| 词条 | Maria von Trapp | ||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Maria von Trapp | image = Maria von Trapp in 1948.jpg | caption = Photo from Declaration of Intention, 21 January 1944 | birth_name = Maria Augusta Kutschera | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1905|1|26}} | birth_place = Vienna, Austria-Hungary | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1987|3|28|1905|1|26}} | death_place = Morrisville, Vermont | spouse = {{marriage|Georg Ritter von Trapp|1927|1947|end=died}} | children = Rosmarie von Trapp Eleonore von Trapp Johannes von Trapp }}Baroness[1][2][3] Maria Augusta von Trapp DHS (née Kutschera; 26 January 1905 – 28 March 1987) was the stepmother and matriarch of the Trapp Family Singers.[4][5] She wrote The Story of the Trapp Family Singers, which was published in 1949 and was the inspiration for the 1956 West German film The Trapp Family, which in turn inspired the Broadway musical The Sound of Music (1959) and its 1965 film version.[6][6] Early lifeMaria was born on 26 January 1905 to Augusta (Rainer) and Karl Kutschera.[7] She was delivered on a train heading from her parents' village in Tyrol to a hospital in Vienna, Austria.[6] She was an orphan by her tenth birthday. She graduated from the State Teachers College for Progressive Education in Vienna at age 18 in 1923. In 1924, she entered Nonnberg Abbey, a Benedictine monastery in Salzburg, as a postulant intending to become a nun.{{cn|date=November 2018}} MarriageMaria was asked to teach one of the seven children of widowed naval commander Georg von Trapp in 1926, while she was still a schoolteacher at the abbey.[6][8] His wife Agatha had died in 1922 from scarlet fever.[9] Eventually, Maria began to look after the other children, as well. Captain von Trapp saw how much she cared about his children and asked her to marry him, although he was 25 years her senior. She was frightened and fled back to Nonnberg Abbey to seek guidance from the mother abbess, who advised her that it was God's will that she should marry him. She then returned to the family and accepted the proposal. She wrote in her autobiography that she was very angry on her wedding day, both at God and at her husband, because what she really wanted was to be a nun. "I really and truly was not in love. I liked him but didn't love him. However, I loved the children, so in a way I really married the children. I learned to love him more than I have ever loved before or after."[13] They were married on 26 November 1927 and had three children together: Rosmarie (born 1929), Eleonore ("Lorli") (born 1931), and Johannes (born 1939). Financial problemsThe Trapps faced financial ruin in 1935. He had transferred his savings from a bank in London to an Austrian bank run by a friend named Frau Lammer. Austria was experiencing economic difficulties during a worldwide depression because of the Crash of 1929, and Lammer's bank failed.[10] To survive, the Trapps discharged most of their servants, moved into the top floor of their home, and rented out the other rooms. The archbishop sent Father Franz Wasner to stay with them as their chaplain, and this began their singing career.[13] Early musical career and departure from AustriaSoprano Lotte Lehmann heard the family sing, and she suggested they perform at concerts. When the Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg heard them on radio, he invited them to perform in Vienna.[11] After performing at a festival in 1935, they became a popular touring act. They experienced life under the Nazis after the annexation of Austria by Germany in March 1938. Life became increasingly difficult as they witnessed hostility towards Jewish children by their classmates, the use of children against their parents, the advocacy of abortion both by Maria's doctor and by her son's school, and finally by the induction of Georg into the German Navy. They visited Munich in the summer of 1938 and encountered Hitler at a restaurant. In September, the family left Austria and traveled to Italy, then to England and finally the United States. The Nazis made use of their abandoned home as Heinrich Himmler's headquarters.[12] Initially calling themselves the "Trapp Family Choir", the von Trapps began to perform in the United States and Canada. They performed in New York City at The Town Hall on 10 December 1938.[6][11][13][21] The New York Times wrote: There was something unusually lovable and appealing about the modest, serious singers of this little family aggregation as they formed a close semicircle about their self-effacing director for their initial offering, the handsome Mme. von Trapp in simple black, and the youthful sisters garbed in black and white Austrian folk costumes enlivened with red ribbons. It was only natural to expect work of exceeding refinement from them, and one was not disappointed in this.[6][14] Charles Wagner was their first booking agent, then they signed on with Frederick Christian Schang. Thinking the name "Trapp Family Choir" too churchy, Schang Americanized their repertoire and, following his suggestion, the group changed its name to the "Trapp Family Singers".[12] The family, which by then included ten children, was soon touring the world giving concert performances.[6] Alix Williamson served as the group's publicist for over two decades. After the war, they founded the Trapp Family Austrian Relief fund, which sent food and clothing to people impoverished in Austria. Move to the United StatesIn the 1940s, the family moved to Stowe, Vermont where they ran a music camp when they were not touring. In 1944, Maria, Johanna, Martina, Maria, Hedwig, and Agathe applied for U.S. citizenship, whereas Georg never applied to become a citizen. Rupert and Werner became citizens by serving during World War II, while Rosmarie and Eleonore became citizens by virtue of their mother's citizenship. Johannes was born in the United States in Philadelphia in September 1939 during a concert tour.[10] Georg von Trapp died in 1947 in Vermont after suffering lung cancer. The family made a series of 78-rpm records for RCA Victor in the 1950s, some of which were later issued on RCA Camden LPs. There were also a few later recordings released on LPs, including some stereo sessions. In 1957, the Trapp Family Singers disbanded and went their separate ways. Maria and three of her children became missionaries in Papua New Guinea. In 1965, Maria moved back to Vermont to manage the Trapp Family Lodge, which had been named Cor Unum. She began turning over management of the lodge to her son Johannes, although she was initially reluctant to do so.[15] Hedwig returned to Austria and worked as a teacher in Umhausen. DeathMaria von Trapp died of heart failure on 28 March 1987 at 82 in Morrisville, Vermont, three days following surgery.[16] She is interred in the family cemetery at the lodge, along with her husband and five of her step-children. Decorations and awardsThe family has won the following awards:[8]
Children
Adaptations of the autobiography{{Main|The Sound of Music}}Maria von Trapp's book, The Story of the Trapp Family Singers, published in 1949, was a best-seller. It was made into two successful German / Austrian films:
The book was then adapted into The Sound of Music, a 1959 Broadway musical by Rodgers and Hammerstein, starring Mary Martin and Theodore Bikel. It was a success, running for more than three years. The musical was adapted in 1965 as a motion picture of the same name, starring Julie Andrews. The film version set US box office records, and Maria von Trapp received about $500,000 (${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|500000|1958|r=2}}}} today) in royalties.[16] Maria von Trapp made a cameo appearance in the movie version of The Sound of Music (1965). For an instant, she, her daughter Rosmarie, and Werner's daughter Barbara can be seen walking past an archway during the song, "I Have Confidence", at the line, "I must stop these doubts, all these worries / If I don't, I just know I'll turn back."[20] Maria von Trapp sang "Edelweiss" with Andrews on The Julie Andrews Hour in 1973. In 1991, a 40 episode anime series, titled Trapp Family Story aired in Japan, her character referred to by her maiden name (Maria Kutschera), voiced by Masako Katsuki. She was portrayed in the 2015 film A Life of Music by Yvonne Catterfeld. Writings
References1. ^https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/29/obituaries/maria-von-trapp-whose-life-was-sound-of-music-is-dead.html 2. ^{{cite web|last1=Inc.|first1=New York Times|title=Tribute to Baron von Trapp Joined by Country He Fled|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/14/us/tribute-to-baron-von-trapp-joined-by-country-he-fled.html|publisher=New York Times – 14 July 1997|accessdate=27 February 2015|quote=The ceremonies ended today in a morning Mass, at which the cadets stood watch during a performance of Franz Schubert's German Mass, then laid a wreath at the grave of Baron and Baroness von Trapp, who were portrayed by Christopher Plummer and Julie Andrews in the 1965 film The Sound of Music.}} 3. ^{{cite web|last1=Gearin|first1=Joan|title=Movie vs. Reality:|url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/winter/von-trapps.html|publisher=The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration - Winter 2005, Vol. 37, No. 4 National Archives|accessdate=27 February 2015|quote=Georg von Trapp, born in 1880, became a national hero as a captain in the Austrian navy during World War I. He commanded submarines with valor and received the title of "Ritter" and subsequently "baron") as a reward for his heroic accomplishments.}} 4. ^{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Maria Augusta Kutschera von Trapp|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603410/Maria-Augusta-Kutschera-von-Trapp|quote=|accessdate=9 January 2011}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Tribute to Baron von Trapp Joined by Country He Fled|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/14/us/tribute-to-baron-von-trapp-joined-by-country-he-fled.html|quote=|newspaper=New York Times|date=14 July 1997|accessdate=8 January 2011}} 6. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2CMWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DBIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2794%2C33446 |newspaper=Milwaukee Journal |agency=(Washington Post) |title=Maria von Trapp speaks |last=Bernhard |first=Marianne |date=1 October 1980 |page=6, part 1 }} 7. ^Maria von Trapp biography accessed 2016-03-01 8. ^1 {{cite news|author=Trapp Family Lodge |url=http://www.trappfamily.com/agathevontrapp |title=The von Trapp Chronology |date= |accessdate=2014-09-20 |quote=Maria was chosen by the Mother Abbess to help the Baron Georg von Trapp with his seven children and tutor young Maria who had contracted scarlet fever. |publisher= |location= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830182358/http://www.trappfamily.com/agathevontrapp |archivedate=2011-08-30 |df= }} 9. ^{{cite news|author=Trapp Family Lodge |url=http://www.trappfamily.com/agathevontrapp |title=Agathe von Trapp 1913–2010 |date= |accessdate=2014-09-20 |quote=When Agathe was 10, her mother died of scarlet fever. ... |publisher= |location= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830182358/http://www.trappfamily.com/agathevontrapp |archivedate=2011-08-30 |df= }} 10. ^1 {{cite news|first=Joan|last=Gearin|url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/winter/von-trapps.html|title=The Real Story of the von Trapp Family|accessdate=5 January 2009|quote=Maria Kutschera and Georg von Trapp married in 1927. They had three children together.|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration}} 11. ^1 {{cite news|title=Family Choir|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,772134,00.html|quote=When Soprano Lotte Lehmann heard them, she suggested concerts. When Austrian Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg heard them over the radio, he invited them to sing in Vienna. Soon the von Trapps were touring the whole map of Europe.|work=Time magazine|date= 19 December 1938|accessdate=7 January 2011}} 12. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last=Trapp|first=Maria Augusta|title=The Story of the Trapp Family Singers|year=1953|quote=After Armistice day when the boys [Maria's sons] were still in Europe, they had gone for a short visit to Salzburg and found that our old home there had been confiscated by Heinrich Himmler; that it had been made his headquarters for the last period of that cruel war; that the chapel had been turned into a beer parlour; and what had been Father Wasner's room had become Hitler's quarters when he came there.|isbn=978-0-385-02896-7}} 13. ^The "seven young singing von Trapps" ranged in age from 16 to 27 and were not young children. 14. ^1 {{cite news|title=Group Heard in Choral Works of Five Centuries in Its First Appearance Here|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/12/11/archives/concert-is-given-by-trapp-family-group-heard-in-choral-works-of.html|quote=An intriguing array of choral selections, culled from the music of the last five centuries, and representative works for the early vertical flutes known as recorders, was presented by the Trapp Family Choir at their first New York concert given yesterday afternoon at Town Hall.|newspaper=New York Times|date=11 December 1938|accessdate=5 January 2009}} 15. ^{{cite book|first=Maria Augusta|last=Trapp|title=Maria: Maria von Trapp, My Own Story|year=1972|quote=Like many other parents who have been leaders for a very long time, I simply didn't know how to step down without bitterness and reproaches.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m36hAgAACAAJ&dq|isbn=0-902088-43-2}} 16. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite news|author=Peter Kerr|title=Maria von Trapp, Whose Life was 'Sound of Music', is Dead|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEED91738F93AA15750C0A961948260|newspaper=New York Times|date=29 March 1987|accessdate=21 July 2007}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://data.matricula-online.eu/de/oesterreich/salzburg/salzburg-aigen/TFB10/?pg=315 |title=Rosa Trapp 8.II. 1929 |date= |accessdate=2018-01-12 |quote= |publisher= }} 18. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/global-pages/larger-image.html?i=/publications/prologue/2005/winter/images/petition-p1-l.jpg&c=/publications/prologue/2005/winter/images/petition-p1.caption.html |title= Petition for Naturalization for Maria von Trapp |accessdate= 5 January 2009 |date=26 May 1948 |agency= National Archives and Records Administration|publisher=Immigration and Naturalization Service via NARA}} 19. ^{{cite news |first= Stephanie|last= Clifford|title=Von Trapps Reunited, Without the Singing|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/25/business/25vontrapp.html?_r=1&em|quote=Still, Johannes von Trapp, the 10th and youngest child, remembers growing up relatively anonymously in a quiet, strict home. ... By 1969, he had graduated from Dartmouth, completed a master's degree from the Yale School of Forestry and was planning on an academic career in natural resources. He returned to Stowe to put the inn's finances in order, and ended up running the place. He tried to leave, moving to a ranch in British Columbia in 1977 and staying a few years, then moving to a ranch in Montana. But the professional management in Stowe kept quitting. "Now I'm stuck here", he said.|work=New York Times|date=24 December 2008|accessdate=26 December 2008}} 20. ^{{cite book| title=The World of the Trapp Family|first=William|last=Anderson|year=1998|publisher=Anderson Publications|isbn=1-890757-00-4}} External links{{commonscat|Trapp family}}
18 : 1905 births|1987 deaths|Musicians from Vienna|Austrian female singers|Austrian emigrants to the United States|Austrian baronesses|Austrian Roman Catholics|Musical theatre characters|Emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss|People from Stowe, Vermont|Trapp family|Austrian governesses|Recipients of the Benemerenti medal|Recipients of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria|Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class|20th-century Austrian singers|Burials in Vermont|20th-century women singers |
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