“Robie Macauley”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Robie Mayhew Macauley (May 31, 1919 – November 20, 1995) was an American editor, novelist and critic whose literary career spanned more than 50 years.

Biography

Early life

Robie Macauley was born on May 31, 1919, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was the older brother of the noted photographer and movie producer C. Cameron Macauley. His uncle owned and published the Hudsonville newspaper, The Ottawa Times (named for Ottawa County), and Macauley used the printing press to publish his first books of fiction and poetry.^[1] At age 18 he printed and bound a limited edition of Solomon's Cat, a previously unpublished poem by Walter Duranty,^[2] setting the type and engraving the illustrations.^[3]

Education

As an undergraduate at Olivet College, he was a student of Ford Madox Ford (describing him as "my first teacher and editorial mentor."^[4]) and then won a three-year literary prize scholarship and transferred to Kenyon College to be a student of John Crowe Ransom. There he lived in a writer's house with Robert Lowell,^[5] Peter Taylor,^[6] and Randall Jarrell. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa during February 1941, and the same year was awarded a fellowship to attend the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference.^[7] He graduated summa cum laude from Kenyon in June 1941.

War years

He was drafted in March 1942 and served in World War II as a special agent in the Counterintelligence Corps (CIC) with the 97th Infantry Division, in the "Ruhr Pocket" and then in Japan after the war.^[8] On April 23, 1945 Macauley's division helped liberate Flossenbürg concentration camp. Macauley later said, "I entered some concentration camps the day we liberated them-- the most horrifying days of my life. My job was to interview survivors. Most of the bodies that I saw had been stripped and it was impossible to tell which were those of Jews and which of Christians. Nazi murder was a great leveler, fully ecumenical... Hitler's bell tolled for all...^[9]"

Macauley wrote four autobiographical short stories based on his experiences doing intelligence work, collected in The End of Pity and Other Stories, (1957). In "A Nest of Gentlefolk", (winner of the 1949 Furioso Prize) he describes the CIC's futile search for Nazi war criminals in the war-ravaged town of Hohenlohe;^[10] in The Thin Voice^[11] he describes the unlawful murder of a Russian prisoner by American troops in Heiligenkreuz, Germany;^[12] in "The End of Pity" he tells the story of a woman's suicide after visiting her ruined house in a combat zone in Oberkassel;^[13] and in "The Mind is its Own Place" he describes his brief post-war encounter in Karuizawa, Japan with Captain Kermit Beahan, bombardier of the bomber "The Bockscar" who released the atomic bomb over Nagasaki. Macauley described Beahan as "a young captain with a college-boy face [who] had suffered some strange mutation of feeling so deep and so destructive...^[14]"

According to Macauley's letters archived at the University of North Carolina, while in Karuizawa he was friends with former Japanese Ambassador to the US Saburō Kurusu and German Admiral Paul Wenneker, as well as pianist Leo Sirota and artist Paul Jacoulet.^[15] He was also acquainted with former Japanese Prime Minister Prince Fumimaro Konoe, to whom he presented a copy of [https://archive.org/details/americanleviatha00bear The American Leviathan: The Republic in the Machine Age] by Charles A. Beard.^[16] In his capacity as CIC Station Chief he supervised the arrests, on October 30, 1945 of a number of major Nazi leaders who were in hiding in Karuizawa:^[17] Dr. Franz Joseph Spahn, Nazi Gruppenleiter in Japan; Paul Sperringer, a former SS Stormtrooper and assistant to Gestapo Chief Colonel Josef Meisinger; Karl Hamel, Meisinger's secretary; Charles Schmidt-Jucheim, a former San Francisco police officer and an ex-US Army sergeant who attended Gestapo training in Germany and renounced his US citizenship; Karlfried Graf Dürckheim, chief of the Nazi propaganda system in Japan;^[18] Heinrich Loy, a Gestapo spy who allegedly participated in the Munich Beer Hall Putsch;^[19] Dr. Karl Kindermann, Meisinger's Jewish interpreter who was an informant for the Gestapo; Alrich Mosaner, chief of the Hitler Youth in Japan; and Otto Burmeister, chief of the Nazi education system in Japan.^[20]^[21] Most of these individuals were later released by the CIC.^[22]

Robie Macauley was awarded the Legion of Merit for his work in detaining members of the Gestapo in Japan.^[23]

Career

Iowa Writers Workshop

After the war he taught briefly at Bard College then worked at Gourmet Magazine and for Henry Holt and Company. During 1947 he taught at the University of Iowa Writer's Workshop with Paul Engle, Robert Lowell and Anthony Hecht (with whom Macauley had served during World War II), where he befriended Flannery O'Connor,^[25] advising her on drafts of her first novel, Wise Blood.^[26]^[27] He completed his MFA at the University of Iowa in 1950 and spent the next three years at the Woman's College (now The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) where he taught modern American literature and writing.

The Congress for Cultural Freedom

Macauley received a Rockefeller Fellowship and during 1953 Cord Meyer offered him a position in the International Organizations Division of the Central Intelligence Agency. With John Crowe Ransom's encouragement, Macauley accepted and relocated to Paris^[28] where he participated in the Congress for Cultural Freedom.^[29] Macauley assisted in the publication of Quadrant magazine (edited by James McAuley), an Australian literary journal that at the time had "an anticommunist thrust".^[30] Pybus, Cassandra,^[31] He was also U.S. representative to the International PEN Congress in Tokyo (1957) and Brazil (1960).^[32]

The Kenyon Review

Playboy Magazine

Houghton Mifflin

In 1978 he became a Senior Editor at Houghton Mifflin, where he was responsible for publishing The Mosquito Coast, The Marrakesh One-Two, Shoeless Joe, and several works of nonfiction such as The Bizarre Case of the Walker Family Spy Ring, Techno-Bandits, Getting to Yes, The Puzzle Palace, The Bunker, The Dungeon Master, and The Nine Nations of North America.^[48] He later taught at the Harvard Extension School and during 1990 co-initiated and co-directed the Ploughshares International Writing Seminars,^[49] a summer program of the Emerson College European Center at Kasteel Well in the Netherlands.^[50]

Death

Publications

Novels

During his life Robie Macauley published two novels, The Disguises of Love (1951), the story of a university professor's love affair with a student and how it affects his wife and son, and A Secret History of Time to Come (1979), an adventure thriller set in a devastated post-apocalypse America 200 years in the future.

His last two novels, Life and Death in a Glacier Fortress during World War I,^[52] (2014), and The Escape of Alfred Dreyfus,^[53] (2016) were published posthumously.

Short stories

His short fiction appeared in Furioso,^[54] the North American Review,^[55] The Kenyon Review,^[56] The Sewanee Review,^[57] The Southern Review,^[58] Shenandoah,^[59] Esquire,^[60] Fiction,^[61] Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine,^[62] Cosmopolitan,^[63] the Virginia Quarterly Review^[64] and Playboy,^[65] for which he was awarded the Furioso Prize (1949), The O. Henry Award (1951, 1956 and 1967),^[66] and the John Train Humor Prize (1990).^[67]^[68]

In spite of his expertise and experience, Macauley's own fiction received only moderate recognition. "Robie Macauley's prose, like the best poetry, has a startling economy of means and precision of language", declared Melvin J. Friedman in Contemporary Novelists. "The author's work", continued Friedman, "is the enviable product of years spent in close and sympathetic relationship with the best novels from Jane Austen through James Joyce.^[69]" David H. Lynn, editor of The Kenyon Review, described Macauley's fiction as "subtle, stinging, disturbing, witty.^[70]" Eugene Goodheart, commenting on The End of Pity and Other Stories, said "Macauley has all the gifts of a master short story writer: narrative power, a quick and vivid imagination of character...a capacity for delivering the scene that at once surprises and satisfies the reader's expectation, i.e., a fine sense for the significant scene or action, a felicity of phrase that is not merely decoration, but becomes perception."^[71]

Since 2001 StoryQuarterly has awarded the annual Robie Macauley Award for Fiction.

Nonfiction

He co-authored (with George Lanning) a textbook on writing, Technique in Fiction (1964, revised in 1989), and co-authored (with William Betcher) a book on marriage counseling, The Seven Basic Quarrels of Marriage (1990). He edited America and Its Discontents together with Larzer Ziff.^[72] Between 1942 and 1990 he contributed dozens of book reviews to The New York Times Book Review,^[73] The Kenyon Review,^[74] Furioso,^[75] Vogue,^[76] The New York Herald Tribune,^[77] The Partisan Review,^[78] The Boston Globe,^[79] The New York Review of Books,^[80] Encounter,^[81] The New Republic,^[82] The Chicago Sun-Times,^[83] Dialogue,^[84] the Boston Review,^[85] and other publications. He also wrote a series of contemplative essays on writing, writers and literature which were published in Shenandoah,^[86] The Irish University Review,^[87] Transition,^[88] The Texas Quarterly,^[89] Ploughshares,^[90] and The Paris Review.^[91]

Bibliography

References

1. ^"Leslie W. Boyer, James F. Guinane, Charles C. Macauley: Our Final Salutes", by Guy Miller, The Fossil, Volume 104, Number 1, Whole Number 334, Glenview, Illinois, October 2007
2. ^Walter Duranty, I Write As I Please, Read Books, 2007 {{ISBN|978-1-4067-2181-2}}, p. 331.
3. ^"Scoops Big Publishers On Book of Poetry", The Washington Post, Feb. 6, 1938, p. PY1.
4. ^Howard Junker, "Editor's Note: The Last Word: West Coast Writers and Artists", ZYZZYVA Spring 1999
5. ^Ian Hamilton, Robert Lowell: A Biography, Faber Faber Inc; First UK edition, May 1983. {{ISBN|978-0-571-13045-0}}
6. ^McAlexander, Hugh, [https://www.jstor.org/pss/4337918 "Peter Taylor: The Undergraduate Years at Kenyon"] The Kenyon Review, New Series, Vol. 21, No. 3/4 (Summer - Autumn, 1999), pp. 43-57
7. ^Susan Hobson, "New Creative Writers: 17 Novelists Whose First Work Appears This Season", Library Journal, October 1, 1952, p. 1642.
8. ^Kennedy, Thomas E., "A Last Conversation with Robie Macauley", Agnii, Vol. 45, 1997
9. ^Macauley R. "Who Should Mourn?" The New York Times, Letters to the Editor, Aug. 8, 1976.
10. ^Macauley R. "A Nest of Gentlefolk." Furioso, 1949:5-19.
11. ^{{cite journal|jstor=4333212|title=The Thin Voice|first=Robie|last=Macauley|date=7 July 2017|publisher=|journal=The Kenyon Review|volume=13|issue=1|pages=50–63}}
12. ^Macauley R. "The Thin Voice." The Kenyon Review, 1951;13(1):50-63.
13. ^Macauley R. "The End of Pity." New World Writing, 1952.
14. ^Macauley R. "The Mind Is Its Own Place", The Partisan Review, September, 1953.
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://library.uncg.edu/depts/archives/mss/html/Mss069.htm|title=Finding Aid for the Robie MaCauley Papers at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.|publisher=}}
16. ^Geoffrey Lindsay, "Anthony Hecht in Occupied Japan." Sewanee Review, 2011, 119 (4). pp 641-655
17. ^"26 Germans in Spy Ring Seized", New York Times, Oct 30, 1945, p. 2.
18. ^In 1995 Macauley described Dürckheim inaccurately as "an authentic war criminal". Macauley, Robie, "Letters from the Front: Fiction struggles with a war's meaning", in the Boston Sunday Globe, 6 Aug 1995: Boston. p. B33-B36.
19. ^Robert Whymant, [https://books.google.com/books?id=G3fsz3J6FzEC&lpg=PA283&ots=qUSAzc-g9u&dq=%22Heinrich%20Loy%22%20Nazi&pg=PA283#v=onepage&q=%22Heinrich%20Loy%22%20Nazi&f=false Stalin's spy: Richard Sorge and the Tokyo Espionage Ring, I.B. Tauris, 1996 {{ISBN|978-1-86064-044-5}}, p. 283.]
20. ^"Nazi Leaders in Japan in CIC Custody: 13 Hitler Operatives Nabbed Without Warning in War Criminal Roundup." Nippon Times, October 31, 1945, p. 11.
21. ^"Nazi Agents in Japan Rounded Up", The Argus (Melbourne), Thursday 1 November 1945, page 2
22. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zlksAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CMsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5039%2C1111649 "Swiss Neutral Claims Nazis are Still on the Loose in Japan]", Spartanburg Herald-Journal, May 12, 1946, p. A5
23. ^Hobson, 1952, p. 1642.
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.camerapedia.org/wiki/Certo_Dollina#The_first_generation:_Dollina_0.2C_Dollina_I.2C_Dollina_II|title=Dollina|publisher=}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.unca.edu/postscript/postscript15/ps15.3.pdf|author=Cash, Jean|title=Flannery O'Connor: Art Demands Celibacy.|publisher=}}
26. ^Gooch, Brad, Flannery: A Life of Flannery O'Connor, 2009.
27. ^Cash, Jean, Flannery O'Connor: A Life, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2002. {{ISBN|1-57233-192-5}}, p. 25-6.
28. ^Ellis H, Meyer J. Masculinity and the Other: Historical Perspectives. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2009, p. 145.
29. ^Saunders, Frances Stonor, The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters, The New Press, April, 2001, p. 240. Published in the UK as Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War.
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead/00064.xml|title=The Michael Josselson Papers at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center|publisher=}}
31. ^"CIA as Culture Vultures," Jacket, July 12, 2000.
32. ^¹Biography of Robie Mayhew Macauley
33. ^"Education: Ransom Harvest", Time, Monday, May. 12, 1958
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.english.illinois.edu/MAPS/poets/m_r/ransom/chronology.htm|title=A John Crowe Ransom Chronology|website=www.english.illinois.edu}}
35. ^"New Editor at Kenyon Review", New York Times, Mar 25, 1958, p. 14.
36. ^Charlotte H. Beck, The fugitive legacy: a critical history, LSU Press, 2001 {{ISBN|0-8071-2590-3}}, p. 29.
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jrank.org/literature/pages/4646/Kenyon-Review.html|title=Kenyon Review, The – Southern Review, Kenyon Review|website=www.jrank.org}}
38. ^"End of the Kenyon?" Time, Mar 9, 1970.
39. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19951122&id=Y-E0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=bgMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3680,6737833 "Robie Macauley" (obituary)], Toledo Blade, Nov 22, 1995, p. 12
40. ^Berman RS. "Macauley's 'Kenyon Review' the View from the Sixties." The Sewanee Review 1979;87(3):500-507.
41. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7MGQSRcVAL4C&lpg=PA188&dq=%22A+Secret+History+of+time%22+Macauley&pg=PA188#v=onepage&q=Macauley&f=false|title=Snakes, Butterbeans, and the Discovery of Electricity|first=James Ashbrook|last=Perkins|date=7 July 2017|publisher=Mercer University Press|via=Google Books}}
42. ^"5 Juries Selected to Pick '64 National Book Awards", New York Times, Dec 2, 1963, p. 43.
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/9160-robie-macauley|title=1964 Fellows|publisher=}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.webdelsol.com/AGNI/ag-08tk.htm|title=AGNI Fiction|website=www.webdelsol.com}}
45. ^Lynn, D.H., "Editor's Notes", The Kenyon Review, New Series, Vol. 18, No. 3/4 (Summer–Autumn, 1996), p. 1.
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.clmp.org/about/history.html|title=History of The Coordinating Council of Literary Magazines (CCLM)|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129061042/http://www.clmp.org/about/history.html|archivedate=2009-11-29|df=}}
47. ^Pauline Uchmanowicz, "A Brief History of CCLM/CLMP", The Massachusetts Review, Vol. 44, No. 1/2, Spring – Summer, 2003, pp. 70-87.
48. ^"Writer, Playboy Editor Robie Macauley (obituary)", The Boston Globe, November 22, 1995
49. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QuMyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FRUEAAAAIBAJ&dq=a-secret-history-of-time-to-come%20re&pg=5018%2C2490620 "Novelist and Editor Robie Macauley Dies"], Star News, Nov 22, 1995, p. 4B
50. ^"Robie Macauley", [obituary] The San Francisco Chronicle, November 25, 1995, p. D4.
51. ^Pace, Eric, [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/23/nyregion/robie-macauley-76-editor-educator-and-fiction-writer.html?pagewanted=1 "Robie Macauley, 76, Editor, Educator And Fiction Writer" (Obituary)], The New York Times, Nov 23, 1995
52. ^{{cite web|url=https://cmacauley.wordpress.com/|title=Citadel of Ice|website=Citadel of Ice}}
53. ^{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Escape-Alfred-Dreyfus-Novel/dp/1522875867|title=The Escape of Alfred Dreyfus: A Novel|first1=Robie |last1=Macauley|first2=Cameron |last2=Macauley|publication-date=December 5, 2016|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform}}
54. ^Macauley R. "A Nest of Gentlefolk", Furioso, 1949:5-19.
55. ^Macauley R. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/25125522 "Sauté Seven Larks Quickly."] The North American Review, 1993;278(4):35-40
56. ^Macauley R. "The Chevigny Man." The Kenyon Review, 1955;17(1):75-93.
57. ^Macauley R. "The Wishbone." The Sewanee Review, 1950;58(3):456-481.
58. ^Macauley R. "This is the Story I Told Him." The Southern Review, 1993;29(3):514-534
59. ^Macauley R. "Dressed in Shade." Shenandoah, 1965.
60. ^Macauley R. "The Academic Style." Esquire, 1957.
61. ^Macauley R. "Lost." Fiction Magazine, 1993;11(2):43-56.
62. ^Macauley R. "The Barrington Quality." Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, 1970:28-37.
63. ^Macauley R. "For Want of a Nail." Cosmopolitan, October 1969, p. 152.
64. ^Macauley R. "Folie à Deux." Virginia Quarterly Review, Winter 1993:42-59
65. ^Macauley R. "That Day." Playboy, November 1967, p. 113.
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.randomhouse.com/boldtype/ohenry/0900/winners1919.html|title=Penguin Random House|website=PenguinRandomhouse.com}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/about/prizes|title=Paris Review – Writers, Quotes, Biography, Interviews, Artists|website=The Paris Review}}
68. ^Blackford, Staige D., The Green Room, Winter 1993.
69. ^Contemporary Novelists, 6th edition, St. James (Detroit), 1996, pp. 633-34.
70. ^Lynn, 1996, p. 1.
71. ^Eugene Goodheart, "The Limits of Irony: The End of Pity and Other Stories by Robie Macauley", Critique, 5:2, Fall 1962, p. 77.
72. ^Macauley, R., and Ziff, L., America and Its Discontents, Xerox College Publishing (Waltham, Massachusetts), 1971.
73. ^Macauley R. [https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/07/04/specials/hemingway-islands.html "100-Proof Old Ernest, Most of it Anyway"], New York Times Book Review, October 4, 1970
74. ^Among others, see "Big Novel: The Velvet Horn by Andrew Lytle." The Kenyon Review, 19(4):644-646.
75. ^Macauley R. Reviews: Mixed Company by Irwin Shaw, The Watchful Gods and Other Stories by Walter Van Tilburg Clark, and Cast a Cold Eye by Mary McCarthy. Furioso Winter 1951, 6:67-72.
76. ^Macauley R. "The Man Who Talked Too Well: Reminiscences of Ford Madox Ford." Vogue, 1950.
77. ^Macauley R. "A World More Attractive: A View Of Modern Literature And Politics" by Irving Howe. The New York Herald-Tribune, Dec 8, 1963.
78. ^Macauley R. "The Superfluous Man", The Partisan Review, 1952;XIX(2):169-182.
79. ^Macauley R. "Pound and Ford: Strange Literary Bedfellows: Pound / Ford, the Story of a Literary Friendship, by Brita Lindberg-Seyersted." The Boston Sunday Globe, March 6, 1983;B32.
80. ^Macauley R. "Witty Novel on Foibles of Men and Nations: The Triumph by John Kenneth Galbraith." The New York Review of Books, New York, 1967.
81. ^Macauley R. "A Moveable Myth", Encounter, 1964;XXIII(3):56-57.
82. ^Macauley R. "The Meaning of Leskov: Selected Tales by Nikolai Leskov, translated by David Magarshack." The New Republic, 1961:18-20.
83. ^Macauley R. "Grand Gossip from Mailer's Pals: Mailer: His Life and Times by Peter Manso." Book Week, Chicago Sun-Times 1985.
84. ^Macauley R. "White, Black and Everything Else." Dialogue, 1979;12(3):101-102.
85. ^Macauley, R. "The Chymical Wedding by Lindsay Clarke", Boston Review, 1990;15(3).
86. ^Macauley R. "The Dean in Exile: Notes on Ford Madox Ford as Teacher." Shenandoah, 1953:43-48.
87. ^Macauley R. "Seán Ó Faoláin, Ireland's Youngest Writer." The Irish University Review, 1976;6:110-117.
88. ^Macauley R. "The 'Little Magazines'." Transition, 1963(9):24-25.
89. ^Macauley R. "A Local Habitation and a Name." The Texas Quarterly, 1964;VII(2):29-40.
90. ^Macauley R. "On the Company We Keep." Ploughshares, 1989;15(2/3):203-213.
91. ^Macauley R. "Silence, Exile and Cunning." The Paris Review, Spring 1990 (No. 114):200-217.