“Mark David Chapman”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mark David Chapman (born May 10, 1955) is an American criminal who murdered John Lennon at the entrance to the Dakota apartment building in New York City on December 8, 1980. Chapman fired five shots at Lennon from a Charter Arms .38 caliber revolver, hitting him four times in the back. For the next few minutes, Chapman remained standing and began reading J. D. Salinger's novel The Catcher in the Rye until he was arrested by police. He planned to cite the novel as his manifesto.

Raised in Decatur, Georgia, Chapman had been a fan of the Beatles, but after becoming a born-again Presbyterian, he was incensed by Lennon's much-publicized remark about the group being "more popular than Jesus". In the years leading up to the murder, Chapman developed a series of obsessions, including artwork and the music of Todd Rundgren. The Catcher in the Rye took on great personal significance for Chapman, to the extent that he wished to model his life after the novel's protagonist Holden Caulfield. He also contemplated killing other public figures, including Johnny Carson, Elizabeth Taylor, and Ronald Reagan. At the time of the killing, he had no prior criminal convictions and had just resigned working as a night security guard in Hawaii. His wife was aware of his plans but she did not inform the police or mental health services.

Following the murder, Chapman's legal team intended to mount an insanity defense that would be based on the testimony of mental health experts who said he was in a delusional psychotic state. He was more cooperative with the prosecution team, who argued that his symptoms fell short of a schizophrenia diagnosis. As the trial approached, he instructed his lawyers that he wanted to plead guilty based on what he had decided was the will of God. The judge allowed the plea change and concluded that Chapman was sane, sentencing him to a prison term of 20 years to life with a stipulation that mental health treatment would be provided.

Chapman refused all requests for press interviews during his first six years in prison, later saying he regretted the murder and did not want to give the impression that he killed Lennon for fame and notoriety. He ultimately supplied audio-taped interviews to journalist Jack Jones, who used them to write the investigative book Let Me Take You Down: Inside the Mind of Mark David Chapman in 1992. Two biographical films have been made that center on Chapman and the murder: The Killing of John Lennon (2006) and Chapter 27 (2007). He has been denied parole ten times amidst campaigns against his release after becoming eligible in 2000.

Personal background

Mark David Chapman was born on May 10, 1955, in Fort Worth, Texas.^[2] His father, David Chapman, was a staff sergeant in the U.S. Air Force and his mother, Diane (née Pease), was a nurse. His younger sister, Susan, was born seven years later. As a boy, Chapman stated he lived in fear of his father, who he said was physically abusive towards his mother and unloving towards him. Chapman began to fantasize about having king-like power over a group of imaginary "little people" who lived in the walls of his bedroom. He attended Columbia High School in Decatur, Georgia. By the time he was 14, Chapman was using drugs and skipping classes. He once ran away from home to live on the streets of Atlanta for two weeks. He said he was bullied at school because he was not a good athlete. ^[3]

In 1971, Chapman became a born-again Presbyterian and distributed Biblical tracts. He met his first girlfriend, Jessica Blankenship, and began work as a summer camp counselor at the South De Kalb County, Georgia YMCA. He was very popular with the children, who nicknamed him "Nemo" and was made assistant director after winning an award for Outstanding Counselor. ^[4] Those who knew him in the caretaking professions unanimously called him an outstanding worker.^[5]

Chapman read J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye on the recommendation of a friend. The novel eventually took on great personal significance for him, to the extent he reportedly wished to model his life after its protagonist, Holden Caulfield.^[6] After graduating from Columbia High School, Chapman moved for a time to Chicago and played guitar in churches and Christian night spots while his friend did impersonations. He worked successfully for World Vision with Vietnamese refugees at a resettlement camp at Fort Chaffee in Arkansas, after a brief visit to Lebanon for the same work. He was named an area coordinator and a key aide to program director David Moore, who later said Chapman cared deeply for the children and worked hard. Chapman accompanied Moore to meetings with government officials, and President Gerald Ford shook his hand.

Chapman joined Blankenship as a student at Covenant College, an evangelical Presbyterian liberal arts college in Lookout Mountain, Georgia. However, Chapman fell behind in his studies and became obsessed with guilt over having an affair. ^[7]^[8] He started having suicidal thoughts and began to feel like a failure. He dropped out of Covenant College after just one semester and his girlfriend broke off their relationship soon after. Chapman returned to work at the resettlement camp but left after an argument. He then worked as a security guard, eventually taking a week-long course to qualify as an armed guard. After dropping out of college, Chapman went to Hawaii, where he attempted suicide by carbon monoxide asphyxiation. He connected a hose to his car's exhaust pipe but the hose melted and the attempt failed. A psychiatrist admitted Chapman to Castle Memorial Hospital for clinical depression. Upon his release, he began working at the hospital. ^[9] After Chapman's parents began divorce proceedings, his mother joined him in Hawaii.^[8]

In 1978, Chapman went on a six-week trip around the world. The vacation was partly inspired by the film Around the World in Eighty Days. He visited Tokyo, Seoul, Hong Kong, Singapore, Bangkok, Delhi, Beirut, Geneva, London, Paris and Dublin. He began a relationship with his travel agent, a Japanese American woman named Gloria Abe, whom he married on June 2, 1979. Chapman got a job at Castle Memorial Hospital as a printer, working alone rather than with staff and patients. He was fired by the hospital, rehired then got into a shouting match with a nurse and quit. Chapman then took a job as a night security guard and began drinking heavily. ^[9] He developed a series of obsessions, including artwork, The Catcher in the Rye, music and the musician John Lennon. In September 1980, he wrote a letter to a friend, Lynda Irish, in which he stated, "I'm going nuts." He signed the letter, "The Catcher in the Rye." ^[10] Chapman had no criminal convictions prior to his trip to New York City to kill Lennon.^[11]

Murder of John Lennon

Motive and plans

Chapman, a Beatles fan who had idolized Lennon, allegedly started planning to kill him three months prior to the murder. Chapman turned against Lennon after making his religious conversion; he was angry about Lennon's well-publicized 1966 comment that Beatles were "more popular than Jesus." Some members of Chapman's prayer group made a joke in reference to Lennon's song "Imagine": "It went, 'Imagine, imagine if John Lennon was dead.'"^[8] Chapman's childhood friend Miles McManushe recalled he referred to the song as "communist." Jan Reeves, the sister of one of Chapman's best friends, reported Chapman "seemed really angry toward John Lennon and he kept saying he could not understand why John Lennon had said [the Beatles were more popular than Jesus]. According to Mark, there should be nobody more popular than the Lord Jesus Christ. He said it was blasphemy."^[12]

Chapman had also been influenced by reading in a library book, Anthony Fawcett's John Lennon: One Day at a Time, about Lennon's lifestyle in New York. According to his wife Gloria, "He was angry that Lennon would preach love and peace but yet [sic] have millions [of dollars]." Chapman later said, "He told us to imagine no possessions and there he was, with millions of dollars and yachts and farms and country estates, laughing at people like me who had believed the lies and bought the records and built a big part of their lives around his music."^[13] He also recalled having listened to Lennon's John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band album in the weeks before the murder: {{quote|I would listen to this music and I would get angry at him, for saying that he didn't believe in God... and that he didn't believe in the Beatles. This was another thing that angered me, even though this record had been done at least ten years previously. I just wanted to scream out loud, 'Who does he think he is, saying these things about God and heaven and the Beatles?' Saying that he doesn't believe in Jesus and things like that. At that point, my mind was going through a total blackness of anger and rage. So I brought the Lennon book home, into this The Catcher in the Rye milieu where my mindset is Holden Caulfield and anti-phoniness.^[13]}}

His planning has been described as "muddled."^[14] He said he had an alternate hit list of potential targets in mind, including Paul McCartney, Johnny Carson, Elizabeth Taylor, George C. Scott, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Ronald Reagan, and George Ariyoshi. Lennon was chosen because Chapman found him to be the most accessible. The only criterion for the list, he said, was being "famous; that was it." He thought that he would achieve "instant notoriety [and] fame" by killing them.^[15] On the day of the murder, David Bowie was appearing on Broadway in the play The Elephant Man. "I was second on his list," Bowie later said. "Chapman had a front-row ticket to The Elephant Man the next night. John and Yoko were supposed to sit front-row for that show too. So the night after John was killed there were three empty seats in the front row. I can't tell you how difficult that was to go on. I almost didn't make it through the performance."^[16]

Chapman went to New York in October 1980, intending to kill Lennon, but left in order to obtain ammunition from his unwitting friend in Atlanta, Dana Reeves, before returning in November.^[10] It is rumored that, during one of his New York visits, he traveled to Woodstock searching for another target of obsession, Todd Rundgren. Chapman, when he was apprehended, was wearing a promo t-shirt for Rundgren's album Hermit of Mink Hollow and had a copy of Runt. The Ballad of Todd Rundgren in his hotel room. Rundgren was not aware of the connections until "way after the fact".^[17]

December 1980

After being inspired by the film Ordinary People, Chapman returned to Hawaii, telling his wife he had been obsessed with killing Lennon. He showed her the gun and bullets, but she did not inform the police or mental health services.^[8] Chapman said the message "Thou Shalt Not Kill" flashed on the television at him and was on a wall hanging his wife put up in their apartment.^[13] He made an appointment to see a clinical psychologist, but he did not keep the appointment and flew back to New York on December 6, 1980.^[8] At one point, he considered ending his life by jumping from the Statue of Liberty.^[18]

The next day, Chapman accosted singer-songwriter James Taylor at the 72nd Street subway station. According to Taylor, "The guy had sort of pinned me to the wall and was glistening with maniacal sweat and talking some freak speak about what he was going to do and his stuff with how John was interested and he was going to get in touch with John Lennon."^[19] He also reportedly offered cocaine to a taxi driver.^[8] That night, Chapman and his wife talked on the phone about getting help with his problems by first working on his relationship with God.^[13]

On the morning of December 8, Chapman left his room at the Sheraton Hotel, leaving personal items behind the police would later find. He bought a copy of The Catcher in the Rye in which he wrote "This is my statement", signing it "Holden Caulfield." He then spent most of the day near the entrance to the Dakota apartment building where Lennon lived, talking to fans and the doorman. Early in the morning, a distracted Chapman missed seeing Lennon step out of a cab and enter the Dakota. Later in the morning, he met Lennon's housekeeper who was returning from a walk with their five-year-old son Sean. Chapman reached in front of the housekeeper to shake Sean's hand and said he was a beautiful boy, quoting Lennon's song "Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)".^[35]

Around 5:00 p.m., Lennon and Ono left the Dakota for a recording session at Record Plant Studios. As they walked toward their limousine, Chapman shook hands with Lennon and asked for him to sign a copy of his album, Double Fantasy.^[20] Amateur photographer Paul Goresh took a photo of Lennon signing Chapman's album. In a later interview, Chapman said he tried to get Goresh to stay and he asked another Lennon fan who was lingering at the building's entrance to go out with him that night. He suggested if the girl had accepted his invitation or Goresh had stayed, he would not have murdered Lennon that evening, but he probably would have tried another day.^[21]

Around 10:50 p.m., Lennon and Ono returned to the Dakota in a limousine. They got out of the vehicle, passed Chapman and walked toward the archway entrance of the building. From the street behind them, Chapman fired five hollow-point bullets from a .38 special revolver, four of which hit Lennon in the back and shoulder, puncturing his left lung and left subclavian artery.{{citation needed|date=October 2017|reason=death certification only says 'multiple shots' and doesn't have this detail}}^[22] At the time, one newspaper reported before Chapman fired, he softly called out "Mr. Lennon" and dropped into a combat stance.^[23] Chapman said he does not recall saying anything and Lennon did not turn around.^[24]

Chapman remained at the scene and appeared to be reading The Catcher in the Rye when the NYPD officers arrived and arrested him without incident. The first responders recognized Lennon's wounds were severe and decided not to wait for an ambulance. They rushed the mortally wounded musician to Roosevelt Hospital in a squad car, but nothing could be done to save him. Lennon was pronounced dead by Dr. Stephan Lynn at 11:07 p.m. In his statement to police three hours later, Chapman stated, "I'm sure the big part of me is Holden Caulfield, who is the main person in the book. The small part of me must be the Devil."^[25]

Legal process

Chapman was charged with second degree murder. He told police he had used hollow-point bullets "because they are more deadly" and "to ensure Lennon's death".^[26] Gloria Chapman, who had known of her husband's preparations for killing Lennon but took no action because Chapman did not follow through at the time of the acknowledgement, was not charged.^[27] Chapman later said he harbored a "deep-seated resentment" toward his wife, "that she didn't go to somebody, even the police, and say, 'Look, my husband's bought a gun and he says he's going to kill John Lennon'."^[28]

Mental state assessment

More than a dozen psychologists and psychiatrists interviewed Chapman in the six months prior to his planned trial—three for the prosecution, six for the defense, and several more on behalf of the court. A battery of standard diagnostic procedures and over 200 hours of clinical interviews were conducted. All six defense experts concluded Chapman was psychotic; five diagnosed paranoid schizophrenia, while the sixth felt his symptoms were more consistent with manic depression. The three prosecution experts declared his delusions fell short of psychosis and instead diagnosed various personality disorders. The court-appointed experts concurred with the prosecution's examiners he was delusional, yet competent to stand trial. In the examinations, Chapman was more cooperative with the prosecution's mental health experts than with those for the defense, possibly (according to one psychiatrist) because he did not wish to be considered "crazy", and was persuaded that the defense experts only declared him insane because they were hired to do so.^[1]

The Rev. Charles McGowan, who had been pastor of Chapman's church in Decatur, Georgia, visited Chapman as well, and told him of his conviction that it was religion that held the key to his crime. "I believe there was a demonic power at work," he said. Chapman initially embraced his old religion with new fervor as a result; but after McGowan revealed information to the press Chapman had told him in confidence, Chapman disavowed his renewed interest in Christianity and reverted to his initial explanation: he had killed Lennon to promote the reading of The Catcher in the Rye. When asked why it was so important for people to read the book, Chapman said he did not know and did not care.^[1]

Guilty plea

Chapman's first court-appointed lawyer, Herbert Adlerberg, withdrew from the case amid threats of lynching. Police feared Lennon fans might storm the hospital, so they transferred Chapman to Rikers Island for his personal safety.^[29]

At the initial hearing in January 1981, Chapman's new lawyer, Jonathan Marks, instructed him to enter a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity. In February, Chapman sent a handwritten statement to The New York Times urging everyone to read The Catcher in the Rye, calling it an "extraordinary book that holds many answers."^[30] The defense team sought to establish witnesses as to Chapman's mental state at the time of the killing.^[31] It was reported they were confident he would be found not guilty by reason of insanity, in which case he would have been committed to a state mental hospital and received treatment.

However, in June, Chapman told Marks he wanted to drop the insanity defense and plead guilty. Marks objected with "serious questions" over Chapman's sanity, and legally challenged his competence to make this decision. In the pursuant hearing on June 22, Chapman said God had told him to plead guilty and he would not change his plea or ever appeal, regardless of his sentence. Marks told the court he opposed Chapman's change of plea but Chapman would not listen to him. Judge Dennis Edwards refused a further assessment, saying Chapman had made the decision of his own free will, and declared him competent to plead guilty.^[5]^[32]^[33]

Sentencing hearing

On August 24, 1981, the sentencing hearing took place. Two experts gave evidence on Chapman's behalf. Judge Edwards interrupted Dorothy Lewis, a research psychiatrist who was relatively inexperienced in the courtroom, indicating the purpose of the hearing was to determine the sentence and there was no question of Chapman's criminal responsibility. Lewis had maintained Chapman's decision to change his plea did not appear reasonable or explicable, and she implied the judge did not want to allow an independent competency assessment.^[34] The district attorney argued Chapman committed the murder as an easy route to fame. When Chapman was asked if he had anything to say, he rose and read the passage from The Catcher in the Rye, when Holden tells his little sister, Phoebe, what he wants to do with his life:

The judge ordered psychiatric treatment for Chapman during his incarceration and sentenced him to twenty-years-to-life, five years less than the maximum sentence of twenty-five-years-to-life.^[35] Chapman was given five years less than the maximum because he pleaded guilty to second degree murder, thereby avoiding the time and expense of a trial.

Imprisonment

In 1981, Chapman was imprisoned at Attica Correctional Facility outside of Buffalo, New York. After he fasted for twenty six days in February 1982, the New York State Supreme Court authorized the state to force feed him. Martin Von Holden, the director of the Central New York Psychiatric Center, said Chapman still refused to eat with other inmates but agreed to take liquid nutrients.^[36] Chapman was confined to a special handling unit (SHU) for violent and at-risk prisoners, in part due to concern he may be harmed by Lennon's fans in the general population. There were 105 prisoners in the building who were "not considered a threat to him," according to the New York State Department of Correctional Services. He had his own prison cell, but spent "most of his day outside his cell working on housekeeping and in the library."^[37]

Chapman worked in the prison as a legal clerk and kitchen helper. He was barred from participating in the Cephas Attica workshops, a charitable organization helping inmates adjust to life outside prison. He was also prohibited from attending the prison's violence and anger management classes due to concern for his safety. Chapman reportedly enjoys reading and writing short stories. At his parole board hearing in 2004, he described his plans; "I would immediately try to find a job, and I really want to go from place to place, at least in the state, church to church, and tell people what happened to me and point them the way to Christ." He also said he thought there was a possibility he could find work as a farmhand or return to his previous trade as a printer.^[38]

Chapman is in the Family Reunion Program, and is allowed one conjugal visit^[39] a year with his wife, since he accepted solitary confinement. The program allows him to spend up to forty-eight hours alone with his wife in a specially built prison home. He also gets occasional visits from his sister, clergy, and a few friends. In 2004, James Flateau, a spokesman for the Department of Correctional Services, said Chapman had been involved in three "minor incidents" between 1989 and 1994 for delaying an inmate count and refusing to follow an order.^[40] On May 15, 2012, Chapman was transferred to the Wende Correctional Facility in Alden, New York, which is east of Buffalo.

Book, interviews, and media appearances

Chapman refused all requests for interviews following the murder and during his first six years at Attica, later saying that he did not want to give the impression that he killed Lennon for fame and notoriety.^[25] James R. Gaines interviewed him and wrote a three-part, 18,000-word People magazine series in February and March 1987.^[41]^[42]^[43] Gaines concluded that, despite Chapman's seemingly-wavering comments to the contrary, he did not kill Lennon to become a celebrity.^[41] Chapman told the parole board he regretted the interview.{{cn|date=January 2019}} He later gave a series of audio-taped interviews to Jack Jones of the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. In 1992, Jones published a book, Let Me Take You Down: Inside the Mind of Mark David Chapman, the Man Who Killed John Lennon.^[44]

Also in 1992, Chapman gave two television interviews. On December 4, 1992, ABC's 20/20 aired an interview he gave to Barbara Walters, his first television interview since the shooting.^[45] On December 17, 1992, Larry King interviewed Chapman on his CNN program Larry King Live.^[46] In 2000, with his first parole hearing approaching, Jones asked Chapman to tell his story for Mugshots, a CourtTV program. Chapman refused to go on camera but, after praying over it, consented to tell his story in a series of audiotapes.{{cn|date=December 2018}}

Parole applications and campaigns

Chapman first became eligible for parole in 2000 after serving 20 years in prison. Under New York state law, he is required to have a parole hearing every two years from that year onwards. Since that time, a three-member board has denied Chapman parole ten times. Shortly before Chapman's first hearing, Yoko Ono sent a letter to the board requesting that he not be released from prison.^[47]^[48] In addition, New York State Senator Michael Nozzolio, chairman of the Senate Crime Victims, Crime and Correction Committee, wrote to Parole Board Chairman Brion Travis saying: "It is the responsibility of the New York State Parole Board to ensure that public safety is protected from the release of dangerous criminals like Chapman."^[49]

Timeline

In popular culture

The Catcher in the Rye

Chapman's obsession with the central character and message of The Catcher in the Rye added to controversy about the novel. Some links have been drawn between Chapman and the book's themes of adolescent sensitivity and depression on the one hand, and anti-social and violent thoughts on the other. This connection was made in the play Six Degrees of Separation and its film adaptation by the character played by Will Smith.^[69]

Similar incidents

Links have sometimes been drawn between Chapman's actions and those of other killers or attempted killers.{{cn|date=December 2018}} After John Hinckley tried to assassinate Ronald Reagan – less than four months after Lennon's murder – police found a copy of Catcher in the Rye among his personal belongings.^[70] In a cassette tape he left in his hotel room, Hinckley stated that he mourned Lennon's death and reflected: "One of my idols was murdered, and now [Jodie Foster's] the only one left. ... Anything that I might do in 1981 would be solely for Jodie Foster's sake."^[71]

Randy Seaver, a writer for The Portland Press Herald who experienced mental illness in Tucson, Arizona, the same city as Jared Lee Loughner, suggested examples such as Chapman's show the need to challenge stigma about mental health problems and ensure there are good community mental health services including crisis intervention.^[72]

Conspiracy theories

Biographical films

References in music

References

1. ^{{cite web|first=Leonard|last=Greene|title=Wife of John Lennon’s killer visits him for prison sex and pizza|url=https://nypost.com/2014/12/17/wife-opens-up-about-being-married-to-john-lennons-killer/|work=New York Post|publisher=News Corp.|location=New York City|date=December 17, 2014|accessdate=January 12, 2015}}
2. ^¹²³{{cite web|first=Pete|last=Hamill|url=http://nymag.com/news/features/45252/index3.html|title=The Death and Life of John Lennon|work=New York Magazine|publisher=New York Media|location=New York City|date=December 20, 1980|accessdate=January 12, 2015}}
3. ^{{cite journal|first=David|last=Chirko|url=http://www.apadivisions.org/division-1/publications/newsletters/general/2016/10/issue.pdf|title=Alienation: Antecedent to Mayhem|journal=General Psychologist|publisher=American Psychology Association|location=Worcester, Massachusetts|volume=51|number=1|date=November 2016|page=33}}
4. ^{{cite magazine|first=James R.|last=Gaines|title=Descent Into Madness|url=https://people.com/archive/descent-into-madness-vol-15-no-24/|magazine=People|publisher=Meredith Corporation|location=New York City|date=June 22, 1981|volume=15|number=24}}
5. ^¹Crime Library Two Marks {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210044824/http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/2.html |date=February 10, 2015 }}
6. ^{{cite news|last1=Gaines|first1=James|title=Mark Chapman: The Man Who Shot John Lennon|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20095701,00.html|accessdate=June 16, 2016|work=People|date=February 27, 1987}}
7. ^Crime Library Escape to Paradise {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210044829/http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/4.html |date=February 10, 2015 }}
8. ^¹²³⁴⁵Gaines, J.R. (1981) The Life and Crime of Mark David Chapman June 22, 1981 Vol. 15 No. 24
9. ^¹{{cite web|title=A Miracle Fades Away|url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/5.html|work=Crime Library|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210044830/http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/5.html|archivedate=February 10, 2015}}
10. ^¹{{cite web|last1=McGunagle|first1=Fred|title=Mark David Chapman, the Man Who Killed John Lennon, Chapter 6 To the Brink and Back|url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/6.html|website=Crime Library|publisher=Court TV|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040407005703/http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/6.html|archivedate=April 7, 2004}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/john-lennons-killer-mark-david-chapman-denied-parole/story?id=17064521|title=John Lennon's Killer Denied Parole|date=November 2, 2012|website=ABC News}}
12. ^{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Jack| title=Let Me Take You Down: Inside the Mind of Mark David Chapman, the Man Who Killed John Lennon|date=November 1992|page=118|publisher=Villard Books|isbn=0-8129-9170-2}}
13. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|first=Lynne H.|last=Schultz|url=http://www.secweb.org/index.aspx?action=viewAsset&id=73#_ednref30|title=March 4, 1966: The Beginning of the End for John Lennon?|website=The Secular Web|date=2001|accessdate=December 26, 2006|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000251/http://www.secweb.org/index.aspx?action=viewAsset&id=73 |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}
14. ^{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Wilson| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9504E5D6163DF934A2575AC0A9669D8B63&ref=markdavidchapman|title=Lennon's Killer Said He Wavered Over Plan|newspaper=The New York Times| accessdate=December 23, 2011|date=September 17, 2010}}
15. ^{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Michael S.|title=Lennon's Killer: Elizabeth Taylor Also a Target|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/john-lennon-killer-mark-david-chapman-considered-killing/story?id=11658475|work=ABC News|date=September 17, 2010}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.inthestudio.net/online-only-interviews/john-lennon-assassin-had-hitlist-david-bowie/|title=John Lennon's Assassin Had a Hit List, and David Bowie Was Next|publisher=In The Studio|accessdate=May 11, 2016}}
17. ^{{cite news |last1=Lester |first1=Paul |authorlink1=Paul Lester |title=Todd Rundgren: 'Every once in a while I took a trip and never came back' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/may/01/todd-rundgren-interview |accessdate=December 16, 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=May 1, 2013}}
18. ^{{cite web|first=Fred|last=McGunagle| url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/10.html |title=Exorcism at Attica |website=Crimelibrary.com |date=December 8, 1980 |accessdate=October 8, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513085252/http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/10.html |archivedate=May 13, 2008 |df= }}
19. ^{{cite news|first=Tom|last=Brook|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11926898 |title=Lennon's death: I was there|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC|location=London, England|date=December 8, 2010|accessdate=September 9, 2011}}
20. ^{{cite web | title = 1980 Year in Review: Death of John Lennon | url = http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1980/Death-of-John-Lennon/12311726509558-11/}}`
21. ^¹{{cite news|title=Larry King Weekend: A Look Back at Mark David Chapman in His Own Words.|url=http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0009/30/lklw.00.html|website=CNN|publisher=Cable News Network|accessdate=September 24, 2015}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jfmontreal.com/john_lennon/Death_Cert.htm |title=John Lennon Death Certificate |publisher=Jfkmontreal.com |accessdate=September 9, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512044521/http://www.jfmontreal.com/john_lennon/Death_Cert.htm |archivedate=May 12, 2015 |df= }}
23. ^"Police Trace Tangled Path Leading to Lennon's Slaying at the Dakota" by Paul L. Montgomery, The New York Times, December 10, 1980, pp. A1, B6 [quotes attributed by the newspaper to NYPD Chief of Detectives James T. Sullivan regarding an unnamed witness]
24. ^{{Cite journal |last=Lovett |first=Kenneth |title=Mark David Chapman tells his version of John Lennon slay |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2008/08/19/2008-08-19_mark_david_chapman_tells_his_version_of_.html |work=New York Daily News |date=April 19, 2008 |accessdate=May 10, 2009 |postscript=. |journal= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124164133/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2008/08/19/2008-08-19_mark_david_chapman_tells_his_version_of_.html# |archive-date=January 24, 2009 |dead-url=yes }}
25. ^¹Crime Library Chapman's Statement {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531154558/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/1.html |date=May 31, 2008 }}
26. ^{{cite newspaper|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/63515296/|title=Chapman intended to kill Lennon|newspaper=Santa Cruz Sentinel|location=Santa Cruz, California|date=June 24, 1981|p=45|via=newspapers.com}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/us-news/john-lennons-killer-mark-chapman-13029152|title=John Lennon's killer Mark Chapman told his wife he was going to shoot him|last=Bucktin|first=Christopher|date=August 3, 2018|website=mirror|access-date=December 15, 2018}}
28. ^Wife of John Lennon's assassin could have saved the ex-Beatle. December 8, 2012
29. ^McGunagle, F. Exorcism at Attica {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930143824/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/10.html |date=September 30, 2013 }} Tru Tv Crime Library.
30. ^Montgomery, P [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9E00E1D8133BF93AA35751C0A967948260 Lennon Murder Suspect Preparing Insanity Defense.] New York Times, February 9, 1981.
31. ^New York Times February 26, 1981 [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401E1DF1439F935A15751C0A967948260&sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=print 4 Sought by Defense In Slaying of Lennon]
32. ^The Guardian newspaper (June 23, 1981) [https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1981/jun/23/fromthearchive Chapman admits murder]
33. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/22/newsid_2518000/2518621.stm |title=1981: Chapman pleads guilty to Lennon murder |publisher=BBC News |date= June 22, 1981|accessdate=October 8, 2010}}
34. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=ANKWhsPa6lMC Guilty By Reason Of Insanity] Dorothy Otnow Lewis. Random House, 2010 (1st edition 1998)
35. ^The Guardian newspaper (August 25, 1981) Lennon's killer to serve twenty years
36. ^New York Times [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E7D8143BF931A35750C0A964948260&sec=health&spon= Chapman Breaks His 26-Day Fast] March 2, 1982
37. ^¹{{cite news|first=Jonathan|last=Wald|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/10/05/chapman.parole/index.html |title=Lennon killer denied parole |publisher=CNN |date= October 6, 2004|accessdate=October 8, 2010}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.courttv.com/archive/people/2000/1012/chapmantranscript.html |title=Transcript of Mark David Chapman's Parole Board hearing |publisher=Courttv.com |accessdate=October 8, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221115736/http://www.courttv.com/archive/people/2000/1012/chapmantranscript.html |archivedate=February 21, 2009 |df= }}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mark-david-chapman-allowed-conjugal-visits-wife-article-1.1140765|title=Good lovin' continues for Lennon killer|first=KENNETH|last=LOVETT|date=August 21, 2012|publisher=New York Daily News}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://blogcritics.org/archives/2002/10/09/134608.php#20021009134608 |title=Lennon Killer Chapman Denied Parole |publisher=Blogcritics.org |accessdate=October 8, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427152540/http://blogcritics.org/archives/2002/10/09/134608.php |archivedate=April 27, 2009 }}
41. ^¹²³⁴{{cite magazine|last=Gaines|first=James R.|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20095787,00.html|title=Mark Chapman Part III: the Killer Takes His Fall|magazine=People Magazine|date=March 9, 1987|volume=27|number=10}}
42. ^{{cite magazine|first=James R.|last=Gaines|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20095701,00.html|title=Mark Chapman Part I: the Man Who Shot Lennon|magazine=People|publisher=Meredith Corporation|location=New York City|date=February 23, 1987|volume=27|number=8}}
43. ^{{cite magazine|first=James R.|last=Gaines|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20095745,00.html|title=Mark Chapman Part II: In the Shadows a Killer Waited|magazine=People|publisher=Meredith Corporation|location=New York City| date=March 2, 1987|volume=27|issue=9}}
44. ^{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Jack|title=Let Me Take You Down: Inside the Mind of Mark David Chapman, the Man Who Killed John Lennon|date=November 1992|publisher=Villard Books|location=New York City|isbn=0-8129-9170-2}}
45. ^{{YouTube|ZZ865N6vdDE|Excerpt from Chapman's Interview with Barbara Walters (1992)}}. Retrieved on July 9, 2012.
46. ^{{YouTube|QUMJdkL0EnM|Chapman's Interview with Larry King (1992)}}. Retrieved on January 23, 2019.
47. ^CNN Assignment Editor Jonathan Wald writes on CNN.com on October 6, 2004 about Ono's consistent opposition to parole
48. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/955216.stm |title=Text of Ono's 2000 letter sent to parole hearings, from the BBC |publisher=BBC News |date=October 3, 2000 |accessdate=October 8, 2010}}
49. ^John Lennon's killer denied parole {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325203023/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/law.and.entertainment/10/03/chapman.parole.02/index.html |date=March 25, 2007 }}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://starbulletin.com/2000/10/03/news/story3.html |title=Parole denied to Lennon killer Mark Chapman |publisher=Starbulletin.com |date=October 3, 2000 |accessdate=September 9, 2011}}
51. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/955074.stm |title=Lennon killer denied parole |publisher=BBC News |date=October 3, 2000 |accessdate=October 8, 2010}}
52. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.instantkarma.com/instantnewssepoct02.html |title=instantkarma.com |publisher=instantkarma.com |accessdate=October 8, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018112016/http://www.instantkarma.com/instantnewssepoct02.html# |archive-date=October 18, 2006 |dead-url=yes }}
53. ^{{cite news|author=Paul Harris in New York |url=https://www.theguardian.com/thebeatles/story/0,,1313883,00.html |title=Lennon fans threaten his killer as release looms |work=The Guardian |date= September 26, 2004|accessdate=October 8, 2010 |location=London}}
54. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=19&id=1505872006 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120716105700/http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=19&id=1505872006 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=July 16, 2012 |title=John Lennon's killer refused parole for the fourth time |work=The Scotsman |date=October 11, 2006 |accessdate=October 8, 2010 |location=Edinburgh }}
55. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6039276.stm |title=Lennon killer fails in parole bid |publisher=BBC News |date=October 11, 2006 |accessdate=October 8, 2010}}
56. ^Irish Examiner news December 8, 2006 Yoko Ono not ready to forgive Lennon's killer
57. ^{{cite news|url=http://cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2008/08/12/lennons-killer-denies-parole/ |title=Lennon's Killer Denied Parole |publisher=CNN |accessdate=October 8, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20090814185050/http://cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2008/08/12/lennons-killer-denies-parole/ |archivedate=August 14, 2009 }}
58. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/07/27/Killer-of-John-Lennon-makes-parole-bid/UPI-81271280250987/ |title = Yoko Ono opposes parole for John Lennon's killer |work = UPI.com |date = July 27, 2010 |accessdate = August 12, 2010}}
59. ^{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/aug/11/john-lennon-mark-chapman |last = Swash |first = Rosie |title = John Lennon's killer has parole hearing date postponed |newspaper = The Guardian |location = London |date = August 11, 2010 |accessdate = August 11, 2010}}
60. ^{{cite news |first=Carolyn | last=Thompson| url = https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2010-09-07-chapman-parole_N.htm | title = John Lennon Killer Chapman Denied Parole In NY | work = USA Today | publisher=Gannett Company|location=Mclean, Virginia| date = September 7, 2010 | accessdate = December 23, 2011 }}
61. ^{{cite news |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/23/mark-david-chapman-john-lennon-killer-denied-parole-7th-time-ny_n_1824704.html |title = Chapman denied parole |accessdate=October 24, 2012 | work=Huffington Post |date=August 23, 2012}}
62. ^{{cite news|last=Wulfhorst|first=Ellen|title=John Lennon's killer to get seventh parole hearing this week|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/18/entertainment-us-usa-lennon-killer-idUSBRE87H09L20120818|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=August 18, 2012|date=August 18, 2012}}
63. ^{{cite news|last1=Duke|first1=Alan|title=John Lennon's killer denied parole, talks about murder - CNN.com|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/28/showbiz/mark-chapman-parole-denied/|accessdate=April 21, 2016|work=CNN|date=August 28, 2014}}
64. ^{{cite news|last1=Campbell|first1=Jon|title=Lennon's killer: 'I'm sorry for being such an idiot'|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2014/08/27/lennons-killer-parole-board-hearing-transcript/14704367|accessdate=April 21, 2016|work=USA TODAY|date=August 27, 2014}}
65. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-37215296?ocid=socialflow_twitter|title=John Lennon's killer Mark Chapman denied parole again|publisher=BBC News|date=August 29, 2016|accessdate=August 30, 2016}}
66. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/aug/24/john-lennon-killer-mark-chapman-denied-parole-for-tenth-time | title=John Lennon's killer denied parole for 10th time | date=August 24, 2018 | work=The Guardian | accessdate=August 25, 2018}}
67. ^¹{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/ny-lennon-chapman-parole-ono-20180823-story.html|title=EXCLUSIVE: John Lennon's killer Mark David Chapman denied parole a 10th time; stays in jail at least 2 more years - NY Daily News|last=Lovett|first=Kenneth|work=nydailynews.com|access-date=August 27, 2018|language=en-US}}
68. ^{{cite news |last1=Southern |first1=Keiran |title=John Lennon's killer denied parole for tenth time |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/john-lennons-killer-mark-chapman-15069727 |accessdate=August 25, 2018 |work=Liverpool Echo |date=August 24, 2018}}
69. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.thenation.com/article/158072/ballad-john-and-jd-john-lennon-and-jd-salinger | title=The Ballad of John and J.D.: On John Lennon and J.D. Salinger | work=The Nation | date=January 2011 | accessdate=December 23, 2011 | author=Charles Taylor}}
70. ^{{cite news|first=Stuart Jr.|last=Taylor|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/06/us/hinckley-jury-told-of-notes-and-letters-by-defendant.html|title=HINCKLEY JURY TOLD OF NOTES AND LETTERS BY DEFENDANT|newspaper=The New York Times|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=May 6, 1982|accessdate=September 13, 2018}}
71. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/15/us/tape-by-hinckley-is-said-to-reveal-obsession-with-slaying-of-lennon.html|title=TAPE BY HINCKLEY IS SAID TO REVEAL OBSESSION WITH SLAYING OF LENNON|newspaper=The New York Times|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|agency=Associated Press|date=May 15, 1981|accessdate=September 13, 2018}}
72. ^{{cite web | first=Randy | last=Beaver | url=http://www.pressherald.com/opinion/where-was-mental-health-crisis-care-before-tucson-tragedy-happened__2011-01-11.html | title=Maine Voices: Where was mental health crisis care before Tucson tragedy happened? | newspaper=The Portland Press Herald | date=January 2011 | accessdate=December 23, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905181926/http://www.pressherald.com/opinion/where-was-mental-health-crisis-care-before-tucson-tragedy-happened__2011-01-11.html# | archive-date=September 5, 2012 | dead-url=yes | df=mdy-all }}
73. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=doXVSnZsNxg|title=Chapter 27|first=Giorgi|last=Zakariadze|date=May 15, 2013|publisher=|via=YouTube}}
74. ^{{cite magazine|first=Andrew|last=Male|title=The movie camera turns on John Lennon's murderer|magazine=Mojo|publisher=Bauer Media Group|location=London, England|date=September 2007|issue=169|pages=16}}
75. ^Peace Arch Entertainment's 'Chapter 27' Wins Debut Feature Prize at Zurich Film Festival for Director Jarret Shaeffer: Financial News – Yahoo! Finance, October 2010
76. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rutlemania.org/lean3.html |title=The Rhino Controversy |accessdate=November 8, 2009}}

77. John Lennon’s Killer: ‘I Know What Shame Is Now’ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/john-lennons-killer-mark-david-chapman-shame-757134/