1. Early years

2. Career
    Early years  Mid-career  Later years 

3. Style

4. Influence

5. Legacy

6. Awards

7. References

8. Further reading

9. External links

Tobey was an incessant traveler, visiting Mexico, Europe, Palestine, Israel, Turkey, Lebanon, China and Japan. After converting to the Bahá'í Faith, it became an important part of his life. Whether Tobey's all-over paintings, marked by oriental brushwork and calligraphic strokes, were an influencer on Jackson Pollock's drip paintings has been left unanswered. Born in Centerville, Wisconsin, Tobey lived in the Seattle, Washington area for most of his life before moving to Basel, Switzerland in the early 1960s with his companion, Pehr Hallsten; Tobey died there in 1976.

Early years

Tobey was the youngest of four children in a Congregationalist family. His parents were George Tobey, a carpenter and house builder, and Emma Cleveland Tobey. The father carved animals from stone and sometimes drew animals for young Mark to cut out with scissors. In 1893, the family settled in Chicago.^[4] He studied at the Art Institute of Chicago from 1906 to 1908, but, like others of the Northwest School, was mostly self-taught. In 1911, he moved to New York City where he worked as a fashion illustrator for McCall's. His first one-man show was held at Knoedler & Company in lower Manhattan, in 1917. The following year, Tobey came in contact with New York portrait artist and Bahá'í Juliet Thompson—an associate of Khalil Gibran—and posed for her. During the session, Tobey read some Bahá'í literature and accepted an invitation to Green Acre where he converted to the Bahá'í faith.{{sfn|Seitz|1980|p=44}} His conversion led him to explore the representation of the spiritual in art.^[5] In the following years, Tobey delved into works of Arabian literature and teachings of East Asian philosophy.

Career

Early years

Tobey's arrival in Seattle in 1921^[3] was in part an effort for a new start following a marriage and quick divorce. When his ex-wife found Tobey's address, she sent him a box of his clothes topped with a copy of Rudyard Kipling's The Light That Failed.^[6] In the following year, Tobey met Teng Kuei, a Chinese painter and student at the University of Washington, who introduced Tobey to Eastern penmanship, beginning Tobey's exploration of Chinese calligraphy. The beginning of his lifelong travels occurred in 1925 when he left for Europe, settling in Paris where Tobey met Gertrude Stein.^[6] He spent a winter at Châteaudun, and also traveled to Barcelona and Greece. In Constantinople, Beirut and Haifa, he studied Arab and Persian writing.

Upon returning to Seattle in 1927, Tobey shared a studio in a house near the Cornish School (with which he was intermittently associated){{sfn|Cornish|1964|p=134-135}} with the teenage artist, Robert Bruce Inverarity, who was 20 years younger. Inspired by Inverarity's high-school project, Tobey developed interest in three-dimensional form and carved some 100 pieces of soap sculpture. The next year, Tobey co-founded the Free and Creative Art School in Seattle with Edgar Ames, and in autumn, he taught an advanced art course at Emily Carr's Victoria studio.^[7]

In 1929, he participated in a show that marked a change in his life: a solo exhibition at Romany Marie's Cafe Gallery in New York. Alfred H. Barr, Jr., then a curator at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), saw the show and selected several pictures from it for inclusion in MoMA's 1930 exhibition: Painting and Sculpture by Living Americans. In 1931, Tobey became a resident artist of the Elmhurst Progressive School while teaching at Dartington Hall in Devon and painting frescoes for the school. He became a close friend of Bernard Leach, who was also on the faculty. Introduced by Tobey to the Bahá'í Faith, Leach became a convert. During his stay in Devon, Tobey found time to travel to Mexico (1931), Europe, and Palestine (1932). In 1934, Tobey and Leach traveled together through France and Italy, then sailed from Naples to Hong Kong and Shanghai, where they parted company. Leach went on to Japan, while Tobey remained in Shanghai visiting his old friend, Teng Kuei, before departing for Japan. Japanese authorities confiscated and destroyed an edition of 31 drawings on wet paper that Tobey had brought with him from England to be published in Japan. No explanation for their destruction has been noted; possibly they considered his sketches of nude men pornographic. In early summer, he studied Hai-Ku poetry and calligraphy at a Zen monastery outside Kyoto before returning to Seattle in autumn.

Tobey's first solo exhibition at the Seattle Art Museum occurred in 1935; he also traveled to New York, Washington, D.C., Alberta, Canada, as well as Haifa for a Bahá'í pilgrimage. Sometime in November or December, while working at night at Dartington Hall and listening to the horses breathe in the field outside his window, he painted a series of three paintings, Broadway, Welcome Hero, and Broadway Norm, in the style that would become known as "white writing" (an interlacing of fine white lines).

Mid-career

Tobey expected to return to teaching in England in 1938, but the mounting tensions of war building in Europe kept him in the US. Instead, he began to work on the Federal Art Project, under the supervision of Inverarity. In June 1939, when Tobey attended a Bahá'í summer program and overstayed his allotted vacation time, Inverarity dropped him from the Works Progress Administration (WPA) project. Tobey met the Swedish scholar, Pehr Hallsten (died 1965, Basel), in Ballard{{sfn|Feininger|Tobey|2006|p=151}} in 1939 and they became companions, living together from 1940.{{sfn|Wehr|2000|p=281}} By 1942, Tobey's process of abstractionism was accompanied by a new calligraphic experiment. Marian Willard of the Willard Gallery in New York had seen some of Tobey's WPA paintings and gave him a show in 1944, which was considered to be a major success. In 1945, he gave a solo exhibition at the Portland Art Museum in Oregon, and the Arts Club of Chicago held solo shows of his work in 1940 and 1946. He studied the piano and the theory of music with Lockrem Johnson, and, when Johnson was away, with Wesley Wehr, who was introduced to Tobey in 1949 by their pianist friend Berthe Poncy Jacobson. Wehr, an undergraduate at the time, happily accepted the opportunity to serve as a stand-in music composition tutor for Tobey and over time became friends with him and his circle of artists, becoming a painter himself, as well as a chronicler of the group.

Tobey showed at New York's Whitney Museum in 1951. He also spent three months as guest critic of graduate students' work at Yale University on the invitation of Josef Albers and had his first retrospective show at the California Palace of the Legion of Honor in San Francisco. In 1952, the film "Tobey, Mark: Artist" debuted in the Venice and Edinburgh film festivals. Acknowledging "academic responsibility" Hallsten enrolled in graduate school at the University of Washington's department of Scandinavian languages and literature in the early 1950s and, after receiving his master's degree,{{sfn|Wehr|2000|p=281}} Tobey began referring to him by the honorific, Professor.{{sfn|Feininger|Tobey|2006|p=164}}

On September 28, 1953, Life magazine published an article on Tobey, Guy Anderson, Kenneth Callahan, and Morris Graves entitled "Mystic Painters of the Northwest" which placed them in the national limelight.^[8] The four were considered founders of the Northwest School.^[9] He held a solo show at the Galerie Jeanne Bucher in Paris in 1955, and traveled to Basel and Bern. He began his ink wash paintings two years later. In 1958, he became the second American, after James Abbott McNeill Whistler, to win the International Grand Prize at the Venice Biennale.

Later years

Tobey and Hallsten emigrated to Basel, Switzerland in the early 1960s.{{sfn|Wehr|2000|p=51}} Tobey, who had been an incessant traveler in earlier years,{{harv|Etulain|1996|p=134}} concentrated on his art, while Hallsten felt restless and traveled through Europe, returning to Basel.{{sfn|Wehr|2000|p=51}} In 1960, Tobey participated in the Association of Visual Artists Vienna Secession, and in the following year, he became the first American painter to exhibit at the Pavillon de Marsan in Paris. Solo exhibits occurred at MoMa in 1962, and at the Stedelijk Museum in 1966, the same year that he visited the Bahá'í World Center in Haifa. In 1967, he showed again at the Willard Gallery, and held a Retrospective show at the Dallas Museum of Fine Arts the following year. Another major retrospective of the artist's work took place at the Smithsonian's National Collection of Fine Arts in 1974. Tobey died in Basel in 1976.{{sfn|Wehr|2000|p=45-55}}

Style

Tobey is most notable for his creation of so-called "white writing" - an overlay of white or light-colored calligraphic symbols on an abstract field which is often itself composed of thousands of small and interwoven brush strokes. This method, in turn, gave rise to the type of "all-over" painting style made most famous by Jackson Pollock, another American painter to whom Tobey is often compared.^[10] Tobey's work is also defined as creating a vibratory space with the multiple degrees of mobility obtained by the Brownian movement of a light brush on a bottom with the dense tonalities. The series of "Broadway" realized at that time has a historical value of reference today. It precedes a new dimension of the pictorial vision, that of contemplation in the action. His work is inspired by a personal belief system that suggests Oriental influences and reference to Tobey's involvement in the Bahá'í Faith. Four of Tobey's signed lithographs hang in the reception hall in the Seat of the Universal House of Justice, the supreme governing institution of the Bahá'í Faith.

Influence

Tobey, the senior of the 'mystical painters', was an influence on Graves.{{sfn|Malone|Etulain|1989|p=190}} Tobey studied piano and music theory with John Cage, and thereafter, it was Tobey who had an influence on Cage.{{sfn|Pearlman|2012|p=38}}{{sfn|Cage|Retallack|2011|p=195}}{{sfn|Nicholls|2002|p=125}}

Legacy

At least five of his works are in the permanent collections of the Museum of Northwest Art.^[9] Tobey's work can also be found in most major museums in the U.S. and internationally, including the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Tate Gallery in London, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Whitney Museum of American Art. There have been at least four posthumous individual exhibitions of Tobey's work: National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., USA, 1984; Museum Folkwang, Essen, Germany, 1989; Galerie Beyeler, Basel, Switzerland, 1990; and Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain, November 11, 1997 – January 12, 1998 where the exhibition brought together about 130 works from some 56 different collections, covering the years from 1924 to 1975. Two of Tobey's paintings are in Guggenheim collections.^[15][16] A number of his figurative and abstract works are held by the Dartington Hall Trust.^[17]

Anatoma tobeyoides, a species of sea snail, is named in honor of Tobey.

Awards

• 1968, "Commander, Arts and the Letters of the French Government"
• 1961, won first prize, Carnegie International, Pittsburgh
• 1959, became the first American since James McNeill Whistler to win the Painting Prize at the Venice Biennale
• 1956, elected at the National Institute of Arts and Letters
• 1956, Guggenheim International Award

References

Bibliography

• {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Cage|first1=John|last2=Retallack|first2=Joan|title=MUSICAGE: CAGE MUSES on Words Art Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FP7g3Zz27bgC&pg=PT195|date=1 March 2011|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=978-0-8195-7186-1}}
• Heiner Hachmeister (Ed.): Mark Tobey: Light. Space. Muenster: Hachmeister Verlag 2004
• Heiner Hachmeister (Ed.): Mark Tobey: Werke. Oeuvres. 1945-1975. Muenster: Hachmeister Verlag 1991
• {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Cornish|first=Nellie Centennial|title=Miss Aunt Nellie: The Autobiography of Nellie C. Cornish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ydklWRy68p4C|year=1964|publisher=University of Washington Press}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Etulain|first=Richard W.|title=Re-imagining the Modern American West: A Century of Fiction, History, and Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8E4uyf-2ONcC&pg=PA134|year=1996|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-1683-4}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Feininger|first1=Lyonel|last2=Tobey|first2=Mark|title=Years of friendship, 1944-1956: the correspondence of Lyonel Feininger and Mark Tobey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NopPAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Hatje Cantz}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Malone|first1=Michael P.|last2=Etulain|first2=Richard W.|title=The American West: A Twentieth-century History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AYSadAOi3MC&pg=PA190|date=1 January 1989|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-8167-6}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Nicholls|first=David|title=The Cambridge Companion to John Cage|series=Cambridge Companions to Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-lmi-59ET0C&pg=PA125|date=1 August 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78968-4}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Pearlman|first=Ellen|title=Nothing and Everything - The Influence of Buddhism on the American Avant Garde: 1942 - 1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cqn9wAkIX0C&pg=PA38|date=24 April 2012|publisher=North Atlantic Books|isbn=978-1-58394-379-3}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Seitz|first=William Chapin|title=Mark Tobey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAk1I1QwT7wC&pg=PA44|date=1 January 1980|publisher=Arno Press|isbn=978-0-405-12893-6}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Wehr|first=Wesley|title=The Eighth Lively Art: Conversations with Painters, Poets, Musicians & the Wicked Witch of the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtkyi919B7kC&pg=PP45|year=2000|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-97956-4}}

Further reading

• Roberts, Colette (1960), Mark Tobey
• Seitz, William Chapin (1980), Mark Tobey {{ISBN|0405128932}}
• Tobey, M., Dahl, Arthur L. (1984), Mark Tobey, art and belief {{ISBN|9780853981794}}

External links

• {{Internet Archive author |sname=Mark Tobey}}
• Committee Mark Tobey
• [https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/mark-tobey Guggenheim Museum Biography]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20131023064256/http://www2.northwestmuseum.org/exhibits/s-works_on_paper_modernists_modernists_tobey.htm Mark Tobey at the Northwest Museum]
• Mark Tobey at the Seattle Public Library's Northwest Art Collection
• Mark Tobey representation in Seattle: Woodside Braseth Gallery

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