| 词条 | Maria Konopnicka |
| 释义 |
| name = Maria Konopnicka | image = Maria Konopnicka Portrait.jpg | imagesize = 160px | caption = | pseudonym = Jan Sawa, Marko, Jan Waręż | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1842|5|23}} | birth_place = Suwałki, Congress Poland | death_date = {{death date and age|1910|10|8|1842|5|23}} | death_place = Lviv, Austria-Hungary | occupation = Writer, poet | nationality = Polish | period = | genre = Realism | subject = | movement = | notableworks = Rota | spouse = | children = | relatives = | influences = | influenced = | awards = }}Maria Konopnicka ({{IPA-pl|ˈmarʲa kɔnɔpˈɲit͡ska|-|Maria.Konopnicka.ogg}}), née Wasiłowska (23 May 1842 – 8 October 1910) was a Polish poet, novelist, children's writer, translator, journalist, critic, and activist for women's rights and for Polish independence. She used pseudonyms, including Jan Sawa. She was one of the most important poets of Poland's Positivist period.[1][2] LifeKonopnicka was born in Suwałki on 23 May 1842.[3] Her father, Józef Wasiłowski, was a lawyer.[3] She was home-schooled and spent a year (1855–56) at a convent pension of the Sisters of Eucharistic Adoration in Warsaw (Zespół klasztorny sakramentek w Warszawie).[5] She made her debut as a writer in 1870 with the poem, "W zimowy poranek" ("On a Winter's Morn").[6] She gained popularity after the 1876 publication of her poem, "W górach" ("In the Mountains"), which was praised by future Nobel laureate Henryk Sienkiewicz.[6][8] In 1862 she married Jarosław Konopnicki.[3][8] They had six children.[3][12] The marriage was not a happy one,[13] as her husband disapproved of her writing career.[8] In a letter to a friend, she described herself as "having no family" and as being "a bird locked in a cage".[13] Eventually in 1878, in an unofficial separation, she left her husband and moved to Warsaw to pursue writing.[3][13] She took her children with her.[18] She would often travel in Europe; her first major trip was to Italy in 1883.[6] She spent the years 1890–1903 living abroad in Europe.[6][21] Her life has been described as "turbulent", including extramarital romances, deaths, and mental illnesses in the family.[8] She was a friend of a Polish woman poet of the Positivist period, Eliza Orzeszkowa,[23] and of the painter and activist Maria Dulębianka (with whom she lived in a possibly romantic relationship).[24] It has been speculated that she was bisexual or a lesbian (particularly in relation to Dulębianka[8][26]), though this has not been properly researched, and the question is not usually mentioned in biographies of Konopnicka.[27][28][29][30] In addition to being an active writer, she was also a social activist, organizing and participating in protests against the repression of ethnic (primarily Polish) and religious minorities in Prussia.[6] She was also involved in women's-rights activism.[32] Her literary work in the 1880s gained wide recognition in Poland.[6] In 1884 she began writing children's literature, and in 1888 she debuted as an adult-prose writer with Cztery nowele (Four Short Stories).[6] Due to the growing popularity of her writings, in 1902 a number of Polish activists decided to reward her by buying her a manor house.[21] It was purchased with funds collected by a number of organizations and activists.[21] As Poland was not an independent country at the time, and as her writings were politically uncongenial to the Prussian and Russian authorities, a location was chosen in the more tolerant Austrian partition of pre-Partition Poland.[21] In 1903 she received a manor in Żarnowiec, where she arrived on 8 September.[21][39] She would spend most springs and summers there, but she would still travel about Europe in fall and winter.[6][21] She died in Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) on 8 October 1910.[21] She was buried there in the Łyczakowski Cemetery.[3] WorkKonopnicka wrote prose (primarily short stories) as well as poems.[44] One of her most characteristic styles were poems stylized as folk songs.[6] She would try her hand at many genres of literature, such as reportage sketches, narrative memoirs, psychological portrait studies and others.[6] Common theme in her works included the oppression and poverty of the peasantry, the workers and the Polish Jews.[2][3] Her works were also highly patriotic and nationalistic.[1][50][51] Due to her sympathy for the Jewish people she was described as a philosemite.[1] One of her best known works is the long epic in six cantos, Mister Balcer in Brazil (Pan Balcer w Brazylii, 1910), on the Polish emigrants in Brazil.[3][6] Another one was Rota (Oath, 1908) which set to the music by Feliks Nowowiejski two years later became an unofficial anthem of Poland, particularly in the territories of the Prussian Partition.[39][56] This patriotic poem was strongly critical of the Germanization policies and thus described as anti-German.[57] Her most famous children's literature work is the 1896 O krasonoludkach i sierotce Marysi (Little Orphan Mary and the Gnomes).[51] Her children literature works were well received, as compared to many other works of the period.[6] Maria Konopnicka also composed a poem about the execution of the Irish patriot, Robert Emmet. Emmet was executed by the British authorities in Dublin in 1803, but Konopnicka published her poem on the topic in 1908.[60] She was also a translator. Her translated works include Ada Negri's Fatalita and Tempeste, published in Poland in 1901. MemorialsKononpnicka mansion in Żarnowiec was converted in museum, opened in 1957, the Maria Konopnicka Museum in Żarnowiec (Muzeum Marii Konopnickiej w Żarnowcu).[21][39] A second museum was opened in Suwałki in 1973.[64] A number of schools and other institutions, including several streets and plazas, bear her name in Poland. Polish Merchant Navy ship MS Maria Konopnicka was also named after her. Several plaques and monuments to her have been constructed. One of the most recent ones is a monument to her built in Suwałki in 2010.[65] A crater on Venus was named after her in 1994.[66] Selected worksPoetry
Prose
Children's
Poems
Notes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book |author=Anita Kłos |chapter=On Maria Konopicka's Translation of Ada Negri's Fatalita and Tempeste |editor=Magda Heydel |title=Przekładaniec, 2 (2010) vol 24 – English Version |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-DYzXpBVUp8C&pg=PA112 |accessdate=14 May 2013 |publisher=Wydawnictwo UJ |isbn=978-83-233-8669-8 |page=112}} [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]2. ^1 2 {{cite book |author=Anita Kłos |chapter=On Maria Konopicka's Translation of Ada Negri's Fatalita and Tempeste |editor=Magda Heydel |title=Przekładaniec, 2 (2010) vol 24 – English Version |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-DYzXpBVUp8C&pg=PA113 |accessdate=14 May 2013 |publisher=Wydawnictwo UJ |isbn=978-83-233-8669-8 |page=113}} 3. ^1 {{cite book |author=Jan Baculewski |title=Maria Konopnicka: materiały |language= |trans-title=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eE8iAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=14 May 2013 |year=1978 |publisher=Wydawn. Szkolne i Pedagogiczne |page=406}} 4. ^1 {{cite book |author=Mieczyslaw B. Biskupski |title=The history of Poland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDgaX6q9tycC&pg=PA34 |accessdate=14 May 2013 |year=2000 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-30571-9 |page=34}} 5. ^1 {{cite book |author=Zofia Bogusławska |title=Literatura okresu pozytywizmu i realizmu krytycznego: antologia i opracowanie dla klasy X. |language= |trans-title=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTVGAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=14 May 2013 |year=1961 |publisher=Państwowe Zaklady Wydawn. Szkolnych |page=183}} 6. ^1 {{cite book |author=Marzena Chińcz |title=Lesbijki w życiu społeczno-politycznym |language= |trans-title=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0y2GAAAAIAAJ |accessdate=14 May 2013 |year=2006 |publisher=Fundacja Lorga |isbn=978-83-923554-0-3 |page=36}} 7. ^1 {{cite book |author1=Stephen Cushman |author2=Clare Cavanagh |author3=Jahan Ramazani |author4=Paul Rouzer |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: Fourth Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKiC6IeFR2UC&pg=PA1075 |accessdate=14 May 2013 |date=26 August 2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4142-4 |page=1075}} 8. ^1 {{cite book |title=Czas kultury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rX5OAQAAIAAJ |accessdate=14 May 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Obserwator |page=174}} 9. ^1 {{cite book |author1=Ahmet Ersoy |author2=Macie J. Gorny |author3=Vangelis Kechriotis |title=Modernism: The Creation of Nation States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8j-Uemo6SfoC&pg=PA131 |accessdate=14 May 2013 |date=30 October 2010 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=978-963-7326-61-5 |page=131}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite book |author=Richard Frucht |title=Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA49 |accessdate=14 May 2013 |year=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-800-6 |page=49}} 11. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |author=Longina Jakubowska |title=Patrons of History: Nobility, Capital and Political Transitions in Poland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qGi18q-VjwC&pg=PT141 |accessdate=14 May 2013 |year=2012 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-5663-6 |page=141}} 12. ^1 {{cite book |author=Tomasz Kamusella |title=Silesia and Central European Nationalismus: the emergence of national and ethnic groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lt3WuwSbItAC&pg=PA170 |accessdate=14 May 2013 |year=2007 |publisher=Purdue University Press |isbn=978-1-55753-371-5 |page=170}} 13. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |author=Maria Konopnicka |title=Korespondencja |language= |trans-title=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUIDAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=14 May 2013 |publisher=Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich |page=391}} 14. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Gerry Oates |title=Maria Konopnicka agus Robert Emmet |journal=Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society |volume=19 |year=2003 |pages=136–139 |jstor=25746924 |issue=2}} 15. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.muzeum.suwalki.info/strona_m.php?dz=1&id=99 |title=Muzeum im. Marii Konopnickiej w Suwałkach |language= |trans-title= |publisher=Muzeum.suwalki.info |accessdate=2013-05-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507211932/http://www.muzeum.suwalki.info/strona_m.php?dz=1&id=99 |archivedate=2008-05-07 |df= }} 16. ^1 {{cite book |author1=Sylvia Paletschek |author2=Bianka Pietrow-Ennker |title=Women's emancipation movements in the nineteenth century: a European perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-M6xJTquioC&pg=PA214 |accessdate=15 May 2013 |year=2004 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-6707-1 |page=214}} 17. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3086 |title=Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Konopnicka on Venus |publisher=Planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov |accessdate=2013-05-14}} 18. ^1 {{cite book |author=Ilya Prizel |title=National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fE2quB852jcC&pg=PA113 |accessdate=14 May 2013 |date=13 August 1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-57697-0 |page=113}} 19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite book |author=Stanley S. Sokol |title=The Polish Biographical Dictionary: Profiles of Nearly 900 Poles who Have Made Lasting Contributions to World Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGOhdT-w1eIC&pg=PA197 |accessdate=13 May 2013 |year=1992 |publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers |isbn=978-0-86516-245-7 |page=197}} 20. ^1 {{cite book |author=Keely Stauter-Halsted |title=The Nation In The Village: The Genesis Of Peasant National Identity In Austrian Poland, 1848–1914 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7Nwn-WzLC4C&pg=PA112 |accessdate=14 May 2013 |year=2004 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-8996-9 |page=112}} 21. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://m.onet.pl/wiadomosci/kraj,2chpc |title=Suwałki: odsłonięto pomnik Marii Konopnickiej |language= |trans-title= |publisher=M.onet.pl |date=2010-10-08 |accessdate=2013-05-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413151003/http://m.onet.pl/wiadomosci/kraj,2chpc |archivedate=2013-04-13 |df= }} 22. ^1 {{cite book |author=Maria Szypowska |title=Konopnicka jakiej nie znamy |language= |trans-title=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QO1HAAAAIAAJ |accessdate=14 May 2013 |year=1990 |publisher=Wydawn. Spółdzielcze |isbn=978-83-209-0761-2 |page=82}} 23. ^1 {{cite book |author1=Maria Szyszkowska |author2=Remigiusz Grzela |title=Rozmowy z Marią Szyszkowską: 1997–2001 |language= |trans-title=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVp-AAAAMAAJ |accessdate=14 May 2013 |year=2001 |publisher=Matrix |isbn=978-83-914145-1-4 |page=39}} 24. ^1 {{cite web |author=Wojciech Wencel |url=http://www.wprost.pl/ar/141192/Wencel-gordyjski-Homo-wiadomo/ |title=Wencel gordyjski – Homo wiadomo – WPROST |language= |trans-title=|publisher=Wprost.pl |accessdate=2013-05-14}} 25. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://queer.pl/article/186571 |title=Wielcy i niezapomniani: Maria Konopnicka – Artykuły |language= |trans-title=|publisher=queer.pl |date=2006-11-16 |accessdate=2013-05-14}} 26. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |author=Yitzhak Zuckerman |title=A surplus of memory: chronicle of the Warshaw Ghetto uprising |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVGI15EjM2IC&pg=PA501 |accessdate=14 May 2013 |year=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91259-5 |page=501}} 27. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite web |author=Marek Adamiec |url=http://literat.ug.edu.pl/autors/konopn.htm |title=Maria Konopnicka |publisher=Literat.ug.edu.pl |date=1910-10-08 |accessdate=2013-05-14}} 28. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web |url=http://www.muzeumzarnowiec.pl/historia.html |title=Muzeum Marii Konopnickiej w Żarnowcu – Historia Muzeum |language= |trans-title=|publisher=Muzeumzarnowiec.pl |accessdate=2013-05-14}} }} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Maria Konopnicka}}
21 : 1842 births|1910 deaths|People from Suwałki|People from Congress Poland|Polish women novelists|Polish essayists|Polish women essayists|Polish women poets|Polish women's rights activists|19th-century Polish poets|20th-century Polish poets|19th-century Polish novelists|19th-century Polish women writers|19th-century Polish writers|20th-century Polish women writers|20th-century Polish writers|Burials at Lychakiv Cemetery|19th-century essayists|20th-century essayists|Polish translators|19th-century translators |
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