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词条 Robot Operating System
释义

  1. History and milestones

     2007  2008  2009  2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018 

  2. Applications

      ROS-Industrial  

  3. Version history

  4. Ports to robots and boards

  5. ROS packages

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. Related projects

  9. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}{{Infobox software
| name =
| logo = Melodic Morenia.png
| logo size = 150px
| logo caption = Melodic Morenia Logo
| screenshot = Cart_pushing_rviz_holonomic.jpg
| caption = Cart pushing simulation in RVIZ
| author = Willow Garage
Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
| released = {{Start date and age|2007}}
| latest release version = Melodic Morenia[1]
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2018|05|23}}
| operating system = Linux, MacOS (experimental), Windows 10
| genre = Robotics suite, OS, library
| license = BSD license
| website = {{URL|www.ros.org}}
| programming_language = C++ or Python
}}Robot Operating System (ROS) is robotics middleware (i.e. collection of software frameworks for robot software development). Although ROS is not an operating system, it provides services designed for a heterogeneous computer cluster such as hardware abstraction, low-level device control, implementation of commonly used functionality, message-passing between processes, and package management. Running sets of ROS-based processes are represented in a graph architecture where processing takes place in nodes that may receive, post and multiplex sensor, control, state, planning, actuator, and other messages. Despite the importance of reactivity and low latency in robot control, ROS itself is not a real-time OS (RTOS). It is possible, however, to integrate ROS with real-time code.[2] The lack of support for real-time systems has been addressed in the creation of ROS 2.0.[3][4][5]

Software in the ROS Ecosystem[6] can be separated into three groups:

  • language-and platform-independent tools used for building and distributing ROS-based software;
  • ROS client library implementations such as roscpp,[7] rospy,[8] and roslisp;[9]
  • packages containing application-related code which uses one or more ROS client libraries.[10]

Both the language-independent tools and the main client libraries (C++, Python, and Lisp) are released under the terms of the BSD license, and as such are open source software and free for both commercial and research use. The majority of other packages are licensed under a variety of open source licenses. These other packages implement commonly used functionality and applications such as hardware drivers, robot models, datatypes, planning, perception, simultaneous localization and mapping, simulation tools, and other algorithms.

The main ROS client libraries (C++, Python, and Lisp) are geared toward a Unix-like system, primarily because of their dependence on large collections of open-source software dependencies. For these client libraries, Ubuntu Linux is listed as "Supported" while other variants such as Fedora Linux, macOS, and Microsoft Windows are designated "Experimental" and are supported by the community.[11] The native Java ROS client library, rosjava, however, does not share these limitations and has enabled ROS-based software to be written for the Android OS.[12] rosjava has also enabled ROS to be integrated into an officially supported MATLAB toolbox which can be used on Linux, macOS, and Microsoft Windows.[13] A JavaScript client library, roslibjs has also been developed which enables integration of software into a ROS system via any standards-compliant web browser. In September 2018 Microsoft ported Core ROS to Windows 10.

History and milestones

2007

  • ROS was started by borrowing the best practices from many early open source robotic software frameworks including switchyard by the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in support of the Stanford AI Robot STAIR (STanford AI Robot) project.[14][15]
  • January. Willow Garage hires first employees: Jonathan Stark, Melonee Wise, Curt Meyers, and John Hsu
  • 7 November 2007: First commit of ROS code to SourceForge[16]

2008

  • Development was performed primarily at Willow Garage, a robotics research lab, when Eric Berger and Keenan Wyrobek,[17] the founders of the Stanford Personal Robotics Program,[18] left Stanford to start the Personal Robotics Program at Willow Garage.[19] During that time, researchers at more than twenty institutions collaborated with Willow Garage engineers in a federated development model.[20][21]

2009

  • 2/10/2009: ROS 0.4 Mango Tango released[22]
  • 2/16/2009: RVIZ first documented
  • 5/12/2009: First published paper on ROS: ROS: an open-source Robot Operating System 5/12/2009 (Authors: Morgan Quigley, Ken Conley, Brian Gerkey, Josh Faust, Tully Foote, Jeremy Leibs, Rob Wheeler, Andrew Y Ng)[21]
  • 8/16/2009: ROS.org comes online[23]
  • 12/2/2009: First ROS tutorials released[24]

2010

  • 1/22/2010: ROS 1.0 released
  • 3/30/2010: First autonomous car running ROS announced with UT Austin[25]
  • 5/4/2010: Willow Garage awards PR2 to 11 institutions
    • University of Freiburg (Germany)
    • Bosch
    • Georgia Tech
    • KU Leuven (Belgium)
    • MIT
    • Stanford
    • TU Munich (Germany)
    • UC Berkeley
    • U Penn
    • USC
    • University of Tokyo (Japan)
  • 5/29/2010: First drone using ROS, from GRASP Lab at U Penn[26]
  • 8/19/2010: First use of ROS on Lego Mindstorms[27]
  • 9/7/2010: PR2 robots made available for commercial purchase[28]

2011

  • 1/26/2011: First public appearance of TurtleBot, at Homebrew Robotics Club
  • 2/15/2011: Introduction of ROS Answers[29]
  • 4/18/2011: Willow Garage announces TurtleBot[30]
  • 5/11/2011: First pure Java implementation of ROS announced at Google I/O[31]
  • 5/5/2011: ROS surpasses 100 repositories[32]
    • 100th repository is rl-texplore-ros-pkg from the University of Texas at Austin
  • 11/8/2011: 4th anniversary of ROS and video compilation published[33]

2012

  • 4/16/2012: Willow Garage spins out Open Source Robotics Foundation[34]
  • 4/17/2012: DARPA awards software contract to Open Source Robotics Foundation[35]
  • 5/19–20/2012: First ROSCon held in Saint Paul, MN[36]
  • 9/4/2012: First book on ROS published. ROS By Example, by Patrick Goebel[37]
  • 9/17/2012: First commercial robot based on ROS released by Rethink Robotics[38]
  • 11/7/2012: Five year anniversary of ROS, with video compilation[39]
  • 12/3/2012: ROS now running on every continent[40]

2013

  • February 2013, ROS stewardship transitioned to the Open Source Robotics Foundation.[41]
  • 3/12/2013: 10,000 questions asked on ROS Answers[42]
  • 5/11-12/2013: ROSCon 2013 takes place in Stuttgart, Germany
  • 6/18/2013: Virtual Robotics Challenge takes place, the virtual stage of the DARPA Robotics Challenge
  • August 2013, a blog posting[43] announced that Willow Garage would be absorbed by another company started by its founder, Suitable Technologies.
  • 12/3/2013: ROS.org released[44]

2014

  • 1/15/2014: Support responsibilities for the PR2 created by Willow Garage taken over by Clearpath Robotics[45]
  • 2/7/2014: ROS Answers Reaches 15,000 Questions[46]
  • 6/6/2014: ROS Kong, the first international ROS user group meeting
  • 9/1/2014: First robot in space running on ROS, the Robonaut 2 on the International Space Station[47]
  • 9/12–13/2014: ROSCon 2014 takes place in Chicago. Program here.[48]
    • Industry attendees surpass academia attendees for first time
  • 12/21/2014: First ROS meetup in Korea[49]

2015

  • 6/9/2015: DARPA Robotics Challenge takes place. Out of the 23 DRC Finals teams, 18 teams use ROS and 14 teams use Gazebo[50]
  • 7/23/2015: First ROS Summer School in China[51]
  • 10/3/2015: ROSCon 2015.
  • 11/3/2015: ROS 2 Alpha released
  • 11/7/2015: Eighth anniversary of ROS, and video compilation[52]
  • 09/09/2015 The Construct Launched ROS Development Studio. The cloud-based service utilizes Robot Operating System (ROS) to offer developers a place to develop and test robotics applications. [53]
  • 12/25/2015: Book release: Programming Robots with ROS: A Practical Introduction to the Robot Operating System[54]

2016

  • 2/18/2016: First Danish ROS meetup[55]
  • 7/22/2016: Second ROS Summer School in China[56]
  • 9/01/2016: The Construct [57] Launched Robot Ignite Academy. The Cloud based academy utilizes Robot Operating System (ROS) and Gazebo to teach ROS online [58]
  • 9/15/2016: OSRF announces collaboration with Toyota Research Institute[59]
  • 10/7/2016: Bosch underwrites full-time position at OSRF[60]

2017

  • 3/21/2017: First Ukrainian ROS Meetup[61]
  • 5/16/2017: Open Source Robotics Foundation changed its name to Open Robotics.[62]
  • 7/22/2017: Third ROS Summer School in China[63]
  • 9/21/2017: ROSCon 2017. Program here.[64]

2018

  • 5/23/2018: ROS Melodic Morenia[65]
  • 7-8/07/2018: First ROS Developers Conference (ROSDevCon). The worldwide Online conference for developers to learn from experts how to program robots with ROS[66]
  • 9/28/2018: Microsoft ported Core ROS to Windows 10
  • 9/29/2018: ROSCon 2018 in Madrid.
  • 11/26/2018: Amazon launches AWS RoboMaker. The cloud-based service utilizes Robot Operating System (ROS) to offer developers a place to develop and test robotics applications.

Applications

ROS areas include:

  • a master coordination node
  • publishing or subscribing to data streams: images, stereo, laser, control, actuator, contact sensor, etc.
  • multiplexing information
  • node creation and destruction
  • nodes are seamlessly distributed, allowing distributed operation over multi-core, multi-processor, GPUs, and clusters
  • logging
  • parameter server
  • test systems

ROS package application areas will include:

  • perception
  • object identification
  • segmentation and recognition
  • Face recognition
  • gesture recognition
  • motion tracking
  • egomotion
  • motion understanding
  • structure from motion (SFM)
  • stereo vision: depth perception via two cameras
  • motion
  • mobile robotics
  • control
  • planning
  • grasping

ROS-Industrial

ROS-Industrial[67] is an open-source project (BSD (legacy) / Apache 2.0 (preferred) license) that extends the advanced capabilities of ROS to manufacturing automation and robotics. The ROS-Industrial repository includes interfaces for common industrial manipulators, grippers, sensors, and device networks. It also provides software libraries for automatic 2D/3D sensor calibration, process path/motion planning, applications like Scan-N-Plan, developer tools like the Qt Creator ROS Plugin, and training curriculum that is specific to the needs of manufacturers. ROS-I is supported by an international Consortium of industry and research members. The project began as a collaborative endeavor between Yaskawa Motoman Robotics, Southwest Research Institute, and Willow Garage to support the use of ROS for manufacturing automation, with the GitHub repository being founded in January 2012 by Shaun Edwards (SwRI). Currently, the Consortium is divided into three groups; the ROS-Industrial Consortium Americas (led by SwRI and located in San Antonio, Texas), the ROS-Industrial Consortium Europe (led by Fraunhofer IPA and located in Stuttgart, Germany) and the ROS-Industrial Consortium Asia Pacific (led by Advanced Remanufacturing and Technology Centre (ARTC) and Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and located in Singapore).

The Consortia supports the global ROS-Industrial community by conducting ROS-I training, providing technical support and setting the future roadmap for ROS-I, as well as conducting pre-competitive joint industry projects to develop new ROS-I capabilities.[68]

Version history

ROS releases may be incompatible with other releases and are often referred to by code name rather than version number. The major releases so far are:

Distro Release date Poster EOL date
Melodic MoreniaMay 23, 2018c|2023-05-30}}
Lunar LoggerheadMay 23, 2017c|2019-05-30}}
Kinetic KameMay 23, 2016c|2021-05-30}}
Jade TurtleMay 23, 2015o|2017-05-30}}
Indigo IglooJuly 22, 2014co|2019-04-30}}
Hydro MedusaSeptember 4, 2013o|2014-05-31}}
Groovy GalapagosDecember 31, 2012o|2014-07-31}}
Fuerte TurtleApril 23, 2012o|--}}
Electric EmysAugust 30, 2011o|--}}
DiamondbackMarch 2, 2011o|--}}
C TurtleAugust 2, 2010o|--}}
Box TurtleMarch 2, 2010o|--}}
{{Version |l |show=011101}}

Ports to robots and boards

  • ABB, Adept, Fanuc, Motoman, and Universal Robots are supported by ROS-Industrial[69]
  • Baxter[70] at Rethink Robotics, Inc.
  • BeagleBoard. The robotics lab of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium[71] has ported ROS to the Beagleboard
  • HERB[72] developed at Carnegie Mellon University in Intel's personal robotics program
  • Husky A200 robot developed (and integrated into ROS) by Clearpath Robotics[73]
  • PR1 personal robot developed in Ken Salisbury's lab at Stanford[74]
  • PR2 personal robot being developed at Willow Garage[75]
  • Raven II Surgical Robotic Research Platform[76][77]
  • rosbridge protocol and server[78] Brown University[79] developed the rosbridge protocol to enable any robot or computing environment to integrate with ROS using JSON-based messaging, such as for common web browsers, Matlab, Microsoft Windows, OS X, and embedded systems
  • Shadow Robot Hand[80] – A fully dexterous humanoid hand.
  • STAIR I and II[81] robots developed in Andrew Ng's lab at Stanford
  • SummitXL:[82] Mobile robot developed by Robotnik, an engineering company specialized in mobile robots, robotic arms, and industrial solutions with ROS architecture.
  • Nao[83] humanoid: University of Freiburg's Humanoid Robots Lab[84] developed a ROS integration for the Nao humanoid based on an initial port by Brown University[79][85]
  • UBR1[86][87] developed by Unbounded Robotics, a spin-off of Willow Garage.
  • Raspberry Pi: image of ubuntu Mate with ROS[88] by Ubiquity Robotics; installation guide for Raspbian[89]
  • ROSbot: autonomous robot platform by Husarion[90]
  • Webots: robot simulator integrating a complete ROS programming interface[91].

ROS packages

ROS contains many open source implementations of common robotics functionality and algorithms. These open source implementations are organized into "packages". Many packages are included as part of ROS distributions, while others may be developed by individuals and distributed through code sharing sites such as github.

See also

{{Portal|Robotics|Free and open-source software}}
  • Open hardware
  • Robotics middleware
  • Open source software

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://wiki.ros.org/melodic|title=ROS Melodic Morenia |publisher=wiki.ros.org |date= |accessdate=2018-06-10}}
2. ^ROS-Introduction http://wiki.ros.org/ROS/Introduction
3. ^{{cite web|last1=Kay|first1=Jackie|title=Proposal for Implementation of Real-time Systems in ROS 2|url=http://design.ros2.org/articles/realtime_proposal.html|access-date=16 August 2016}}
4. ^{{cite web|last1=Kay|first1=Jackie|title=Realtime Design Guidelines For ROS 2|url=http://design.ros2.org/articles/realtime_background.html#design-guidelines-for-ros-2|website=design.ROS2.org|publisher=ROS2|access-date=22 November 2018}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=ROS 2 For Realtime Applications|url=https://discourse.ros.org/t/ros2-for-real-time-applications/6493|website=discourse.ROS.org|publisher=ROS|access-date=22 November 2018}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=Browsing packages for indigo|url=http://www.ros.org/browse/list.php|website=ROS.org|publisher=ROS|access-date=21 February 2016}}
7. ^{{cite web|title=Package Summary|url=http://wiki.ros.org/roscpp|website=ROS.org|publisher=ROS|accessdate=21 February 2016}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Package SUmmary|url=http://wiki.ros.org/rospy|website=ROS.org|publisher=ROS|accessdate=21 February 2016}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Package Summary|url=http://wiki.ros.org/roslisp|website=ROS.org|publisher=ROS|access-date=21 February 2016}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://wiki.ros.org/Client%20Libraries|title=client libraries|website=ROS.org|access-date=12 December 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://wiki.ros.org/ROS/Installation |title=ROS/Installation - ROS Wiki |publisher=Wiki.ros.org |date=2013-09-29 |accessdate=2014-07-12}}
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49. ^ROS meetup in Korea
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Notes
{{refbegin}}
  • STAIR: The STanford Artificial Intelligence Robot project, Andrew Y. Ng, Stephen Gould, Morgan Quigley, Ashutosh Saxena, Eric Berger. Snowbird, 2008.
{{refend}}

Related projects

  • RT middleware – Robot middleware standard/implementations. RT-component is discussed / defined by the Object Management Group.

External links

  • {{Official website|http://www.ros.org}}

8 : 2007 in robotics|2007 software|Computer vision software|Free software operating systems|Open-source robots|Robot operating systems|Robotic manipulation|Robotics suites
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