| 词条 | Runcinia grammica |
| 释义 |
| image = Runcinia grammica.JPG | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Arachnida | ordo = Araneae | familia = Thomisidae | genus = Runcinia | species = R. grammica | binomial = Runcinia grammica | binomial_authority = (C. L. Koch, 1837) }}Runcinia grammica (Sometimes also referred to as Runcinia lateralis)[1] is a species of spiders of the genus Runcinia, with a distribution of "Europa, Near East to Iran, Russia, Central Asia, China, Japan. Introduced to St. Helena, South Africa." [2] The species generally lives in peat bogs, fens, and meadows,[3][4] although it has also been known to inhabit urban areas[5] They usually mature to adulthood in the summer.[4] They have short, broad bodies,[6] which are covered in hair and spines.[7] They have clear muscular corrugation on their sides,[7] and, on small raised bumps on their heads, eight small eyes.[6] Males are usually 2.5–3.5mm in length, females 4-6mm.[4] They are predators,[5] and eat various species of insects.[4] Unlike many spiders, they do not spin a web of any kind. Instead, they prowl on the ground, as well as climbing plants and flowers, to find their prey.[6] They can move forwards, backwards, and sideways.[6] Runcina grammicas have reportedly been sighted in various areas of Southeastern Spain[8] and Southwestern Portugal.[9][10] They are also known to inhabit Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Caucasus,[11] Italy,[12] India,[7] South Africa, St. Helena,[13][23][14][15] Turkey,[15][14] France,[16] and in the Carpathian Basin.[17] They are among the most common species of spiders in Portugal.[14] They are one of the many species preserved at the Mountain Zebra National Park, in South Africa.[18] References1. ^http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=353576 {{taxonbar|from=Q1313440}}2. ^{{cite web|title=Runcinia grammica|url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/41486|website=World Spider Catalog|accessdate=21 August 2017}} 3. ^Meadows – Thomisidae. Commanster.eu. Retrieved on 22 October 2011. 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.commanster.eu/commanster/Invertebrates/Spiders/SpSpiders/Runcinia.grammica.html |accessdate=20 July 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112011653/http://www.commanster.eu/commanster/Invertebrates/Spiders/SpSpiders/Runcinia.grammica.html |archivedate=12 January 2010 }} 5. ^1 Runcinia grammica – Ecologia, Taxonomia, Morfologia, Distribuição. Naturdata.com. Retrieved on 22 October 2011. 6. ^1 2 3 Runcinia grammica. Zipcodezoo.com. Retrieved on 22 October 2011. 7. ^1 2 Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Volume 103, Issues 1–2, published 2004, page 124 8. ^Data Use Agreement – GBIF Portal. Us.mirror.gbif.org (22 February 2007). Retrieved on 22 October 2011. 9. ^Portugal Spider Catalogue. Ennor.org. Retrieved on 22 October 2011. 10. ^http://www.european-arachnology.org/proceedings/18th/ekosup3.pdf 11. ^Runcinia grammica (C. L. Koch, 1837). Caucasus-spiders.info. Retrieved on 22 October 2011. 12. ^Runcinia grammica. Comune.pisa.it. Retrieved on 22 October 2011. 13. ^2008 Annual Checklist : Runcinia grammica (C. L. Koch, 1837). Catalogue of Life (5 January 2008). Retrieved on 22 October 2011. 14. ^1 2 http://www.european-arachnology.org/proceedings/22nd/28_Topcu.pdf 15. ^1 2 http://jbes.uludag.edu.tr/PDFDOSYALAR/mak-6.pdf 16. ^ {{dead link|date=October 2011}} 17. ^http://www.nki.hu/arachnol/tartalom/Irodalom/Bogya%20et%20al.%201999%20Spec%20composition%20in%20apple.pdf 18. ^http://koedoe.co.za/index.php/koedoe/article/viewFile/113/115 4 : Thomisidae|Spiders described in 1837|Spiders of Europe|Spiders of Asia |
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