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词条 Andover tornado outbreak
释义

  1. Meteorological synopsis

  2. Confirmed tornadoes

  3. Notable tornadoes

     Haysville–McConnell AFB–Andover, Kansas  El Dorado Lake/Kansas Turnpike Underpass, Kansas  Red Rock, Oklahoma 

  4. Aftermath

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{coord|37.69|-97.136|display=title}}{{Infobox storm
| name = April 26, 1991 tornado outbreak
| image = 4 26 1991 storm reports.png
| alt =
| caption = Storm reports from April 26, 1991
| type = Tornado outbreak
| active = April 26, 1991
| lowest pressure =
| lowest temperature =
| tornadoes = 55 confirmed
| fujitascale = F5
| tornado duration = 19 hours
| highest winds = ~{{convert|268|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} tornadic winds from the Red Rock tornado
| hail =
| gusts =
| maximum snow =
| power outages =
| total fatalities = 21 fatalities, hundreds of injuries
| damages = 250+ million (1991 USD) [1]
| affected = United States Great Plains
| current advisories =
| enhanced =
| notes =
}}

On April 26th, 1991, a large tornado outbreak struck the central United States. The outbreak produced a F5 tornado that heavily damaged the town of Andover, Kansas, as well as numerous less destructive tornadoes throughout the region. The outbreak killed 21 people, 17 of which were from the Andover tornado.

A news team filming a tornado in the outbreak sought shelter under a highway overpass, causing a misconception that overpasses can provide adequate shelter during a tornado.

Meteorological synopsis

On April 25, 1991, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center, now called the Storm Prediction Center, forecast a high risk of severe weather for the following day.[2] A strong storm system was due to move through the area the next afternoon and evening of April 26, 1991.

Confirmed tornadoes

{{Tornado Chart | Total=55 | F0=12| F1=13 | F2=18 | F3=7 | F4=4 | F5=1 }}

(based on [https://web.archive.org/web/20080503053157/http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~storms NOAA Storm Data])

F#LocationCountyTime (UTC)Path lengthDamage
Oklahoma
cat2}} | F2Tonkawa areaKay05451 mile
(1.6 km)
cat3}} | F3E of EnidGarfield17006 miles
(9.7 km)		Two homes were destroyed.
storm}} | F0W of GarberGarfield17150.1 miles
(0.16 km)
cat4}} | F4E of Garber to NW of PawhuskaGarfield, Noble, Osage173066 miles
(107.0 km)		 - See section on this tornado
cat2}} | F2SW of YalePayne18387 miles
(11.3 km)		A dump truck was rolled 200 yards and a well-built barn was destroyed. Two homes lost their roofs as well.
cat4}} | F4SW of Terlton to SW of SkiatookPawnee, Osage191032 miles
(51.9 km)		1 death - Tornado began near Terlton, inflicting minor to moderate damage to trees, power poles, and a few structures. The tornado then rapidly intensified into a violent wedge, sweeping several cars off of the Cimarron Turnpike, resulting in a fatality. The tornado then struck the Keystone Airpark, destroying four hangars and seven airplanes. Two of the planes were tossed into trees. The fire station at the airport was completely destroyed, with one fire engine tossed a quarter mile into trees across the runway. The tornado then struck Westport, destroying 54 homes and damaging 40 others. 70 vehicles, five mobile homes, 18 outbuildings, and three travel trailers were destroyed as well. The Westport community center was also damaged. The tornado then snapped numerous trees and destroyed a Girl Scouts lodge near Lake Keystone before causing additional severe damage in the Skiatook area. Several boats and a marina were damaged at Skiatook Lake, and one 3,000 pound sailboat was thrown half a mile. A nearby propane company was damaged as well. 32 homes were destroyed and 56 others were damaged in the Skiatook area before the tornado dissipated. 24 people were injured.[3][4]
cat1}} | F1E of Little ChiefOsage19270.3 miles
(0.5 km)
cat2}} | F2E of CopanWashington20056 miles
(9.7 km)		1 death - Tornado destroyed a convenience store and caused $100,000 in damage. Fatality occurred when a car was tossed 250 yards into a field. 10 people were injured.
cat4}} | F4Oologah areaRogers20454 miles
(6.5 km)		Though short-lived, this large and violent tornado devastated the town of Oologah before abruptly dissipating. 60 homes, 16 trailers, 30 barns, and 16 apartment buildings were destroyed. Some of the homes were swept away. The Oolagah School building was severely damaged, and multiple school buses were thrown half a mile into Four-Mile Creek. Several metal high-tension towers were downed, and a gas station was destroyed as well. 22 people were injured; however, there were no fatalities. Caused $15,000,000 in damage. On top of the destruction this tornado caused, a downburst that followed the storm caused further damage.[4][5]
cat1}} | F1Chelsea areaRogers21102 miles
(3.2 km)
Kansas
cat2}} | F2N of CherryvaleMontgomery09456 miles
(9.7 km)		A large building at a nursery/greenhouse complex was destroyed, with a loss of $250,000.
cat2}} | F2NW of WashingtonWashington14254 miles
(6.5 km)		Several farm houses were destroyed, and some damage occurred in the town of Ladham. Six people were injured. Rated F3 by Grazulis.
storm}} | F0N of Strong CityChase14451 mile
(1.6 km)
cat3}} | F3NW of Hanover to S of Beatrice, NEWashington, KS, Gage, NE145025 miles
(40.5 km)		Tornado first touched down in Kansas before moving into Nebraska, where the town of Lanham sustained considerable damage. Farms sustained heavy damage near Oden, and several homes were destroyed south of Beatrice before the tornado dissipated.
storm}} | F0NE of Council GroveMorris, Wabaunsee151013 miles
(21.1 km)
cat2}} | F2N of Bushong to NE of GroveWabaunsee, Shawnee, Jackson153544 miles
(71.3 km)		In Waubaunsee County, a farmhouse was destroyed before the tornado moved into Shawnee County and passed near Grove. The tornado produced F0 to F1 damage in Jackson county before dissipating.
storm}} | F0SW of DanvilleHarper16201 miles
(1.6 km)
storm}} | F0SE of Freeport to NE of ArgoniaSumner163016 miles
(25.6 km)
cat1}} | F1N of GoddardSedgwick16472 miles
(3.2 km)
cat5}} | F5SW of Haysville to N of El DoradoSedgwick, Butler165746 miles
(74.6 km)		17 deaths - See section on this tornado
cat1}} | F1S of PutnamSedgwick, Harvey171016 miles
(25.6 km)
cat4}} | F4W of Arkansas City to NW of CambridgeCowley173025 miles
(40.5 km)		1 death - Large wedge tornado passed Arkansas City to the west where witnesses reported seeing the tornado and describing it as being approx. 1 mile wide at the base. The tornado proceeded north toward Hackney, leveling several homes and a cemetery south of town where it caused $5,000,000 in damage. The Tornado continued on its path along the south side of Winfield passing to the east on a line towards Burden where a woman was killed in her trailer near Tisdale.
storm}} | F0W of McFarlandWabaunsee17359 miles
(14.6 km)
cat2}} | F2NE of El Dorado to E of Matfield GreenButler, Chase181021 miles
(33.6 km)		See section on this tornado
cat3}} | F3W of Howard to SeveryElk, Greenwood182614 miles
(22.7 km)		1 death - Spawned from the same storm that produced the Hackney F4 tornado. A house was severely damaged near the beginning of the path, and a mobile home was flattened elsewhere, resulting in a fatality. Two others were injured. Rated F2 by Grazulis.
storm}} | F0W of Strong CityChase18401 mile
(1.6 km)
storm}} | F0S of WichitaSedgwick19331 mile
(1.6 km)
cat3}} | F3SW of Toronto to SE of VirgilGreenwood, Woodson193515 miles
(24.3 km)		Homes and other buildings were destroyed and 26 power poles were snapped. Equipment at a rock quarry was severely damaged, and a 35,000 pound fuel truck was moved 75 yards. A farmhouse was lifted, rotated 90 degrees, and set back down.
cat1}} | F1S of MeridenShawnee, Jefferson195411 miles
(17.8 km)
cat2}} | F2NE of Valley Falls to SW of DoniphanJefferson, Atchison202525 miles
(40.5 km)		Tornado caused severe damage in the Nortonville area, with 13 homes destroyed. A nursing home and several businesses sustained major damage as well. In Atchison County, a grain elevator was damaged and outbuildings were destroyed.
storm}} | F0W of CoffeyvilleMontgomery21201 miles
(1.6 km)
Nebraska
cat1}} | F1N of OhiowaFillmore14401 mile
(1.6 km)
cat2}} | F2E of AdamsGage16004 miles
(6.5 km)		Farms were damaged.
cat3}} | F3E of PalmyraOtoe161514 miles
(22.7 km)		Four farms were destroyed and three homes were damaged. Two people were injured.
storm}} | F0SW of PlainviewPierce17150.1 miles
(0.16 km)
Texas
cat2}} | F2E of ReeseCherokee1800unknownTwo trailers and four homes were destroyed.
cat3}} | F3S of Mount SelmanCherokee18113 miles
(4.9 km)		Three trailers, two frame homes, and one vehicle were destroyed. 25 other homes were damaged.
cat2}} | F2S of Wright CitySmith, Rusk18403 miles
(4.8 km)		Trees were uprooted. Rated F1 by Grazulis.
cat2}} | F2W of HendersonRusk1900unknownA barn and outbuildings were destroyed.
cat1}} | F1Henderson areaRusk1922unknown
cat2}} | F2S of DetroitRed River2100unknownTwo homes and a barn were destroyed.
cat1}} | F1NW of BagwellRed River2119unknown
cat2}} | F2S of NegleyRed River2130unknownA barn was destroyed, a mobile home was overturned, and homes were damaged.
cat1}} | F1N of DetroitRed River0105unknown
Iowa
cat1}} | F1NW of WestphaliaShelby18442 miles
(3.2 km)
cat3}} | F3Denison areaCrawford, Sac19007.7 miles
(12.3 km)		Inflicted $1,000,000 in damage to farms.
cat2}} | F2Milford areaDickinson200018 miles
(29.3 km)		Two farms were damaged. Rated F1 by Grazulis.
cat2}} | F2Allerton areaWayne22109 miles
(14.6 km)		This and the following tornado damaged about 25 properties.
cat2}} | F2S of Sewa to SE of ConfidenceWayne221015 miles
(24.3 km)		Paralleled the previous tornado. Two people were injured when mobile homes were destroyed near Harvard.
cat2}} | F2SE of VictorIowa00555 miles
(8.1 km)		A farmhouse was damaged. Rated F1 by Grazulis.
cat1}} | F1S of MarengoIowa01092 miles
(3.2 km)
Missouri
cat1}} | F1NE of RochesterAndrew21152 miles
(3.2 km)
storm}} | F0S of JoplinNewton22393 miles
(4.9 km)
cat1}} | F1N of CosbyAndrew22572 miles
(3.2 km)
storm}} | F0W of JoplinJasper2305unknown
Sources: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110505093502/http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwEvent~Storms NOAA Storm Data], Tornado History Project - Storm Data for April 26, 1991
{{clear}}

Notable tornadoes

Haysville–McConnell AFB–Andover, Kansas

This long-tracked tornado reached a powerful F5 status and was the most destructive tornado of the entire outbreak. It is considered one of the most-filmed F5 tornadoes of all time, because by 1991, video camcorders were very popular and easily obtainable by the general public. The Andover tornado was filmed from many different angles throughout its life.

At 5:57PM, It first produced extensive damage as it formed south of Clearwater, Kansas. It fluctuated in intensity near the beginning of the path, and then moved through the north side of the city of Haysville, near 63rd Street South and Meridian. Widespread damage was reported in Haysville with many structures destroyed, but there were no fatalities. The tornado entered Wichita city limits near 56th Street South and Broadway/US-81, crossed the Kansas Turnpike at the overpass over 55th Street South. Around 6:20PM, the tornado expanded to around 300 feet wide as it crossed I-35 (the Kansas Turnpike), destroyed a plant nursery at 53rd Street South and Hydraulic Street (briefly turning the tornado pink), and headed toward McConnell Air Force Base. Many people had advance warning before the tornado struck McConnell AFB around 6:24PM. The tornado struck the base school, hospital and housing as an F3 tornado. It caused $62 million in damage on the base, narrowly missing a multibillion-dollar line of B-1 bombers. The damage path widened dramatically as the tornado intensified just east-northeast of the base.[6][7]

By 6:29PM, the tornado had expanded to just over 600 yards wide and was approaching maximum intensity. It continued to move northeast exiting the Wichita metro area and reached F5 intensity as it tore through the town of Andover, Kansas. The warning siren had failed, but most people had heeded warnings by local news media and police. Around 6:40PM, the tornado made a direct hit on the Golden Spur Mobile Home Park. Thirteen people were killed as the trailer park was obliterated, with little left there but scattered debris and twisted mobile home frames. The death toll included a father and son who abandoned their car and sought shelter in a ditch nearby. Extensive wind-rowing of debris and grass scouring was noted as the tornado swept large, well-constructed homes with anchor bolts cleanly from their foundations just west of N Andover Road as the tornado passed through densely populated residential areas. Vehicles were thrown nearly a mile from where they originated, and trees in the area were completely debarked. One vehicle that originated at the Golden Spur mobile home park was thrown 3/4 of a mile, and was so thoroughly mangled that surveyors could not determine if it was a car or a truck.[7] The tornado then veered north, missing a Girl Scout camp where summer camp training was being conducted and a troop campout. The tornado then moved on to the northeast, passing just south of Towanda. The damage in this area was rated at F4 intensity as additional well-built homes were leveled. The tornado continued northeast and reached El Dorado Lake just before 7pm (CST). Video taken by local storm chasers shows that the tornado crossed over the lake and revealed a multiple vortex structure. Just after crossing over the lake to the northeast, the circulation dissipated and died out. The Andover tornado had traveled for nearly 46 miles, and was on the ground for over an hour.[6][7] During that time, not only were 13 people killed, but the tornado had also left a third of Andover's 4,300 residents homeless, and destroyed 300 homes, 10 businesses and two churches.

This was the last F5 tornado recorded in Kansas under the old Fujita scale. The next tornado of such intensity, an EF5 on the newer Enhanced Fujita scale, wouldn't be reported until 16 years later on May 4, 2007, in Greensburg, Kiowa County, about 120 miles west of the path of the 1991 tornado. Since February 1, 2007, the National Weather Service has used the Enhanced Fujita scale.

{{clear}}

El Dorado Lake/Kansas Turnpike Underpass, Kansas

Outbreak death toll
StateTotalCountyCounty
total
Kansas19Butler13
Cowley1
Elk1
Sedgwick4
Oklahoma2Pawnee1
Washington1
Totals21
All deaths were tornado-related
Shortly after the Andover Tornado had died out, the parent supercell gave birth to a new tornado.The new tornado moved northeast from the edge of El Dorado Lake toward Cassoday. A news team from NBC affiliate KSNW-TV in Wichita was returning to the station along the Kansas Turnpike from a story unrelated to the tornado. Reporters Ted Lewis and Greg Jarrett soon encountered a tornado, and decided to try to shoot video of the storm. However, the tornado veered and began following the crew along the highway at a speed faster than they could drive. They reached an overpass where several people had already abandoned their cars. The cameraman advised the other people that they should all get into the very upper part of the overpass, thinking that this would shield them from the wind. The cameraman recorded the entire chain of events as the tornado passed nearby, tossing the van and throwing debris. The overpass itself did not receive a direct hit from the tornado, but it appeared to on camera as the tornado passed just behind the cameraman's location. It lasted approximately 20 seconds. The tornado then continued northeast and dissipated at about 7:30 p.m., just northeast of the Cassoday Interchange of the Kansas Turnpike. All the cars parked under the underpass had their windows blown out. Other cars and tractor-trailers on the turnpike (hit by the tornado) rolled multiple times or were tossed from the roadway, injuring four people.

Due to the popularity of the news team's video, in which they are depicted surviving by using an overpass for shelter, overpasses are now frequently jammed with people seeking shelter during tornado activity. Such was the case in many areas during the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak, in which some people left the safety of their homes when the tornado warning was issued to take shelter under overpasses. One tornado hit three underpasses and killed people at each one. It is now believed that highway overpasses provide little, if any, protection from tornadic winds, and the National Weather Service strongly advises against using overpasses for shelter. An overpass is an extremely dangerous spot to be in a tornado, especially if it does not have the open girder design like that in the video. Using underpasses as protection does little more than raise people above ground level, exposing them to higher winds and more debris. Additionally, the wind speed may be increased by the wind tunnel effect.[8] Another danger is the sheer number of people now congregating at underpasses blocks traffic, which has hindered emergency responders. Moreover, it presents the danger that an intense tornado will hit people taking shelter as well as bystanders stuck in traffic, who are massed in a vulnerable location incurring the possibility of a significant death toll.[9]

Red Rock, Oklahoma

South of Wichita, in Garfield County, Oklahoma, tornado chasers (including Warren Faidley, Gene Moore, Howard Bluestein, KJRH-TV meteorologist Gary Shore and many other chasers) observed the touchdown of what would be the longest-tracked tornado of the outbreak. The tornado began 2.5 miles east of Garber, and then grew into a large 3/4 mile wide wedge as it passed south of Billings, destroying a house. As the tornado passed near Ceres, two farms were destroyed. In rural areas of Noble County, trees were debarked and pavement was scoured off of several county roads. The tornado then crossed into Osage County, uprooting trees and damaging another house as it passed near Fairfax. At least one home was completely demolished, leaving no walls standing (indicating F4 damage). At one point, a University of Oklahoma chase team used a portable Doppler weather radar to measure a wind speed of up to 268 mph in the funnel, indicating that winds reached F5 intensity within the tornado. However, these readings were taken near the top of the funnel, indicating that these winds may not have reached ground level. At the time, this was the fastest wind speed ever measured on Earth (it has now been surpassed by a tornado near Bridge Creek in Central Oklahoma on May 3, 1999, which produced a 1/4 mile gust of 302 mph[10]). A large oil rig was toppled before the tornado lifted in central Osage County, after having traveled for 66 miles and injuring six people. It encountered few man-made structures along its path, making it difficult for storm survey teams to rate. It was given an F4 rating.[7]

{{clear}}

Aftermath

The 1991 outbreak was featured in two different documentaries: the first one was Enemy Wind, a documentary produced by The Weather Channel. It was also covered in Cyclone, a documentary that was produced and distributed by National Geographic, which released this one and dozens of other documentaries under its National Geographic Home Video series, and were released in both VHS and DVD formats.

See also

  • List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
  • List of Storm Prediction Center high risk days

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00016290.htm |title=Tornado Disaster - Kansas, 1991 |publisher=Cdc.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-09-07}}
2. ^ {{dead link|date=September 2010}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/tsa/?n=weather-event_1991apr26-newspapers#Andover |title=Newspaper Accounts |website=NWS Tulsa |publisher=NWS Tulsa |accessdate=9 December 2013}}
4. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/?n=tornadodata-ok-violent |title=Violent Tornadoes (F4/EF4/F5/EF5) in Oklahoma (1950-Present) |date=September 16, 2013 |website=NWS Norman |publisher=NWS Norman |accessdate=9 December 2013}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/tsa/?n=weather-event_1991apr26-ballard |title=Rebuilding the Oolagah School |website=NWS Tulsa |publisher=NWS Tulsa |accessdate=9 December 2013}}
6. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/tsa/?n=weather-event_1991apr26-newspapers |title=The Plains tornado outbreak of April 26, 1991 |website=NWS Tulsa |publisher=NWS Tulsa |accessdate=9 December 2013}}
7. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|author=Thomas P. Grazulis|title=Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991|date=July 1993|publisher=The Tornado Project of Environmental Films|location=St. Johnsbury, Vermont|isbn=1-879362-03-1}}
8. ^Speed Up Effects: Tunnel Effects, Danish Wind Industry Association {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610015333/http://www.windpower.org/en/tour/wres/speedup.htm |date=June 10, 2008 }}
9. ^NWS Presentation on Deaths Due to Use of Underpasses as Shelters {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825082053/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/papers/overpass.html |date=August 25, 2009 }}
10. ^Doppler On Wheels - Center for Severe Weather Research (cswr.org) {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5sZWvfQp8?url=http://www.cswr.org/dow/DOW.htm |date=September 7, 2010 }}

External links

  • Map of The Andover, Kansas Outbreak Tornado History Project
  • Gene Moore's April 26, 1991 Chase Account
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110505093502/http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwEvent~Storms NOAA Storm Data]
  • {{note|death}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20051114213725/http://www.tornadoproject.com/myths/myths.htm Site dispelling tornado "myths," with a mention of overpasses]
{{1991 tornado outbreaks}}{{DEFAULTSORT:April 26, 1991 tornado outbreak}}

9 : F5 tornadoes|Tornadoes of 1991|Tornadoes in Oklahoma|Tornadoes in Kansas|Butler County, Kansas|Sedgwick County, Kansas|1991 natural disasters in the United States|1991 in Kansas|April 1991 events
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