| 词条 | Roderigue Hortalez and Company |
| 释义 |
Roderigue Hortalez and Company was a shell corporation created by Spain and France in 1775[1] in order to provide arms and financial assistance to American Revolutionaries in anticipation of the American Revolutionary War against Britain.[2] The ruse was organized by Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, a French playwright, watch-maker, inventor, musician, politician, fugitive, spy, publisher, arms-dealer, and revolutionary. Weapons and materials were procured to help the Americans fight the British, enemies of France at the time, through the corporation. Background{{see also|French and Indian War}}The Seven Years' War had gone badly for France, which had lost nearly all of her North American colonial possessions and had been militarily humiliated by the British. Spain, who had been an ally of France late in the war, had lost the strategically important territory of Florida. Britain, meanwhile, had expanded its colonial territories across large areas of North America. To get out of legal trouble Pierre Beaumarchais pledged his services to the king in order to restore his civil rights.[4] In 1774, Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes was appointed the foreign minister of France by Louis XVI. Vergennes was strongly anti-England, at one point declaring "England is the natural enemy of France."[2] His chance to strike at Britain came through Pierre Beaumarchais. The company in operationBeaumarchais, working as a secret agent, had traveled to London in pursuit of Chevalier d'Eon, a cross-dressing agent of Louis XVI, who had threatened the King with blackmail.[5] During that period Beaumarchais fell in with the dissolute crowd that surrounded John Wilkes, the Mayor of London. There he received a letter from the Continental Congress, delivered by Arthur Lee. In it Congress suggested to his government that it encourage the rebellion in the thirteen colonies by sending secret military aid disguised as a loan. Beaumarchais believed Britain's economy would be significantly crippled without the thirteen colonies. Louis XVI and Vergennes agreed. Both states were unwilling to openly show their support, at least until after the rebellion had successfully begun.[2] Before the Declaration of Independence was even signed, weapons and other necessities were already flowing via the ostensibly neutral Dutch island of St. Eustatius. Muskets, cannons, cannonballs, gunpowder, bombs, mortars, tents, and enough clothing for 30,000 men were sent. This assistance kept American hopes alive during the spring of 1776.[7] Hortalez & Co. conducted business with the Americans from France through Connecticut merchant Silas Deane, who was sharing a covert trade agency with Thomas Morris the half-brother of Robert Morris (financier). Because this business did not include Arthur Lee, Lee then made it a point that Beaumarchais would never be paid for the goods he provided. He did this, not to harm Beaumarchais, but to deprive a political competitor his commission. As a result of Lee's actions, Deane lived in disgrace and poverty for years, and eventually died trying to prove that he was due the money. OppositionThe only major opposition to the plan came from French minister of finance Baron Turgot. He insisted that American independence would occur whether or not France financed the rebellion.[2] He said the funding would add to the already heavy burden of a general French military and naval buildup and would lead to bankruptcy. Turgot eventually resigned in protest.[7] References1. ^http://xenophongroup.com/mcjoynt/spain01.htm 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite book | last = Jones | first = Howard | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913 | publisher = Scholarly Resources Inc. | year = 2002 | location = | pages = 5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=TFyLOUrdGFwC&dq=crucible+of+power&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=R5McHMJ2SJ&sig=-Q3JyWkBZhwvwE9HDCiUfWf8oJ8&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result#PPP1,M1 | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-8420-2916-8}} 3. ^{{cite web | last = Vaughn | first = Michael J. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Spy Who Loved Us | work = | publisher = Wave Magazine | date = | url = http://www.thewavemag.com/pagegen.php?pagename=article&articleid=26126 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 25 December 2008}} 4. ^Beaumarchais: The three Figaro plays, translation and notes by David Edney, Doverhouse, 2000. 5. ^Georges Édouard Lemaître. Beaumarchais. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1949 6. ^{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Intelligence Operations | work = | publisher = CIA | date = 15 March 2007 | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/intelligence/intellopos.html | doi = | accessdate = 25 December 2008}} dead link 7. ^1 Jones, Crucible of Power. pp. 6 Further reading
3 : American Revolution|1775 establishments|Weapons trade |
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