| 词条 | Robert T. Paine (zoologist) |
| 释义 |
| name = Robert Treat Paine | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date|1933|04|13}} | birth_place = Cambridge, Massachusetts | death_date = {{death date and age|2016|06|13|1933|04|13}} | death_place = Seattle, Washington | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | residence = | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = | workplaces = University of Michigan University of Washington Harvard University Scripps Institution of Oceanography | alma_mater = Harvard University University of Michigan | thesis_title = The Life History and Population Dynamics of Glottidia Pyramidata (Brachiopoda) | thesis_url = http://search.proquest.com/docview/302102931 | thesis_year = 1961 | doctoral_advisor = | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = Paul Dayton[1] Bruce Menge[1] Jane Lubchenco[1] | notable_students = | known_for = keystone species concept[1] | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = | influenced = | awards = {{no wrap|Sewall Wright Award {{small|(1996)}} National Academy of Sciences International Cosmos Prize {{small|(2013)}}}} | signature = | signature_alt = | website = {{URL|www.biology.washington.edu/users/robert-t-paine}} | footnotes = | spouse = }}Robert Treat "Bob" Paine III (April 13, 1933 – June 13, 2016) was an American ecologist, who spent most of his career at the University of Washington. Paine coined the keystone species[1][2][3] concept to explain the relationship between Pisaster ochraceus, a species of starfish, and Mytilus californianus, a species of mussel.[4] Paine's research, and the subsequent work of his students, has been hugely influential in the field of ecology.[1] Early life and educationPaine was born on April 13, 1933[10] and grew up in Cambridge, Massachusetts,[11] and was fascinated by biology from a very young age.[5] After graduating from Harvard University in 1954, he served in the U.S. Army where he was the battalion gardener.[6] Paine later entered graduate school at the University of Michigan intending to study paleontology.[11] After he took some courses in zoology and ecology at Michigan, his interests and studies changed after taking a course about freshwater invertebrates taught by ecologist Frederick E. Smith.[7][6] Upon graduating from the University of Michigan, Paine completed a one-year post-doctoral fellowship at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.[8] In 1962, Paine joined the University of Washington where he spent the rest of his career and became well known for his work.[6] Research careerPaine's doctoral research thesis was on the ecology of living brachipods.[9] As a postdoctoral fellow, he worked on the history and energetics of opisthobranchs (marine gastropods). Much of Paine's work at the University of Washington focused on the organization of marine communities. It was here that much of his research on keystone species occurred.[6][10] In a noteworthy[11] 1966 paper, Paine described a rocky intertidal ecosystem in Makah Bay in Washington State, where top predator species help maintain biodiversity.[12] This led to his 1969 paper in which he proposed the keystone species concept.[13][14][15] This concept states that an ecosystem may experience a dramatic shift if a keystone species is removed, even though that species was a small part of the ecosystem by measures of biomass or productivity. It has become a very popular concept in conservation biology.[16] Paine also coined the term "trophic cascade" to describe the top-down effects that occur in ecosystems when an important species is introduced or removed.[7][10] Retirement and deathPaine retired in the late 1990s, but continued to be active as a professor emeritus at the University of Washington.[17] In 2000, he founded the Experimental and Field Ecology Fund to support graduate student research;[5] the fund was renamed the Robert T. Paine Experimental & Field Ecology Endowed Fund to mark Paine's 80th birthday.[1][10] As late as 2013, aged 79, Paine continued to make regular visits to Tatoosh Island for research purposes.[1]{{efn-ua|Close to Cape Flattery, "the northwesternmost point of the continental United States", the island is owned by the Makah Indian tribe. They granted him permission to conduct his research, with the only restriction being don't ‘‘mess with the graves.’’[10]}} In 2013, he was awarded the International Cosmos Prize, including a cash prize equivalent to about US$408,000.[36] Paine died from acute myeloid leukemia, a type of blood cancer, at the Swedish Medical Center in Seattle, Washington on June 13, 2016.[18][10] [19]LegacyPaine's research—and the subsequent work of his students—has been very influential in the field of ecology,[1] and he has been called a "giant" of the field.[19][20] Paine's research helped popularise field manipulation experiments, sometimes called "kick-it-and-see ecology", at a time when field ecologists tended only to observe natural ecosystems.[1] Ed Yong wrote that, "by encouraging independence and prizing fieldwork, Paine mentored an entire generation of superstar ecologists."[20] Paine's former students and post-docs include Paul Dayton, Bruce Menge and Jane Lubchenco.[1] Recognition
ReferencesNotes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{Cite journal | last1 = Yong | first1 = E. | title = Scientific families: Dynasty. Bob Paine fathered an idea — and an academic family — that changed ecology. | doi = 10.1038/493286a | journal =Nature | volume = 493 | issue = 7432 | pages = 286–289 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23325190| pmc = }} 2. ^{{cite web| title=Keystone Species Hypothesis| url=http://www.washington.edu/research/pathbreakers/1969g.html| website=| publisher=University of Washington| date=| accessdate=2011-02-03| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110060757/http://www.washington.edu/research/pathbreakers/1969g.html| archivedate=2011-01-10| df=}} 3. ^{{cite web | title= Scientists Adopt Tiny Island as a Warming Bellwether| url= https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/us/scientists-in-washington-state-adopt-tiny-island-as-climate-change-bellwether.html?_r=3&pagewanted=1&hp |newspaper=New York Times | date= 6 Oct 2012 | accessdate=2012-10-25}} 4. ^{{cite book |last = Stolzenberg |first = William |title = Where the Wild Things Were: Life, death and ecological wreckage in a land of vanishing predators |publisher = Bloomsbury USA |year = 2008 |isbn = 978-1-59691-299-1}} 5. ^1 Natalie Hisdahl "An idea that spawned a legacy" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114150335/http://www.biology.washington.edu/newsletter/sum13/Paine%20%26%20Waters.html# |date=2015-11-14 }} Department of Biology eNews, University of Washington, Summer 2013. Retrieved 15 June, 2016. "All my early childhood memories involve biology. I remember sitting in the dirt driveway when I was around two-and-a-half years old and watching ants – I was utterly fascinated with nature from a very young age." 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 R.B. Root (1979) "Robert T. Paine, President: 1979–1980" Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 60(3): 156–157 (September 1979). Retrieved 15 June 2016. 7. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|last1=Carroll|first1=Sean B.|title=The Ecologist Who Threw Starfish|url=http://nautil.us/issue/34/adaptation/the-ecologist-who-threw-starfish|accessdate=11 March 2016|work=Nautilus|date=10 March 2016}} 8. ^Hillary Burgess (2013) "Diverse Introspectives: A conversation with Bob Paine" BioDiverse Perspectives; Graduate Students on Biodiversity Science, 10 September 2013. Retrieved 15 June, 2016. 9. ^Robert T. Paine (1961) "The Life History and Population Dynamics of Glottidia Pyramidata (Brachiopoda)" University of Michigan, PhD thesis. 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/obituaries/2016/06/16/bob-paine-ecologist-whose-work-identified-keystone-species/wSRplaqLHrHWf9BpJ7bM0M/story.html?s_campaign=email_BG_TodaysHeadline&s_campaign= |title=Bob Paine, 83, ecologist whose work identified keystone species |first1=Emily |last1=Langer |newspaper=Washington Post |date=June 17, 2016 |accessdate=June 17, 2016}} 11. ^R.B. Root (1979) "Robert T. Paine, President: 1979–1980" Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 60(3): 156–157 (September 1979). Retrieved 15 June 2016. "This paper, which has been widely cited and reprinted, was one of the first clear proofs of a phenomenon which [...] appears to be an important organizing factor in several ecosystems." 12. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Paine | first1 = R. T. | authorlink1 = Robert T. Paine (zoologist)| title = Food Web Complexity and Species Diversity | doi = 10.1086/282400 | journal =The American Naturalist | volume = 100 | issue = 910 | pages = 65–75 | year = 1966 | pmid = | pmc = }} 13. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Paine | first1 = R. T. | authorlink1 = Robert T. Paine (zoologist)| title = A Note on Trophic Complexity and Community Stability | doi = 10.1086/282586 | journal = The American Naturalist | volume = 103 | issue = 929 | pages = 91–93 | year = 1969 | pmid = | pmc = }} 14. ^1 {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1086/605920 | title = Honorary Lifetime Membership Award: Robert T. Paine | journal = The American Naturalist | volume = 174 | issue = 3 | pages = iii– | year = 2009 | pmid = 19653846 | pmc = }} 15. ^1 2 {{Cite journal | last1 = Wilbur | first1 = H. M. | title = 1996 Sewall Wright Award: Robert T. Paine | doi = 10.1086/513833 | journal = The American Naturalist | volume = 151 | issue = 1 | pages = i–t | year = 1998 | pmid = 18811418 | pmc = }} 16. ^{{cite journal |last1=Mills|first1=L. Scott|last2=Soulé|first2=Michael E.|last3=Doak|first3=Daniel F.|year=1993|title=The Keystone-Species Concept in Ecology and Conservation|journal=BioScience|volume=43|issue=4|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/1312122|jstor=1312122}} 17. ^Katherine Long (2013) "Retired UW prof wins $408,000 for groundbreaking ecology work" Seattle Times, 2 August 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2016. "Paine, 80, has been retired for 15 years, yet he still shows up on campus daily to work out of his cluttered basement office, in Kincaid Hall, writing and contributing to research papers." 18. ^1 2 Jennifer Ruesink (2016) "Prof. Emeritus Bob Paine (1933-2016)" University of Washington, Department of Biology, 15 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016. 19. ^1 Phuong Le (2016) "Bob Paine, ecologist who introduced 'keystone species,' dies" Phys.org, 15 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016. 20. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/notes/2016/06/rip-bob-paine-a-keystone-among-ecologists/486995/|title=RIP Bob Paine, A Keystone Among Ecologists|last=Yong|first=Ed|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-14}} 21. ^Robert T. Paine (1983) "Ecological Determinism in the Competition for Space: The Robert H. MacArthur Award Lecture" Ecology, 65: 1339-1348. 22. ^Robert H. MacArthur Award, Ecological Society of America, 30 January 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2016. 23. ^1 Katherine Long (2013) "Retired UW prof wins $408,000 for groundbreaking ecology work" Seattle Times, 2 August 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2016. Citations{{reflist|30em}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Paine, Robert T.}} 10 : 1933 births|2016 deaths|University of Washington faculty|American zoologists|Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|University of Michigan alumni|Harvard University alumni|People from Cambridge, Massachusetts|20th-century zoologists|Fellows of the Ecological Society of America |
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