| 词条 | Rohrbach Roland | |||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Rohrbach Ro VIII Roland was an airliner produced in Germany during the 1920s.[1] It was a conventional strut-braced, high-wing monoplane, based loosely on the Zeppelin-Staaken E-4/20 that Adolf Rohrbach designed in 1920.[2] It had a fully enclosed flight deck and passenger cabin, and featured fixed, tailskid undercarriage.[2] Power was supplied by three engines, one in the nose, and two mounted in nacelles on the wings.[2] Construction was of metal throughout.[3] Design and developmentIn 1926 Deutsche Luft Hansa purchased the prototype Roland, followed by five production examples over that year and the next.[4] The production machines were built with open flight decks, although they were later enclosed, as on the prototype.[4] These were put to work servicing a route between Berlin and London via Hanover and Amsterdam.[4] In July 1927 the Roland held the world endurance record for a payload of 1,000 kg with a flight of 14 hours 23 minutes,[4] and the world distance record for a payload of 2,000 kg of {{convert|1,750|km|mi|abbr=on}}.[5] At different times, the Roland held twenty-two world records.[6] In 1928, Luft Hansa replaced three of its Rolands with new machines of slightly different design. Designated Ro VIIIa, these had a fuselage that was stretched by 30 cm (1 ft) and were powered by the more powerful BMW V engines in place of the BMW IVs fitted to the prototype and first production batch.[4] A new Spanish airline, Iberia, purchased the three Rolands that Luft Hansa retired, and put them into service on its inaugural service between Madrid and Barcelona.[4] In 1929, Rohrbach produced nine examples of a substantially updated Roland for Luft Hansa.[4][6] These featured a major redesign of the flight deck, and a new wing design.[4] Dubbed the Roland II, these aircraft continued in service with the airline until 1936 on its Hamburg–Malmö and Berlin–Munich routes.[4] Luft Hansa sold at least three of these aircraft to Deruluft upon retirement.[4] The Luftwaffe acquired another one, armed it, and operated it at the clandestine school at Lipetsk to train bomber crews.[7] During his 1932 election campaign, Adolf Hitler hired a Rohrbach Ro VIII Roland aeroplane from Deutsche Luft Hansa for his two first series of campaign flights in March and July. The aeroplane was named Immelmann I after World War I pilot Max Immelmann. Hitler switched to a Ju 52 in November 1932.[8] Popular cultureThe Spanish amusement park Tibidabo (Barcelona) got a real-size replica of that plane, painted red. It is the most famous ride in the park, opened on September 23, 1928, sometimes referred to as "the first flight simulator in the world", and called "L'avió" (Catalan for "the plane"). VariantsData from:German Aviation 1919 - 1945[9]
Specifications (Ro VIIIa Roland Ia){{Aircraft specs|ref=Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1928[10] |prime units?=met
|stall speed kmh= |stall speed mph= |stall speed kts= |stall speed note= |never exceed speed kmh= |never exceed speed mph= |never exceed speed kts= |never exceed speed note= |minimum control speed kmh= |minimum control speed mph= |minimum control speed kts= |minimum control speed note= |range km= |range miles= |range nmi= |range note= |combat range km= |combat range miles= |combat range nmi= |combat range note= |ferry range km= |ferry range miles= |ferry range nmi= |ferry range note= |endurance= |ceiling m=4200 |g limits= |roll rate= |climb rate ms= |climb rate ftmin= |climb rate note= |time to altitude={{cvt|1000|m}} in 5.5 minutes; {{cvt|2000|m}} in 13 minutes |wing loading kg/m2=84 |fuel consumption kg/km= |fuel consumption lb/mi= |power/mass={{cvt|0.0592|hp/lb|kW/kg|order=flip}} |more performance= }} References1. ^{{cite book |last= Taylor |first= Michael J. H. |title=Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation |year=1989 |publisher=Studio Editions |location=London |page=768 |isbn= 0-7106-0710-5 }} 2. ^1 2 {{cite book |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft |publisher=Aerospace Publishing|location=London |page=2816 }} 3. ^{{cite book |last=Munson |first=Kenneth |title=Airliners from 1919 to the Present Day |publisher=Peerage Books |location=London |year=1982 |isbn=0-907408-36-2|pages=137–138}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Munson 1982, p.138 5. ^{{cite journal |title=World's Records in Aviation |journal=Flight |date=20 March 1931 |pages=247 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1931/1931%20-%200263.html |accessdate=2009-01-31}} 6. ^1 {{cite journal |title=The Rohrbach 'Roland II' |journal=Flight |date=23 May 1929 |pages=434 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929%20-%201090.html |accessdate=2009-01-31}} 7. ^{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Robert Craig |title=Planting the Dragon's Teeth |journal=Chandelle |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=December 1998 |url=http://worldatwar.net/chandelle/v3/v3n3/articles/lipetsk.html |accessdate=2009-01-31}} 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Hoffmann|first1=Peter|title=Hitler's personal security : [protecting the Führer, 1921-1945]|date=2000|publisher=Da Capo Press|location=[New York]|isbn=978-0306809477|page=72|edition=1st Da Capo Press ed., [2nd ed.].}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Rohrbach Ro VIII Roland I and Roland II| url=http://histaviation.com/ro_8.html| website=histaviation.com| accessdate=8 February 2018}} 10. ^{{cite book |title=Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1928 |editor1-last=Grey |editor1-first=C.G. |year=1928 |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & company, ltd |location=London |pages=145c-146c}} External links{{commons category}}
5 : German airliners 1920–1929|Rohrbach aircraft|High-wing aircraft|Trimotors|Aircraft first flown in 1926 |
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