| 词条 | Roman Romkowski |
| 释义 |
| name = Roman Romkowski | image = Roman Romkowski (UB).jpg | image_size = 160px | alt = Roman Romkowski | caption = Roman Romkowski aka Natan Grinszpan-Kikiel | birth_date = {{Birth date|1907|05|22}} | birth_place = Moscow, Russian Empire | death_date = {{Death date and age|1965|07|01|1907|05|22}} | death_place = Warsaw, Poland | citizenship = Polish | other_names = Natan Grünspan | known_for = State Security Services (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa) | occupation = Vice-minister, security agent }}Roman Romkowski born Natan Grünspan-Kikiel,[1] (May 22, 1907 – July 1, 1965) was a Polish communist official of Jewish background trained by Comintern in Moscow,[2] who changed his name and settled into Warsaw after the Soviet takeover,[2] and became second in command (the deputy minister)[1] in Berman's Ministry of Public Security (MBP) during the late 1940s and early 1950s.[1] Along with several other high functionaries including Dir. Anatol Fejgin, Col. Józef Różański, Dir. Julia Brystiger and the chief supervisor of Polish State Security Services, Minister Jakub Berman from the Politburo, Romkowski came to symbolize communist terror in postwar Poland.[3] He was responsible for the work of departments: Counter-espionage (1st), Espionage (7th), Security in the {{nowrap|PPR–PZPR}} (10th Dept. run by Fejgin), and others.[4][8] ArrestRomkowski was arrested on April 23, 1956, during the socialist Polish October revolution,[8] and brought to trial along with functionaries responsible for gross violations of human rights law and their abuse of power.[5] Historian Heather Laskey alleges that it was probably not a coincidence that the high ranking Stalinist security officers put on trial by Gomułka were {{nowrap|Jews.[5]}} Władysław Gomułka was captured by Światło and imprisoned by Romkowski in 1951 on Soviet orders, and interrogated by both, him and Fejgin. Gomułka escaped physical torture only as a close associate of Joseph Stalin,[6] and was released three years later.[7] The court proceedingsAt trial, Col. Różański didn't deny that he routinely tortured prisoners including Polish United Workers' Party members, and he didn't apologize for his actions. Instead, he pointed a finger at Romkowski and continuously repeated the Leninist argument of justification of any means to an end. For him, torturing people was a daily double-shift job, nothing more, nothing less. He admitted that all charges against his victims were falsified on site by his department.[5] Roman Romkowski had been put on trial along with Józef Różański and a second Jewish defendant from his department, Anatol Fejgin. Romkowski insisted that Różański should have been removed already in 1949 for his destructive activities, even though, Romkowski himself taught Różański everything about torture.[5] Both, Romkowski and Różański, were sentenced to 15 years in prison on 11 November 1957,[8][8] for unlawful imprisonment and mistreatment of innocent detainees. Feign was sentenced to 12 years, on similar charges.[9][5][8] A well-known writer Kazimierz Moczarski from AK, interrogated by Romkowski's subordinates from January 9, 1949 till June 6, 1951, described 49 different types of torture he endured. Beatings included truncheon blows to bridge of nose, salivary glands, chin, shoulder blades, bare feet and toes (particularly painful), heels (ten blows each foot, several times a day), cigarette burns on lips and eyelids and burning of fingers. Sleep deprivation, resulting in near-madness – meant standing upright in a narrow cell for seven to nine days with frequent blows to the face – a hallucinatory method called by the interrogators "Zakopane". General Romkowski told him on November 30, 1948, that he personally requested this "sheer hell".[10] The court announced that the actions of Roman Romkowski and his Ministry demoralised the Party as much as its own functionaries. Jakub Berman, the chief supervisor of State Security Services incriminated by Józef Światło who defected to the West, resigned from his Politburo post in May and was evaluated by the 20th Congress, which launched a process of partial democratisation of Polish political as well as economic life. The number of security agents at the ministry was cut by 22%, and 9,000 socialist and populist politicians were released from prison on top of some 34,644 detainees across the country.[11] "The routing of the Polish Stalinists was indeed complete."[12] See also
Notes and references1. ^1 2 Tadeusz Piotrowski, [https://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA60&dq=%221.+General+Roman+Romkowski%22&hl=en&ei=EsPvTJrzGoP88AaqoKTVDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%221.%20General%20Roman%20Romkowski%22&f=false Poland's holocaust. Page 60] McFarland, 1998. {{ISBN|0-7864-0371-3}}. 437 pages. {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Romkowski, Roman}}2. ^[https://books.google.ca/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA60&dq=%221.+General+Roman+Romkowski%22&hl=en&ei=EsPvTJrzGoP88AaqoKTVDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Romkowski&f=false Piotrowski 1998, ibid, p. 64.] 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,969036.html |title="Zmarl Anatol Fejgin, ostatni z kierownictwa UB," |accessdate=2013-06-21 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811040557/http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,969036.html |archivedate=August 11, 2011 |df= }} Gazeta Wyborcza, 11 Sept. 2002, Warsaw. Retrieved from Internet Archive, June 21, 2013. 4. ^1 Roman Romkowski biography, "Niewinnie straceni w latach 1945–56". OptimusNet. {{pl icon}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 Heather Laskey, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=auEDcXd2mrsC&pg=PA193&dq=%22Roman+Romkowski%22&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22Roman%20Romkowski%22&f=false Night voices: heard in the shadow of Hitler and Stalin. Pages 191–194], McGill-Queen's Press MQUP, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7735-2606-4}}. 254 pages. 6. ^[https://books.google.ca/books?id=wkEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA172&dq=%22Roman+Romkowski%22&cd=3#v=onepage&q=%22Roman%20Romkowski%22&f=false "Poland's New Chief", LIFE Magazine, 26 November 1956. Pages: 173–182,] Google Books 7. ^Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Sergeĭ Khrushchev, George Shriver, Stephen Shenfield, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=nR0f25dmbn0C&pg=PT653&lpg=PT653&dq=Gomu%C5%82ka+1951%2B1954&source=bl&ots=zOwNC5PAg-&sig=RRLacvSopi2icgfR_hxk4hhNoCE&hl=en&ei=aYvyTNK8MoKglAfKwPG4DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman, 1953-1964. Page 643.] Penn State Press, 2007. {{ISBN|0-271-02935-8}}. 1126 pages. 8. ^1 Jacek Topyło, "Dossier oprawców." Glaukopis Magazine, 2007. {{cite web|url= |title=Page 3. }}Page 3. {{small|(210.5 KB)}} {{ISSN|1730-3419}} {{pl icon}} 9. ^1 2 3 Barbara Fijałkowska, RÓŻAŃSKI "LIBERAŁEM"{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 15 December 2002, Fundacja Orientacja abcnet; see also: B. Fijałkowska, Borejsza i Różański. Przyczynek do dziejów stalinizmu w Polsce, {{ISBN|83-85513-49-3}}. {{pl icon}} 10. ^Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA378&dq=%22Roman+Romkowski%22&cd=8#v=onepage&q=%22Roman%20Romkowski%22&f=false Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression.] The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, 858 pages. {{ISBN|0-674-07608-7}}. Pages 377–378. 11. ^{{cite web | url=https://independent.academia.edu/LeszekGluchowski/Books/536583/Gluchowski_Leszek._The_Collapse_of_Stalinist_Rule_in_Poland_The_Polish_United_Workers_Party_from_the_XX_CPSU_Congress_to_the_VIII_KC_PZPR_Plenum_February-October_1956._Unpublished_Doctoral_Dissertation_University_of_Cambridge_September_1991 | title=The Collapse of Stalinist Rule in Poland | publisher=University of Cambridge, King's College Faculty of Social and Political Sciences | year=1991 | accessdate=June 1, 2011 | author=Leszek Wlodzimierz Gluchowski | page=100 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006085156/http://independent.academia.edu/LeszekGluchowski/Books/536583/Gluchowski_Leszek._The_Collapse_of_Stalinist_Rule_in_Poland_The_Polish_United_Workers_Party_from_the_XX_CPSU_Congress_to_the_VIII_KC_PZPR_Plenum_February-October_1956._Unpublished_Doctoral_Dissertation_University_of_Cambridge_September_1991 | archivedate=October 6, 2011 | df= }} 12. ^A. Kemp-Welch, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=CIJlVVlJ1C8C&pg=PA84&dq=%22Roman+Romkowski%22&cd=10#v=onepage&q=%22Roman%20Romkowski%22&f=false Poland under Communism: a Cold War history. Pages 83-85.] Cambridge University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|0-521-71117-7}}. 444 pages. 11 : 1907 births|1965 deaths|People from Moscow|Polish Jews|Jewish Polish politicians|Jewish socialists|Polish communists|Communist Party of Poland politicians|Polish Workers' Party politicians|Polish United Workers' Party members|Polish intelligence officers (1943–90) |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。