| 词条 | Romani people in France | |||
| 释义 |
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}{{Infobox ethnic group | group = French Romanis | population =est. 20,000 - 400,000[1] | popplace = Alsace, Aquitaine, Île-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrénées, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhône-Alpes | langs = French, Spanish, Romani, Sinti-Manouche, Erromintxela | rels = | related = Romani people }}{{Romani people}}Romani people in France, generally known in spoken French as "gitans", "tsiganes" or "manouches", are an ethnic group which originated in Northern India. The exact numbers of Romani people in France are not known, with estimates varying from 20,000 to 400,000. At least 12,000 Romani are estimated to live in unofficial urban camps throughout the country, with French authorities often attempting to close down these encampments. In 2009, the French government sent more than 10,000 foreign Romani back to Romania and Bulgaria.[2] OriginThe Romani people originated in Northern India,{{sfn|Hancock|2002 |p= [https://books.google.com/?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PR20 xx] | ps =: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romanian groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’}}[2][3][4][5][6] presumably from the northwestern Indian states Rajasthan[7][8] and Punjab.[7] The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines.[9] More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi. It shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali.[10] Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.[2][3][11] According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of northern India, traditionally referred to collectively as the Ḍoma, are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma.[12] PopulationIn France the Romani people are typically classified into three groups:
The term "Romanichel" is considered pejorative,[14] and "Bohémien" is outdated. The French National Gendarmerie tends to refer to "MENS" ("Minorités Ethniques Non-Sédentarisées"),[15] an administrative term meaning "Travelling Ethnic Minorities". This term is not considered neutral or correct{{who|date=September 2017}}, because broadly a majority of French Romani have homes like other minorities, and are not more "travelling" than others. The exact numbers of Romani people in France are not known, with estimates varying from 20,000 to 400,000. The French Romani rights group FNASAT reports that at least 12,000 Romani, who have immigrated from Romania and Bulgaria, live in unofficial urban camps throughout the country. French authorities often attempt to close down these encampments. In 2009, the government sent more than 10,000 Romani back to Romania and Bulgaria.[16] In 2009, the European Committee of Social Rights found France had violated the European Social Charter (rights to housing, right to protection against poverty and social exclusion, right of the family to protection) in respect to Romani population from foreign countries.[17] Repatriations{{main|Deportation of Roma migrants from France}}In 2010 and 2011, the French government organized repatriation flights to send the French Romani to Romania. On 12 April a chartered flight carrying 160 Romani left northern France for Timisoara. As in the 2010 deportations, the French government gave those Romani leaving France €300 each, with €100 for each child. The Romani on the 12 April flight were forced to sign declarations that they would never return to France.[18] On 9 August, the city of Marseille in southern France forcibly evicted 100 Romani people from their makeshift camp near Porte d'Aix, giving them 24 hours to leave.[19] A chartered flight carrying approximately 150 Romani to Romania left the Lyon area on 20 September.[20] France's goal for 2011 was to deport 30,000 Romani to Romania.[21] As of 2012, France sent about 8,000 Romani to Romania and Bulgaria in 2011, after dismantling camps where they were living on the outskirts of cities. The actions prompted controversy and calls for greater inclusion of Romani people.[22] RacismPrejudiced views of Romani are widespread in France, with a 2014 Pew Research poll indicating that two-thirds of French people have unfavorable views of Romani.[23] According to a report published by the Human Rights League of France and the European Roma Rights Centre, 60 percent of all Romani living in France were forcibly evicted from their homes in 2016, many in cold winter months.[24] Rumors and fake news stories of a white van occupied by Romani attempting to abduct children or young women have spread across the French internet on multiple occasions. A number of violent incidents against Romani occurred in March 2019 after rumors of Romani kidnapping children spread on Facebook and Snapchat. Two people in a white van were attacked by 20 youths in Colombes on March 16. On 25 March, 50 people attacked a Roma camp in Bobigny with sticks and knives, burning several vans, and a separate group of Romani were chased and attacked in Clichy-sous-Bois.[25] Similar incidents occurred in Aubervilliers, Bondy and Noisy-le-Sec.[26] Notable individuals{{further information|:Category:French people of Romani descent}}See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/security/situation-roma-france-crisis-proportions-report/article-150507 |title=Situation of Roma in France at crisis proportions - report |publisher=EurActiv |date= |accessdate=2015-09-27}} 2. ^1 {{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982212012602 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039|first=Isabel|last=Mendizabal |display-authors=etal |title=Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data|journal=Current Biology|date=6 December 2012|accessdate=12 December 2012|volume=22|pages=2342–2349|pmid=23219723}} 3. ^1 {{cite news|author=Sindya N. Bhanoo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0|title=Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India|publisher=New York Times|date=11 December 2012}} 4. ^Current Biology. 5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=AS61CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&dq=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Roma%20Rajasthan%20Punjab&f=false |title=Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives |author=K. Meira Goldberg |author2=Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum |author3=Michelle Heffner Hayes |year=2015 |isbn=9780786494705}} 6. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA147&dq=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Roma%20Rajastan%20Penjab&f=false |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |author=Simon Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo |year=1999 |isbn=9781858286358}} 7. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=AS61CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&dq=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Roma+Rajasthan+Punjab&f=false|title=Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives|first1=K. Meira|last1=Goldberg|first2=Ninotchka Devorah|last2=Bennahum|first3=Michelle Heffner|last3=Hayes|date=6 October 2015|publisher=McFarland|via=Google Books}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA147&dq=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab&f=false|title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East|first1=Simon|last1=Broughton|first2=Mark|last2=Ellingham|first3=Richard|last3=Trillo|date=16 August 1999|publisher=Rough Guides|via=Google Books}} 9. ^{{Citation | last1 = Šebková | first1 = Hana | last2 = Žlnayová | first2 = Edita | year = 1998 | url = http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | title = Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) | place = Ústí nad Labem | publisher = Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem | page = 4 | ISBN = 80-7044-205-0 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | archivedate = 4 March 2016 | df = dmy-all }} 10. ^{{cite journal|first=Milena|last=Hübschmannová|title=Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku|journal=Bulletin Muzea romské kultury|issue=4/1995|year= 1995 |publisher= Muzeum romské kultury|place=Brno|quote=Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.}} 11. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html|title=5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma|work=Live Science}} 12. ^{{Citation | last1 = Rai | first1 = N | last2 = Chaubey | first2 = G | last3 = Tamang | first3 = R | last4 = Pathak | first4 = AK | last5 = Singh | first5 = VK |display-authors=etal | year = 2012 | url = http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 | title = The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | number = 11 | page = e48477 | DOI = 10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 | pmid=23209554 | pmc=3509117}} 13. ^Liégeois, Jean-Pierre. Roma, tsiganes, voyageurs. Council of Europe, 1994. 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Romanichel+france+pejorative&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMo8KEqNbVAhXFhlQKHS9yDQgQ6AEIIzAA#v=onepage&q=Romanichel+france+pejorative&f=false|title=Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies)|first=Donald|last=Kenrick|date=5 July 2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|via=Google Books}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2010/10/13/la-gendarmerie-nie-l-existence-du-fichier-mens_1425469_3224.html|title=La gendarmerie nie l'existence du fichier sur les Roms|date=13 October 2010|publisher=|via=Le Monde}} 16. ^1 {{cite news | title = Q&A: France Roma expulsions | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11027288 | publisher = BBC News | date = 19 August 2010 | accessdate = 22 August 2010}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/Complaints/CC51Merits_en.pdf |format=PDF |title=European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC) v. France|publisher=Coe.int |accessdate=2015-09-27}} 18. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.romea.cz/english/index.php?detail=2007_2336&id=detail) | title= France resumes deportations of Roma people from Romania | date=13 April 2010|work=Czech Press Agency|publisher=Romea.cz|accessdate=25 November 2011}} 19. ^{{cite news | last = Ira | first = Kumaran | title = Marseille mayor orders mass expulsion of Roma camp | url = http://www.wsws.org/articles/2011/aug2011/mars-a11.shtml| work = World Socialist Web Site |publisher =International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI)| date = 11 August 2011 | accessdate = 25 November 2011}} 20. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/09/29/france-one-year-new-abuses-against-roma | title=France: One Year On, New Abuses against Roma | date=28 September 2011|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=25 November 2011}} 21. ^{{cite news | last = Bran | first = Mirel | title = France's Immigration Chief Revisits the Roma Expulsion Issue, in Romania | url = http://www.worldcrunch.com/france-s-immigration-chief-revisits-roma-expulsion-issue-romania/3921 | work = Le Monde | publisher = Worldcrunch | date = 12 October 2011 | accessdate = 25 November 2011 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111122161439/http://worldcrunch.com/france-s-immigration-chief-revisits-roma-expulsion-issue-romania/3921 | archivedate = 22 November 2011 | df = dmy-all }} 22. ^{{cite web|author=Marian Chiriac |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/france-to-tackle-roma-problem-at-home |title=France, EU, Seek Action on Roma from Romania |publisher=Balkan Insight |date=2013-05-03 |accessdate=2015-09-27}} 23. ^{{cite web |title=Chapter 4. Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |url=https://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/ |website=www.pewglobal.org |publisher=Pew Global Research |accessdate=March 27, 2019}} 24. ^{{cite web |last1=Safdar |first1=Anealla |title=Thousands of Roma 'made homeless' in France in 2016 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/thousands-roma-homeless-france-2016-170207204706535.html |website=www.aljazeera.com |publisher=Al Jazeera |accessdate=March 27, 2019}} 25. ^{{cite web |title=Roma in France seek protection after attacks sparked by fake news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190327-roma-france-seek-protection-after-attacks-sparked-fake-news |website=france24.com |publisher=France24 |accessdate=March 27, 2019}} 26. ^{{cite web |last1=Marlowe |first1=Lara |title=Roma attacked in Paris after fake video circulates on social media |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/roma-attacked-in-paris-after-fake-video-circulates-on-social-media-1.3840665 |website=www.irishtimes.com |publisher=Irish Times |accessdate=March 27, 2019}} External links
3 : Romani in France|Romani minorities|Ethnic groups in France |
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