret also fell ill in the Tower, and the King allowed her to move to Syon Abbey under the supervision of the abbess. She was released from imprisonment on 29 October 1537.^[9]^[3]

In 1539, Margaret and the Duchess of Richmond were appointed to greet Henry VIII's bride, Anne of Cleves, at Greenwich Palace, join her household, and convey her to the King. This would have been a great honour, but instead Henry chose to meet Anne at Rochester.^[10]

In 1540, Margaret was again in disgrace with the King when she had an affair with Lord Thomas Howard's half-nephew Sir Charles Howard. He was the son of Thomas' elder half-brother Lord Edmund Howard, and a brother of Henry VIII's fifth wife, Catherine Howard.^[3]^[11]

In 1543, Margaret was one of the few witnesses of King Henry's final marriage to Catherine Parr, Dowager Lady Latimer, at Hampton Court. Margaret became one of Queen Catherine's chief ladies.^[12] Catherine Parr and Margaret had known each other since they both had come to court in the 1520s.^[13]

Marriage and diplomacy

In 1544, Lady Margaret married a Scottish exile, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox (1516–1571), who later became regent of Scotland in 1570–1571. Their children were: Henry Stuart (1545-1567), born in 1545 at Temple Newsam; and Charles Stuart (1555-1576), who later married Elizabeth Cavendish in 1574. Elizabeth was the daughter of Sir William Cavendish and Bess of Hardwick.

In June 1548, during the war of the Rough Wooing, Margaret's father, the Earl of Angus, wrote to her with the news that her half-brother, George Douglas, and others of the family had been captured at Dalkeith Palace. Her father hoped that she and her husband could arrange that they were well treated as prisoners. The Earl of Lennox forwarded the letter to the Duke of Somerset, writing that his father-in-law would have done better to ask others for help. Margaret wrote to her father from Wressle Castle in March 1549, complaining that he had avoided meeting her husband. She asked him to seek an honourable peace through the acknowledgement of her marriage, "what a memorial it should be to you!"^[14]

During the reign of Queen Mary I of England, Lady Margaret had rooms in Westminster Palace. In November 1553, the Queen told the ambassador, Simon Renard, that Margaret was best suited to succeed her to the throne.^[15] Margaret was the chief mourner at Queen Mary's funeral in December 1558.^[16] On the accession of Queen Elizabeth I of England, Margaret moved to Yorkshire, where her home at Temple Newsam became a centre for Roman Catholic intrigue.

Margaret succeeded in marrying her elder son, Lord Darnley, to his first cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, thus uniting their claims to the English throne. Queen Elizabeth I disapproved of this marriage and had Lady Margaret sent to the Tower of London in 1566, but after the murder of Margaret's son Darnley in 1567, she was released. Margaret denounced her daughter-in-law, but was eventually later reconciled with her. Her husband assumed the government of Scotland as regent, but was assassinated in 1571. In 1574, she again aroused Queen Elizabeth's anger by marrying her younger son Charles to Elizabeth Cavendish, the stepdaughter of the Earl of Shrewsbury. She was again sent to the Tower, unlike the Countess of Shrewsbury, but was pardoned after her son Charles' death in 1576.

Lady Margaret's diplomacy largely contributed to the future succession of her grandson, James VI of Scotland, to the English throne.

Death and legacy

After the death of her younger son, she helped care for his daughter, Lady Arbella. However, she did not outlive him by very long. A few days before her death, she dined with Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, and this led to rumours that she had been poisoned. There is no historical evidence to substantiate this.

Although she died in debt, she was given a grand funeral in Westminster Abbey, at the expense of Queen Elizabeth I. She was buried in the same grave as her son Charles in the south aisle of Henry VII's chapel in the Abbey.^[17] It has been said that her grandson erected the fine monument, but it was commissioned in October 1578 by her executor and former servant Thomas Fowler.^[18] Her recumbent effigy, made of alabaster, wears a French cap and ruff with a red fur-lined cloak, over a dress of blue and gold. On either side of the tomb chest are weepers of her four sons and four daughters.

The Lennox Jewel was most likely made for Lady Lennox in the 1570s^[19] although the date and occasion of its commission is the subject of some controversy.^[4]^[19] In 1842, the jewel was bought by her descendant, Queen Victoria.^[20] The locket, considered "one of the most important early jewels in the Royal Collection", is on display in the Holyrood Palace.^[19]

Poetry

Margaret Douglas is known for her poetry. Many of her works are written to her lover, Lord Thomas Howard, and are preserved in the Devonshire MS. Her close friends, Mary Shelton and the Duchess of Richmond, were the main contributors, as well as Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and Thomas Wyatt.

Ancestry

References

1. ^State Papers Henry Eighth, vol.4 part 4 (1836), 510, 518 Northumberland to Wolsey, 9 October 1529.
2. ^State Papers Henry Eighth, vol.4 (1836), p.509-510, 539–40, 567: Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol.4 (1875), no.4709: Cameron, Jamie, James V, (1998) p.36-7 & fn.24
3. ^¹²³{{Cite book |title = Douglas, Lady Margaret, countess of Lennox (1515–1578), noblewoman |last = Marshall |first = Rosalind K. |publisher = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year = 2006}}
4. ^¹{{cite web | url = http://www.maryqueenofscots.net/lennox-jewel-darnley-locket/ | title = Lady Margaret Douglas and the Lennox Jewel | first = Robert | last = Stedall | date = March 14, 2014 | work = MaryQueenofScots.net}}
5. ^Nicolas, Nicholas Harris, ed., Privy Purse Expences of Henry VIII, 1529–1532, London (1827), p. 98, 183, 281. It may have been stakes for her to play card games; or for her to give as alms.
6. ^{{Cite book |title = Howard, Thomas, second duke of Norfolk (1443–1524), magnate and soldier |last = Head |first = David M. |publisher = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year = 2008}}
7. ^{{Cite book |title = Howard [née Tilney], Agnes, duchess of Norfolk (b. in or before 1477, d. 1545), noblewoman |last = Davies |first = Catherine |publisher = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year = 2008}}
8. ^{{Harvnb|Richardson|2004|pp=236–237}}
9. ^¹²{{Cite book |title = Howard, Lord Thomas (c.1512–1537), courtier |last = Riordan |first = Michael |publisher = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year = 2004}}
10. ^{{Cite book |title = The Chronicle of Calais in the Reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII |editor-last = Nichols |editor-first = John Gough | editor-link = John Gough Nichols |publisher = Camden Society |location = London |year = 1846 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LKQUAAAAQAAJ|accessdate = 9 March 2011 | page = 170}}
11. ^{{Cite book |title = The Six Wives of Henry VIII |last = Weir |first = Alison |publisher = Grove Weidenfeld |location = New York |year = 1991 | page = 437}}
12. ^Linda Porter. Katherine the Queen: The Remarkable Life of Katherine Parr, the Last Wife of Henry VIII, Macmillan, 2010. pg 207-8.
13. ^Kimberly Schutte. A Biography of Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, 1515–1578, Edwin Mellen Press, 2002.
14. ^Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol.1 (1898), 127–8, 172–3
15. ^{{Cite book |title = Calendar of State Papers Spanish |publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office |location = London |year = 1916 |volume = 11}}
16. ^{{Citation| title = Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth. 1559-1560. Preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty’s Public Record Office.| chapter = Appendix to Preface| pages = cxviii, cxix, cxxii| editor = Rev. Joseph Stevenson M.A.| publisher = Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green| place = London| year = 1865}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=MARGARET DOUGLAS, COUNTESS OF LENNOX|url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/margaret-douglas,-countess-of-lennox| work = Westminster Abbey | publisher = The Dean and Chapter of Westminster | access-date = 19 August 2013}}
18. ^{{cite book | editor-last1 = Kent | editor-first1 = Francis W. | editor-last2 = Zika | editor-first2 = Charles | title = Rituals, Images, and Words: The Varieties of Cultural Expression In Late Medieval And Early Modern Europe | publisher = Brepols | year = 2005 | page = 190 | quote = the tomb was inscribed, "This work was completed at the charge of Thomas Fowler, the executor of this lady, 24 Oct 1578"}}
19. ^¹²{{cite web | url = https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/themes/trails/the-art-of-monarchy/the-darnley-jewel-or-lennox-jewel | title = The Art of Monarchy: The Darnley Jewel or Lennox Jewel, c. 1571-8 | work = The Royal Collection | year = | access-date = 27 February 2017}}
20. ^{{cite book | title = Ancient and Modern Gems and Jewels in the Collection of Her Majesty The Queen | location = London | year = 2008 | url = http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/egallery/object.asp?feature=treu&object=28181&row=69&detail=about | publisher = The Royal Collection | first1 = Kirsten | last = Aschengreen Piacenti | first2= John | last2 = Boardman}}