请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Rumelia Eyalet
释义

  1. History

  2. Governors

  3. Administrative divisions

     1475  1520s   1644    1700/1730   Early 19th century    Mid-19th century  

  4. Territorial evolution

      Wholly or partly annexed to the Eyalet    Created from the Eyalet  

  5. References

  6. Bibliography

{{Infobox Former Subdivision
|native_name = Eyalet-i Rumeli
|common_name = Rumeli Eyalet
|subdivision = Eyalet
|nation = the Ottoman Empire
|year_start = c. 1365
|year_end = 1867
|p1 = #Territorial evolution
|s1 = #Territorial evolution
|date_start =
|date_end =
|event_start =
|event_end =
|image_flag =
|flag_caption =
|flag_type =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Rumelia Eyalet, Ottoman Empire (1609).png
|image_map_size = 280px
|image_map_caption = Rumelia Eyalet in 1609
|capital = Edirne, Sofia, Monastir
|coordinates = {{Coord|41|1|N|21|20|E|display=inline,title}}
|today = {{flag|Albania}}
{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
{{flag|Bulgaria}}
{{flag|Greece}}
{{flag|North Macedonia}}
{{flag|Serbia}}
{{Flag|Kosovo}}
{{flag|Turkey}}
|stat_year1 = 1844[1]
|stat_area1 = 124630
|stat_pop1 = 2700000
|footnotes =
}}

The Eyalet of Rumeli or Rumelia ({{lang-ota|ایالت روم ایلی}}, {{lang|ota-latn|Eyālet-i Rūm-ėli}}),[2] also known as the Beylerbeylik of Rumeli, was a first-level province (beylerbeylik or eyalet) of the Ottoman Empire encompassing most of the Balkans ("Rumelia"). For most of its history it was also the largest and most important province of the Empire, containing key cities such as Edirne, Yanina (Ioannina), Sofia, Manastır/Monastir (Bitola), Üsküp (Skopje), and the major seaport of Selanik/Salonica (Thessaloniki).

The capital was in Adrianople (Edirne), Sofia, and finally Monastir (Bitola). Its reported area in the 19th century was {{convert|48119|sqmi|km2}}.[3]

History

The first beylerbey of Rumelia was Lala Shahin Pasha, who was awarded the title by Sultan Murad I as a reward for his capture of Adrianople (modern Edirne) in the 1360s, and given military authority over the Ottoman territories in Europe, which he governed effectively as the Sultan's deputy while the Sultan returned to Anatolia.[4][5][6]

From its foundation, the province of Rumelia—initially termed beylerbeylik or generically vilayet ("province"), only after 1591 was the term eyalet used[4]—encompassed the entirety of the Ottoman Empire's European possessions, including the trans-Danubian conquests like Akkerman, until the creation of further eyalets in the 16th century, beginning with the Archipelago (1533), Budin (1541) and Bosnia (1580).[5][6]

The first capital of Rumelia was probably Edirne (Adrianople), which was also, until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottomans' capital city. It was followed by Sofia for a while and again by Edirne until 1520, when Sofia became the definite seat of the beylerbey.[6] At the time, the beylerbey of Rumelia was the commander of the most important military force in the state in the form of the timariot sipahi cavalry, and his presence in the capital during this period made him a regular member of the Imperial Council (divan). For the same reason, powerful Grand Viziers like Mahmud Pasha Angelovic or Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha held the beylerbeylik in tandem with the grand vizierate.[5]

In the 18th century, Monastir emerged as an alternate residence of the governor, and in 1836, it officially became the capital of the eyalet. At about the same time, the Tanzimat reforms, aimed at modernizing the Empire, split off the new eyalets of Üsküb, Yanya and Selanik and reduced the Rumelia Eyalet to a few provinces around Monastir. The rump eyalet survived until 1867, when, as part of the transition to the more uniform vilayet system, it became part of the Salonica Vilayet.[5][7][8]

Governors

The governor of the Rumelia Eyalet was titled "Beylerbey of Rumelia" (Rumeli beylerbeyi) or "Vali of Rumelia" (Rumeli vali).

Governor Reign Notes
Lala Shahin Pashabeylerbey of Rumelia, the lala (tutor) of Murad I.[9]{{better source>date=November 2016}}
Timurtaş Bey {{floruit}} 1385
Süleyman Çelebi before 1411 son of Bayezid I[10]
Mihaloğlu Mehmed Bey 1411
Mustafa Bey 1421[11]
Hadım ŞehabeddinJefferson|2012|p=280}}
Kasım PashaBabinger|1992|p=25}}
Ömer Bey {{floruit}} 1453[12]
Turahan Bey before 1456
Mahmud Pasha before 1456
Ahmeddate=November 2016}}
Hass Murad Pasha {{circa}} 1469–1473
Hadım Süleyman PashaÁgoston|Masters|2009|p=25}}
Davud Pasha {{circa}} 1478[13]
Sinan Pasha {{circa}} 1481[14]
Mesih Pasha after 1481[15]
Hasan Pasha {{floruit}} 1514[16]
Ahmed Pasha {{floruit}} 1521[17]
Güzelce Kasım Pasha {{circa}} 1527[18]
Ibrahim {{floruit}} 1537[19]
Khusrow Pasha June 1538[20]–?
Ali Pasha {{floruit}} 1546[21]
Sokollu Mehmed PashaSetton|1984|p=574}}
Doğancı Mehmed PashaÁgoston|Masters|2009|p=153}}
Osman Yeğen Pasha 1687[22]
Sari Ahmed Pasha 1714[23]–1715[24]
Topal Osman Pasha 1721–27, 1729–30, 1731[25]
Hadji Mustafa Pasha summer of 1797[26]–?
Ahmed Kamil Pasazade Hakki Pasha[27]
Ali Pasha 1799[28]
Ali Pasha (2nd term)Ágoston|Masters|2009|p=37}})
Veli Pasha 1804[29]
Hurshid Pasha {{floruit}} 1808[30]
Köse Ahmed Zekeriya Pasha 1836–March 1840
Mehmed Dilaver Pasha May–July 1840
Yusuf Muhlis Pasha Serezli July 1840–February 1842
Yakub Pasha Kara Osmanzade
Mustafa Nuri Paşa, Sırkatibi
Mehmed Said Paşa, Mirza/Tatar
Mehmed Ziyaeddin Paşa, Mezarcızade
Ömer Paşa, Kızılhisarlı
Mehmed Ziyaeddin Paşa, Mezarcızade
Mehmed Emin Pasha
Asaf Pasha
Mehmed Reşid Paşa, Boşnakzade
Ömer Paşa, Kızılhisarlı (2nd term)
Mehmed Hurshid Pasha Arnavud
Ahmed Nazır Paşa
İsmail Paşa, Çerkes
Abdülkerim Nadir Paşa, Çırpanlı
Ali Paşa, Hacı, Kütahyalı/Germiyanoğlu
Hüseyin Hüsnü Paşa
Mehmed Tevfik Paşa, Taşcızade

Administrative divisions

1475

A list dated to 1475 lists seventeen subordinate sanjakbeys, who controlled sub-provinces or sanjaks, which also functioned as military commands:[5]

{{Div col}}
  1. Constantinople
  2. Gallipoli
  3. Edirne
  4. Nikebolu/Nigbolu
  5. Vidin
  6. Sofia
  7. Serbia (Laz-ili)
  8. Serbia (Despot-ili)
  9. Vardar (under the Evrenosoğullari)
  10. Üsküb
  11. Arnawut-ili (under Iskender Bey, i.e. Skanderbeg)
  12. Arnawut-ili (under the Arianiti family)
  13. Bosnia
  14. Bosnia (under Stephen)
  15. Arta, Zituni and Athens
  16. Morea
  17. Monastir
{{Div col end}}

1520s

Another list, dating to the early reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566), lists the sanjakbeys of that period, in approximate order of importance.:[5]

{{Div col}}
  1. Bey of the Pasha-sanjak
  2. Bosnia
  3. Morea
  4. Semendire
  5. Vidin
  6. Hersek
  7. Silistre
  8. Ohri
  9. Avlonya
  10. Iskenderiyye
  11. Yanya
  12. Gelibolu
  13. Köstendil
  14. Nikebolu
  15. Sofia
  16. Inebahti
  17. Tirhala
  18. Alaca Hișar
  19. Vulcetrin
  20. Kefe
  21. Prizren
  22. Karli-eli
  23. Ağriboz
  24. Çirmen
  25. Vize
  26. Izvornik
  27. Florina
  28. Elbasan
  29. Sanjakbey of the Çingene ("Gypsies")
  30. Midilli
  31. Karadağ (Montenegro)
  32. Sanjakbey of the Müselleman-i Kirk Kilise ("Muslims of Kirk Kilise")
  33. Sanjakbey of the Voynuks
{{Div col end}}

The Çingene, Müselleman-i Kirk Kilise and Voynuks were not territorial circumscriptions, but rather represented merely a sanjakbey appointed to control these scattered and often nomadic groups, and who acted as the commander of the military forces recruited among them.[5] The Pasha-sanjak in this period comprised a wide area in western Macedonia, including the towns of Üskub (Skopje), Pirlipe (Prilep), Manastir (Bitola) and Kesriye (Kastoria).[5]

A similar list compiled c. 1534 gives the same sanjaks, except for the absence of Sofia, Florina and Inebahti (among the provinces transferred to the new Archipelago Eyalet in 1533), and the addition of Selanik (Salonica).[5]

1644

Further sanjaks were removed with the progressive creation of new eyalets, and an official register c. 1644 records only fifteen sanjaks for the Rumelia Eyalet:[5]

{{Div col}}
  1. Köstendil
  2. Tirhala
  3. Prizren
  4. Yanya
  5. Delvine
  6. Vulcetrin
  7. Üskub
  8. Elbasan
  9. Avlonya
  10. Dukagin
  11. Iskenderiyye
  12. Ohri
  13. Alaca Hișar
  14. Selanik
  15. Voynuks
{{Div col end}}

1700/1730

The administrative division of the beylerbeylik of Rumelia between 1700-1730 was as follows:[31]

{{Div col}}
  1. Pasha-sanjak, around Manastir
  2. Köstendil
  3. Tirhala
  4. Yanya
  5. Delvina
  6. Elbasan
  7. Iskenderiyye
  8. Avlonya
  9. Ohri
  10. Alaca Hisar
  11. Selanik
  12. Dukagin
  13. Prizren
  14. Üsküb
  15. Vulçıtrin
  16. Voynuks
  17. Çingene
  18. Yoruks
{{Div col end}}

Early 19th century

Sanjaks in the early 19th century:[32]

{{Div col}}
  1. Manastir
  2. Selanik
  3. Tirhala
  4. Iskenderiyye
  5. Ohri
  6. Avlonya
  7. Köstendil
  8. Elbasan
  9. Prizren
  10. Dukagin
  11. Üsküb
  12. Delvina
  13. Vulcetrin
  14. Kavala
  15. Alaca Hișar
  16. Yanya
  17. Smederevo
{{Div col end}}

Mid-19th century

According to the state yearbook (salname) of the year 1847, the reduced Rumelia Eyalet, centred at Manastir, encompassed also the sanjaks of Iskenderiyye (Scutari), Ohri (Ohrid) and Kesrye (Kastoria).[5] In 1855, according to the French traveller A. Viquesnel, it comprised the sanjaks of Iskenderiyye, with 7 kazas or sub-provinces, Ohri with 8 kazas, Kesrye with 8 kazas and the pasha-sanjak of Manastir with 11 kazas.[33]

Territorial evolution

Wholly or partly annexed to the Eyalet

  • Byzantine Empire
  • Second Bulgarian Empire, gradually conquered by the Ottomans in the late 14th-early 15th century.
  • Lordship of Prilep, annexed in 1395
  • Serbian Despotate, conquered by the Ottomans in 1459
  • Kingdom of Bosnia, annexed in 1463
  • Despotate of Dobruja
  • Gazaria (Genoese colonies), annexed in 1475
  • Principality of Theodoro, annexed in 1475

Created from the Eyalet

  • Eyalet of the Archipelago (in 1533)
  • Kefe Eyalet (in 1568)
  • Bosnia Eyalet (in 1580)
  • Silistra Eyalet (in 1593)
  • Ioannina Eyalet (in 1670{{fact|reason=Ioannina Eyalet is shown within Rumelia Eyalet on the sourced map from 1795, but had been carved out in the 1600s?|date=October 2018}})
  • Principality of Serbia (in 1815)
  • In 1836, Rumelia was partitioned between three new eyalets: Salonica, Edirne and the rump Rumelia Eyalet around Monastir.

References

1. ^{{cite book|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica, or, Dictionary of arts, sciences ..., Volume 19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUEhAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA464|page=464|year=1859}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Some Provinces of the Ottoman Empire|url=http://www.geonames.de/coutr-ota-provinces.html|publisher=Geonames.de|accessdate=25 February 2013}}
3. ^{{Google books|zSNUAAAAYAAJ|The Popular encyclopedia: or, conversations lexicon, Volume 6|page=698}}
4. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia | title = Eyālet | first = Halil | last = İnalcık | authorlink = Halil İnalcık | encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume II: C–G | publisher = BRILL | location = Leiden and New York | year = 1991 | isbn = 90-04-07026-5 | pages = 721–724 | url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/eya-let-SIM_2216}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite encyclopedia | title = Rūmeli | first = Halil | last = İnalcik | authorlink = | encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VIII: Ned–Sam | publisher = BRILL | location = Leiden and New York | year = 1995 | isbn = 90-04-09834-8 | pages = 607–611, esp. 610–611 | url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/rumeli-COM_0940 }}
6. ^1 2 {{cite book | title = Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches | series = Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients | volume = 13 | last = Birken | first = Andreas | language = German | publisher = Reichert | year = 1976 | isbn = 9783920153568 | page = 50}}
7. ^{{cite encyclopedia | title = Manāstir | first = M. | last = Ursinus | encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VI: Mahk–Mid | publisher = BRILL | location = Leiden and New York | year = 1991 | isbn = 90-04-08112-7 | pages = 371–372 | url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/manastir-SIM_4907}}
8. ^{{cite book | title = Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches | series = Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients | volume = 13 | last = Birken | first = Andreas | language = German | publisher = Reichert | year = 1976 | isbn = 9783920153568 | pages = 50, 52}}
9. ^{{citation|last= Smailagic |first= Nerkez |title= Leksikon Islama |url=|year=1990|publisher= Svjetlost |location= Sarajevo |isbn=978-86-01-01813-6 |oclc=25241734 |page=514|quote=Sjedište beglerbega Rumelije ...prvi namjesnik, Lala Šahin-paša,...}}
10. ^{{cite book|author1=Kenneth M. Setton|author2=Harry W. Hazard|author3=Norman P. Zacour|title=A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKaPrQPFIAMC&pg=PA699|date=1 June 1990|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-10744-4|pages=699–}}
11. ^{{cite book|author=Vera P. Mutafchieva |authorlink=Vera Mutafchieva |title=Agrarian relations in the Ottoman Empire in the 15th and 16th centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plyFAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=19 February 2013|year=1988|publisher=East European Monographs|isbn=978-0-88033-148-7|page=10}}
12. ^{{cite book|author=Aytaç Özkan|title=Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror Great Eagle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qiw9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT43|date=21 December 2015|publisher=Işık Yayıncılık Ticaret|isbn=978-1-59784-397-3|pages=43–}}
13. ^{{cite book|author=Marin Barleti|title=The Siege of Shkodra: Albania's Courageous Stand Against Ottoman Conquest, 1478|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeZ963q3ok0C&pg=PA19|year=2012|publisher=David Hosaflook|isbn=978-99956-87-77-9|pages=19–}}
14. ^{{cite book|author=John Freely|title=The Grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II-Conqueror of Constantinople and Master of an Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3m4jCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT159|date=1 October 2009|publisher=The Overlook Press|isbn=978-1-59020-449-8|pages=159–}}
15. ^{{cite book|author=Heath W. Lowry|title=Nature of the Early Ottoman State, The|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31j8T6XoigYC&pg=PA66|date=1 February 2012|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8726-6|pages=66–}}
16. ^{{cite book|author=Fatih Akçe|title=The Conqueror of the East Sultan Selim I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmU_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48|date=22 December 2015|publisher=Işık Yayıncılık Ticaret|isbn=978-1-68206-504-4|pages=48–}}
17. ^{{cite book|author=Stephen Turnbull|title=The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-JqHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT41|date=6 June 2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4728-1026-7|pages=41–}}
18. ^{{cite book|author1=Gülru Necipoğlu|author2=Julia Bailey|title=Frontiers of Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in Celebration of Oleg Grabar's Eightieth Birthday ; the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture Thirtieth Anniversary Special Volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8stDgJSiJ4C&pg=PA98|year=2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-17327-7|pages=98–}}
19. ^{{cite book|author1=Lucette Valensi|author2=Arthur Denner|title=The Birth of the Despot: Venice and the Sublime Porte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Syns0IPiFu0C&pg=PA19|date=1 December 2008|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=0-8014-7543-0|pages=19–}}
20. ^{{cite book|author=Sir H. A. R. Gibb|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJQ3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|year=1954|publisher=Brill Archive|pages=35–|id=GGKEY:1FSD5PNQ2DE}}
21. ^{{cite book|author=Stephen Ortega|title=Negotiating Transcultural Relations in the Early Modern Mediterranean: Ottoman-Venetian Encounters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CScHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT121|date=22 April 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-08919-3|pages=121–}}
22. ^{{cite book|author1=Halil İnalcık|author2=Donald Quataert|title=An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c00jmTrjzAoC&pg=PA419|accessdate=2013-06-07|date=1997-04-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57455-6|page=419}}
23. ^{{cite book|title=Istoriski časopis, Volumes 18-19|year=1971|publisher=Srpska akademija nauka. Istoriski institut|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=yF9wToS7BtDMswaUppiMBw&ct=result&id=To9pAAAAMAAJ&dq=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0&q=%22+%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%98%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%22#search_anchor|editor=Novak, Viktor|page=312|quote=}}
24. ^{{cite book|author=Kenneth Meyer Setton|title=Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XN51y209fR8C&pg=PA430|year=1991|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-192-7|pages=430–}}
25. ^{{cite encyclopedia | article = Ṭopal ʿOt̲h̲mān Pas̲h̲a, 1. Grand Vizier (1663-1733) | first = R. | last = Mantran | authorlink = | encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume X: T–U | publisher = BRILL | location = Leiden and New York | year = 2000 | isbn = 90-04-11211-1 | pages = 564–565}}
26. ^{{harvnb|Ćorović|1997|loc= }}
27. ^{{cite book|author=Robert W. Zens|title=The Ayanlik and Pasvanoğlu Osman Paşa of Vidin in the age of Ottoman social change, 1791-1815|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-J4MAQAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison|p=96}}
28. ^{{cite book|author1=Charles Jelavich|author2=Barbara Jelavich|title=The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhQTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|date=1 November 1986|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-96413-3|pages=18–}}
29. ^{{cite book|author1=Michalis N. Michael|author2=Matthias Kappler|author3=Eftihios Gavriel|title=Archivum Ottomanicum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjwMAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 July 2013|year=2009|publisher=Mouton.|page=175|quote=}}
30. ^{{cite book|author=Ali Yaycioglu|title=Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3rkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA220|date=4 May 2016|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-9612-5|pages=220–}}
31. ^Orhan Kılıç, XVII. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Osmanlı Devleti'nin Eyalet ve Sancak Teşkilatlanması, Osmanlı, Cilt 6: Teşkilât, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara, 1999, {{ISBN|975-6782-09-9}}, p. 91. {{Tr icon}}
32. ^{{Google books|joN6G1T6ZHIC|The Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful ..., Volume 25|page=393}} — by George Long, Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
33. ^{{cite book | last = Viquesnel | first = Auguste | title = Voyage dans la Turquie d'Europe: description physique et géologique de la Thrace | volume = Tome Premier | publisher = Arthus Betrand | location = Paris | year = 1868 | language = French | url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k116202f/ | pages = 107, 114–115}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book|last=Babinger|first=Franz|authorlink=Franz Babinger|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|editor=Hickman, William C.|translator=Manheim, Ralph|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1992|origyear=1978|isbn=978-0-691-01078-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Ćorović|first=Vladimir|authorlink=Vladimir Ćorović|title=Istorija srpskog naroda|chapter=Početak ustanka u Srbiji| publisher=Ars Libri|year=2001|origyear=1997|chapter-url=http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/7_2_l.html|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Jefferson|first=John|authorlink=John Jefferson|title=The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438-1444|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FpvqWWpUYSoC&pg=PA84|year=2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-21904-8|page=84|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Setton|first=Kenneth M.|title=The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Vol. IV: The Sixteenth Century|publisher=DIANE Publishing|year=1984|isbn=978-0-87169-162-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrUNi2m_qZAC|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|title = Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|last = |first = |publisher = Facts On File|year = 2009|isbn = 9780816062591|location = New York, NY|pages = |editor-first = Gábor|editor-last = Ágoston|url = http://www.infobasepublishing.com/Bookdetail.aspx?ISBN=0816062595&Ebooks=0|ref = harv|editor-last2 = Masters|editor-first2 = Bruce}}
{{Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire}}

15 : Ottoman period in the Balkans|Eyalets of the Ottoman Empire in Europe|History of the Balkans|Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Albania|Ottoman period in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Ottoman period in the history of Bulgaria|Ottoman Greece|Ottoman period in the history of North Macedonia|Ottoman Serbia|Ottoman Thrace|States and territories established in the 1360s|States and territories disestablished in 1867|1360s establishments in the Ottoman Empire|1867 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/13 12:44:13