| 词条 | Rubondo Island National Park |
| 释义 |
| name =Rubondo Island National Park | iucn_category = II | photo = Hippos on Rubondo Island.jpg | photo_width = 300 | photo_caption = Rubondo Island National Park | location = Lake Victoria, Tanzania | nearest_city = | map = Tanzania |relief=1 | coordinates = {{coord|2|18|S|31|50|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area =456.8 km² | established =1965 | visitation_num = 748 | visitation_year = 2012[1] | governing_body =Tanzania National Parks Authority }} Rubondo Island National Park is one of two Tanzanian National Parks located on an island in Lake Victoria (the other being Saanane Island National Park). The island attracts a small number of visitors each year, mainly game fishermen and bird enthusiasts. GeographyRubondo Island is located in the south-western corner of Lake Victoria, Tanzania. Rubondo Island is about {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of Mwanza. The main island, Rubondo (2o 18’ S, 31o 50’ E) is 237 km2 in size. The island protects another 11 islets, none much larger than 2 km2.[2] These 10 islands form the Rubondo Island National Park covering an area of {{convert|456.8|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Lake Victoria is 1,134 metres above sea level. The highest point on Rubondo is the Masa Hills in the far south, at an elevation of 1,486m (350m above the level of the lake).[2] The main island measures 28 km from north to south and is 3–10 km wide. Rubondo Island is on a rift in the lake. Rubondo essentially consists of a partially submerged rift of four volcanically formed hills, linked by three flatter isthmuses.[2] The island has no rivers and the soil is volcanic.[5] The habitat is mixed evergreen and semideciduous forest, which covers about 80% of the island’s surface area with common species including Croton sylvaticus, Drypetes gerrardii, and Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius, and often with a dense understory of lianas, or woody vines.[3] The forest is interspersed with patches of open grassland and, all but restricted to the Lukaya area, acacia woodland.[2] The eastern lakeshore is characterised by rocky areas and sandy beaches whilst the western shore supports extensive papyrus swamps, lined with date palms.[2] ClimateThere is a bimodal rainfall distribution, with peaks in December and April–May during the October–May rainy season. The annual temperature is 19–26 0C.[4] {{Weather box| metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | location = Rubondo Island National Park | Jan record high C = | Feb record high C = | Mar record high C = | Apr record high C = | May record high C = | Jun record high C = | Jul record high C = | Aug record high C = | Sep record high C = | Oct record high C = | Nov record high C = | Dec record high C = | year record high C = | Jan high C = | Feb high C = | Mar high C = | Apr high C = | May high C = | Jun high C = | Jul high C = | Aug high C = | Sep high C = | Oct high C = | Nov high C = | Dec high C = | year high C = | Jan low C = | Feb low C = | Mar low C = | Apr low C = | May low C = | Jun low C = | Jul low C = | Aug low C = | Sep low C = | Oct low C = | Nov low C = | Dec low C = | year low C = | Jan record low C = | Feb record low C = | Mar record low C = | Apr record low C = | May record low C = | Jun record low C = | Jul record low C = | Aug record low C = | Sep record low C = | Oct record low C = | Nov record low C = | Dec record low C = | year record low C = | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = | Feb rain mm = | Mar rain mm = | Apr rain mm = | May rain mm = | Jun rain mm = | Jul rain mm = | Aug rain mm = | Sep rain mm = | Oct rain mm = | Nov rain mm = | Dec rain mm = | year rain mm = | unit rain days = 1.0 mm | Jan rain days = | Feb rain days = | Mar rain days = | Apr rain days = | May rain days = | Jun rain days = | Jul rain days = | Aug rain days = | Sep rain days = | Oct rain days = | Nov rain days = | Dec rain days = | year rain days = | Jan humidity = | Feb humidity = | Mar humidity = | Apr humidity = | May humidity = | Jun humidity = | Jul humidity = | Aug humidity = | Sep humidity = | Oct humidity = | Nov humidity = | Dec humidity = | year humidity = | Jan sun = | Feb sun = | Mar sun = | Apr sun = | May sun = | Jun sun = | Jul sun = | Aug sun = | Sep sun = | Oct sun = | Nov sun = | Dec sun = | year sun = | Jand sun = | Febd sun = | Mard sun = | Aprd sun = | Mayd sun = | Jund sun = | Juld sun = | Augd sun = | Sepd sun = | Octd sun = | Novd sun = | Decd sun = | yeard sun = | source 1 = | source 2 = | date =June 2018}} HistoryRubondo Island became a game reserve in 1965, to provide a sanctuary for animals.[5] Rubondo Island was gazetted as a national park in 1977. Today Rubondo is uninhabited. Consequently, 80% of the island remains forested today. The 400 “fisher folk” of the Zinza tribe, who lived on the island and maintained banana plantations, were resettled on neighbouring islands and onto the mainland by the government in the late 1960s.[6] As a rule the court passed sentences of six weeks imprisonment for unauthorised landings on the island and six months for attempted poaching[6] (for example, see the story by Idogu on a group of fishermen caught poaching on the island in 1994 at https://www.flickr.com/photos/idogu/819509281/). FaunaOver a four-year period (1966–1969) Professor Bernhard Grzimek of the Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) released 17 chimpanzees in four cohorts onto Rubondo Island.[7] The first cohort of chimpanzees arrived in Dar es Salaam aboard the German African Line’s steamship Eibe Oldendorff on 17 June 1966 (Standard Newspaper Tanzania, 1966). The animals had no rehabilitation or pre-release training. The chimpanzees were all wild-born and purportedly of West African descent,[6] although there are no records of specific country of origin for the majority of released individuals.[8] The founder chimpanzees had spent varying periods, from 3.5 months to 9 years, in captivity in European zoos or circuses before their release.[9] The chimpanzees after one year were able to find and eat wild foods and construct nests for sleeping, and have now reverted to an unhabituated state characteristic of wild chimpanzees.[7] From 16 founders the population has now grown to around 40 individuals (estimate based on nest counts).[3] In addition to chimpanzees, seven other species were introduced to the island: Roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) and rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) both now extinct, Suni antelope (Neotragus moschatus), elephants (Loxodonta africana), twelve giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis), 20 black-and-white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza), and grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) confiscated from illegal trade; see . Chimpanzee research and TourismIn 2012-2014 a research group from University College London undertook a study of the Rubondo chimpanzees. Since 2015 Tanzania national park managers have been running a [https://www.asiliaafrica.com/chimpanzee-habituation-rubondo-island/ chimpanzee habituation project]. The process of transporting the chimpanzee to the island is covered in [https://www.asiliaafrica.com/operation-chimpanzee-getting-the-chimps-to-rubondo-island/ the following blog post]. The habituation process, which is overseen by [https://www.asiliaafrica.com/ Asilia Africa], is proving to be successful. Guests are more frequently having the opportunity to spend time with the chimpanzee while staying with [https://www.asiliaafrica.com/ Asilia Africa] on the island's only accommodations, [https://www.asiliaafrica.com/east-africa-safari/tanzania/rubondo-island/rubondo-island-camp/ Rubondo Island Camp]. You can read more about the Habituation Program and [https://www.asiliaafrica.com/chimp-habituation-on-rubondo-be-a-part-of-it/ how you can be a part of it here]. Common native fauna include the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops), sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei), hippopotamus, genet and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus).[6][7] TransportRubondo Island can be reached by park boat from two different locations. One option is the boat from Kasenda, a small village near Muganza in Chato District. The other option is the boat from Nkome in Geita District. By airplane, Rubondo Airstrip can be reached with Auric Air or Coastal Aviation.[10] Sources1. ^{{cite web|title=Tanzania National parks Corporate Information|url=http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/corporate_information.html|website=Tanzania Parks|publisher=TANAPA|accessdate=22 December 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917021507/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/corporate_information.html|archivedate=17 September 2008|df=}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 Briggs, P. (2006). Tanzania. Bradt Travel Guide 5th edition. Pages 231-239. 3. ^1 Moscovice, L.R., Issa, M.H., Petrzelkova, K.J., Keuler, N.S., Snowdon, C.T., Huffman, M.A. (2007). "Fruit Availability, Chimpanzee Diet, and Grouping Patters on Rubondo Island, Tanzania." American Journal of Primatology, volume 69: 1-16. 4. ^1 Matsumoto-Oda, A. (2000). "Chimpanzees in the Rubondo Island National Park, Tanzania." Pan Africa News 7 (2). 5. ^{{cite journal | first = Akiko | last = Matsumoto-Oda | year = 2000 | title = Chimpanzees in the Rubondo Island National Park, Tanzania | journal = Pan Africa News | volume = 7 | issue = 2.}} 6. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|title= Among Animals of Africa |author=Grzimek, B.|page=11|year=1970|publisher=Collins London|isbn= 978-0-00-211851-4 }} 7. ^1 2 {{cite journal | first = Monica | last = Borner | year = 1988 | title = The rehabilitated chimpanzees of Rubondo Island | journal = Oryx | volume = 19 | pages = 151–154 | doi = 10.1017/S0030605300025242 | issue = 3 }} 8. ^{{cite report |last=Muller |first=G |title= auf Rubondo-Island, Tanzania: Eine Pilotstudie |year=unpublished |publisher= Anthropologisches Institut: Universitat Zürich }} 9. ^{{cite book |last = Hannah |first = A.C. |author2=McGrew, W.C. |title = Rehabilitation of captive chimpanzees In: Box H.O., eds. Primate Responses to Environmental Change. | year=1991 |publisher=London: Chapman & Hall |pages = 167–186}} 10. ^{{cite book|title=Tanzania travel guide|date=June 2015|publisher=Lonely Planet|page=230-231|edition=6|isbn=978-1742207797}} External links
8 : National parks of Tanzania|Lake islands of Tanzania|Lake Victoria|Geography of Mwanza Region|Miombo|Protected areas established in 1965|1965 establishments in Tanzania|Tourist attractions in the Mwanza Region |
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