| 词条 | MARPAT | |||||||
| 释义 |
| name = MARPAT (Marine Pattern) | image = Marpat1.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = A swatch of MARPAT in the woodland pattern variant. | origin = United States of America | type = Military camouflage pattern | service = 2002–present | used_by = U.S. Marine Corps (including USMC-R and MCJROTC) U.S. Navy (primarily corpsmen, chaplains, and religious program specialists) New York Naval Militia Texas Maritime Regiment See Users (for other non-U.S. users) | wars = | designer = Timothy O'Neill, Anabela Dugas, Kenneth G. Henley, John Joseph Heisterman, Jr., Luisa DeMorais Santos, Gabriel R. Patricio, Deirdre E. Townes | design_date = 2000–2001 | manufacturer = | unit_cost = | production_date = 2001–present | number = | variants = Desert MARPAT, Woodland MARPAT, Winter MARPAT See Design and colors for more details | spec_label = | weight = | length = | width = | height = | diameter = }} MARPAT (short for Marine pattern)[1] is a multi-scale camouflage pattern in use with the United States Marine Corps, designed in 2001 and introduced between 2002 and 2004 with the Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform (MCCUU), which replaced the Camouflage Utility Uniform. Its design and concept are based on the Canadian CADPAT pattern. The pattern is formed of small rectangular pixels of color. In theory, it is a far more effective camouflage than standard uniform patterns because it mimics the dappled textures and rough boundaries found in natural settings. It is also known as the "digital pattern" or "digi-cammies" because of its micropattern (pixels) rather than the old macropattern (big blobs). The United States government has patented MARPAT, including specifics of its manufacture.[2] By regulation, the pattern and items incorporating it, such as the MCCUU and ILBE backpack, are to be supplied by authorized manufacturers only and are not for general commercial sale, although imitations are available such as "Digital Woodland Camo" or "Digital Desert Camo". MARPAT was also chosen because it distinctively identifies its wearers as Marines to their adversaries, while simultaneously helping its wearers remain concealed. This was demonstrated by a Marine spokesman at the launch of MARPAT, who stated: "We want to be instantly recognized as a force to be reckoned with. We want them to see us coming a mile away in our new uniforms."[3] As such, the U.S. Marine Corps restricts use of the camouflage, preventing its use in most other divisions of the United States military with the exception of some elements of the U.S. Navy. DevelopmentMARPAT was designed by Timothy O'Neill, Anabela Dugas,[4] Kenneth G. Henley,[4]John Joseph Heisterman, Jr.,[4] Luisa DeMorais Santos,[4] Gabriel R. Patricio,[4] and Deirdre E. Townes.[4] The concept of using miniature swatches of color as opposed to large splotches is not new. In World War II, German troops used various patterns similar to the current German Flecktarn, which involved similar small dabs of color on a uniform to provide camouflage. The Canadian Forces originally developed the pattern called CADPAT, on which MARPAT was based.[4] Timothy O'Neill's[5] USMC design team in charge of this process, initially with the assistance of Kenneth G. Henley and then John Joseph Heisterman, Jr.(both active duty US Marine Scout-Snipers), went through over 150 different camo patterns before selecting three samples that met their initial objectives. These were two versions of tigerstripe and an older design of Rhodesian Brushstroke. The influence of tigerstripe can still be seen in the final MARPAT. These three samples were then reconstructed using new shapes and unique color blends that would allow a more effective uniform in a great range of environments. The new patterns were then field tested in different environments, day and night, with night vision and various optics. MARPAT did exceptionally well in their wet uniform test when viewed with night vision while illuminated with IR, where normally patterns appear as a solid. The MARPAT patent lists U.S. Army research into fractal pattern camouflage as the basis for MARPAT. The MARPAT pattern was chosen in a run-off against seven other patterns at the USMC Scout Sniper Instructor School.[6] Preliminary development of MARPAT began in April 2000,[7] with field testing of the pattern and the MCCUU beginning in 2001. The patent for the MARPAT pattern was filed on June 19, 2001,[8] whereas the patent for the MCCUU uniform was filed on November 7, 2001.[9] Early prototypes of the MARPAT desert pattern from 2001 featured grey, whereas the finished product did not. The uniform made its official debut at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina on January 17, 2002,[10] and the changeover was completed on October 1, 2004, a year ahead of the original requirement date set in 2001, of October 1, 2005.[11][12][13][14]
The MARPAT uniform was officially fielded as standard issue to the recruits of 3rd BN Mike Company in late 2002 at MCRD San Diego;[15]{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} it continues to be the USMC's standard issue uniform pattern to date. In all, the MARPAT development process from concept to completion took 18 months, the fastest time for a U.S. military-developed camouflage pattern.[16] Design and colorsDifferent ratios and variations of colors were tested before final candidate patterns were actually printed to textile for field trials. A modified version of Vietnam War–era tiger stripe also made it to final trials but was eliminated due to MARPAT being superior in all environments. The purpose of the digitized pattern is to create visual "noise" and prevent the eye from identifying any visual templates. Thus, the pattern is intended to not register as any particular shape or pattern that could be distinguished.[17] There were initially three MARPAT patterns tested: Woodland, Desert, and Urban. Only the Woodland and Desert patterns were adopted by the Marine Corps, replacing the U.S. Woodlandpattern and the U.S. Three-Color Desert pattern. Webbing and equipment worn with MARPAT Woodland and MARPAT Desert is produced in Coyote Brown, a mid-tone color common to both the woodland and desert patterns. Although a digital snow pattern has also been adopted on cold-weather training over-garments, this uses a different pattern from the Canadian company Hyperstealth.[18] Authentic MARPAT material is distinguishable by a miniature "Eagle, Globe, and Anchor" emblem incorporated into the pattern above the letters "USMC", in both the woodland and desert patterns.[19] Similar designsMARPAT is aesthetically similar to Canadian Forces CADPAT, which was first developed in the 1990s.[20] The United States Army used the same shapes in designing its Universal Camouflage Pattern, which uses a much paler three-color scheme of sage green, grey and sand for use on the Army Combat Uniform. After major questions about its effectiveness arose, the Army adopted the "Scorpion W2" Operational Camouflage Pattern in 2015, to be fully phased in by 2019. The United States Air Force has designed its own Airman Battle Uniform (ABU) using a standard tiger stripe pattern and slight variation on the color scheme of ACU. The United States Navy announced approval for a digital "BDU-style" work uniform in late 2008. The Navy Working Uniform (NWU) was chosen by surveyed sailors for consistency and longer life, while the blue-grey-black Type I pattern was designed for aesthetic purposes rather than camouflage to disguise them at sea. In January 2010, the Navy began considering new Navy Working Uniform patterns modified from MARPAT, named Type II and Type III, desert and woodland respectively. The Woodland pattern was actually an earlier coloration of the MARPAT scheme, not adopted following USMC trials.[21] These patterns are overall darker than their respective MARPAT progenitors, modified with different color shades,[22] and addressed the fact that the blue and grey Type I pattern was not meant for a tactical environment (the Battle Dress Uniform in M81 woodland and Desert Camouflage Uniform were still used for this purpose until the Type II and III patterns were introduced).[23] Backlash from Marines, including an objection from former Commandant Conway, led to restrictions when NAVADMIN 374/09 was released:[24] Type II pattern to Naval Special Warfare personnel, while Type III is restricted to Navy ground units.[25] Users
GalleryReferences1. ^https://olive-drab.com/od_soldiers_clothing_marpat.php 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/patents/US6805957|title=Camouflage U.S. Marine corps utility uniform: pattern, fabric, and design|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129081629/https://www.google.com/patents/US6805957|archivedate=29 January 2014|df=dmy-all}} 3. ^{{cite book | last1 = Blechman | first1 = Hardy | last2 =Newman | first2 =Alex | title= DPM: Disruptive Pattern Material | year=2004 | publisher= Department of Publications, Maharishi | isbn = 0-9543404-0-X}} 4. ^{{cite web |last1=King |first1=A. |title=The Digital Revolution: Camouflage Uniforms In The Twenty-First Century |url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/17154/Camouflage%2520millennium.docx |publisher=University of Exeter |accessdate=29 March 2016 |date=2014 }}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=SheriffIsInTown |fix-attempted=yes }} 5. ^{{cite web |last1=Fusco |first1=Sgt. Vincent |title=West Point explores science of camouflage |url=http://www.army.mil/article/40245/ |publisher=United States Army |accessdate=29 March 2016 |date=3 June 2010 |quote=He designed the Marine Corps' MARine PATtern, or MARPAT camouflage and worked with the Marines, Army, Office of Naval Research and Program Executive Office Soldier on various studies and adaptations of texture match. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413103127/http://www.army.mil/article/40245/ |archivedate=13 April 2016 |df=dmy-all }} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/mcub/utility/background/CammieConsid.htm |title=Combat Utility Uniform Camouflage Considerations |website=www.tecom.usmc.mil |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010920015716/http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/mcub/utility/background/CammieConsid.htm |archivedate=2001-09-20 |df= }} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/650/648951.pdf|date=September 2012|format=PDF|work=Report to Congressional Requesters|publisher=United States Government Accountability Office|author=United States Government Accountability Office|title=Warfighter Support: DOD Should Improve Development of Camouflage Uniforms and Enhance Collaboration Among the Services|access-date=September 3, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615172055/https://www.gao.gov/assets/650/648951.pdf|archivedate=15 June 2017|df=dmy-all}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/patents/USD491372 |title=Camouflage pattern for sheet material and uniforms US D491372 S |accessdate=February 24, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020104643/http://www.google.com/patents/USD491372 |archivedate=20 October 2016 |df=dmy-all }} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/patents/US6805957|title=Camouflage U.S. Marine corps utility uniform: pattern, fabric, and design US 6805957 B1|accessdate=September 24, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129081629/https://www.google.com/patents/US6805957|archivedate=29 January 2014|df=dmy-all}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://ww2.dcmilitary.com/dcmilitary_archives/stories/011702/13087-1.shtml|title=New uniform debuts today|location=Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia|date=January 17, 2002|work=Around the Fleet|accessdate=September 19, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919093854/http://ww2.dcmilitary.com/dcmilitary_archives/stories/011702/13087-1.shtml|archivedate=19 September 2013|df=dmy-all}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pstripes.com/01/feb01/ed022401e.html |title=Marines' followed Canadians' example in use of digitally-designed 'cammies' |last=Jontz |first=Sandra |work=Stars and Stripes |date=February 24, 2001 |accessdate=June 6, 2002 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606130101/http://www.pstripes.com/01/feb01/ed022401e.html |archivedate=June 6, 2002 }} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/marine_corps_cu_uniform.htm |title=Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform |first=John |last=Pike |website=www.globalsecurity.org |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413190514/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/marine_corps_cu_uniform.htm |archivedate=13 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.usmc.mil/maradmins/maradmin2000.nsf/0872a7ac9a4c08a6852569b9000bc3f1/54d1925fde54478885256f170027f0b0?OpenDocument |author=Commandant of the United States Marine Corps |publisher=United States Marine Corps |date=September 22, 2004 |title=Maradmin 412/04: Mandatory Possession Dates For The Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniforms (Mccuu) And Marine Corps Combat Boots (Mccb) |accessdate=September 29, 2004 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040929112751/http://www.usmc.mil/maradmins/maradmin2000.nsf/0872a7ac9a4c08a6852569b9000bc3f1/54d1925fde54478885256f170027f0b0?OpenDocument |archivedate=September 29, 2004 }} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://ww2.pstripes.osd.mil/01/jul01/ed070301c.html |title=Officials went to the source to ensure new Marine uniform pleased troops |last=Oliva |first=Mark |work=Stars and Stripes |date=July 3, 2001 |accessdate=January 7, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010725223449/http://ww2.pstripes.osd.mil/01/jul01/ed070301c.html |archivedate=July 25, 2001 }} 15. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61DqDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1996-IA17|page=1,996|title=Parris Island: "The Cradle of the Corps": A History of the United States Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina, 1962-2015|first1=Eugene|last1=Alvarez|first2=Leo|last2=Daugherty|date=May 21, 2016|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|via=Google Books}} 16. ^{{Cite episode|title=Camouflage|series=Modern Marvels|serieslink=Modern Marvels|network=The History Channel|airdate=June 18, 2002|season=8|number=23|time=|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2gIFG5XKFow|accessdate=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424132035/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2gIFG5XKFow|archivedate=24 April 2018|df=dmy-all}} 17. ^Kenneth G. Henley, [https://www.militarymorons.com/misc/camo.html "MARPAT - A Personal Tale - From one of the designers of the Marine Pattern camouflage"], MilitaryMorons, Sept 2003 18. ^Snow Camouflage Uniform data sheet {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304135054/http://www.marcorsyscom.usmc.mil/SITES/PMICE/InfoPapers/Clothing/SnowCamo.pdf |date=4 March 2009}} 19. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20060630184420/http://www.magnafabrics.com/images/invprints/836.jpg Eagle, Globe and Anchor] example, Magna Fabrics. 20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.stripes.com/01/feb01/ed022401e.html|title=Marines' followed Canadians' example in use of digitally-designed 'cammies' |last=Jontz |first=Sandra |date=February 24, 2001 |work=Stars and Stripes |accessdate=14 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227060337/http://www.stripes.com/01/feb01/ed022401e.html |archivedate=December 27, 2007}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50454|title=Two New Navy Working Uniforms Announced|date=January 8, 2010|publisher=United States Navy|accessdate=6 May 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623204520/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50454|archivedate=23 June 2010|df=dmy-all}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/marine_uniform_011810w/|title=Your thoughts: Navy may try Corps-like camo|last=McCullough|first=Amy|date=January 20, 2010|publisher=Marine Corps Times|accessdate=6 May 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612101510/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/marine_uniform_011810w/|archivedate=12 June 2010|df=dmy-all}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=16603|title=Navy Working Uniform (NWU) Concepts Frequently Asked Questions|date=January 13, 2005|work=Task Force Uniform Public Affairs|publisher=United States Navy|accessdate=6 May 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629211826/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=16603|archivedate=29 June 2011|df=dmy-all}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://cdrsalamander.blogspot.com/2010/01/nwu-unending-nightmare.html|title=NAVADMIN 374/09: Navy Working Uniform Type II and III|date=January 4, 2010|work=Chief of Naval Operations|publisher=CDR Salamander|accessdate=6 May 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724011157/http://cdrsalamander.blogspot.com/2010/01/nwu-unending-nightmare.html|archivedate=24 July 2011|df=dmy-all}} 25. ^{{cite news|title=Sailor Outcry over Desert Camo Denial|date=February 22, 2010|work=Navy Times|author=Navy Times staff|publisher=Marine Corps Times}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://camopedia.org/index.php?title=Afghanistan|title=Afghanistan - Camopedia|website=camopedia.org|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606072325/http://camopedia.org/index.php?title=Afghanistan|archivedate=6 June 2017|df=dmy-all}} 27. ^{{Cite web|url=http://camopedia.org/index.php?title=Armenia|title=Armenia - Camopedia|website=camopedia.org|language=en|access-date=2018-05-16}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://camopedia.org/index.php?title=Bahamas|title=Bahamas - Camopedia|website=camopedia.org|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606084341/http://camopedia.org/index.php?title=Bahamas|archivedate=6 June 2017|df=dmy-all}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://camopedia.org/index.php?title=Bolivia|title=Bolivia - Camopedia|website=camopedia.org|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606004706/http://camopedia.org/index.php?title=Bolivia|archivedate=6 June 2017|df=dmy-all}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://camopedia.org/index.php?title=Bosnia_and_Herzegovina|title=Bosnia and Herzegovina - Camopedia|website=camopedia.org|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323030838/http://camopedia.org/index.php?title=Bosnia_and_Herzegovina|archivedate=23 March 2018|df=dmy-all}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/brasil/rj/bope-troca-a-mistica-farda-preta-por-camuflada-em-operacoes-diur/n1597570298890.html|title=Bope troca a mística farda preta por camuflada em operações diurnas - Rio de Janeiro - iG|first=Raphael Gomide, iG Rio de|last=Janeiro|date=13 January 2012|website=ig.com.br|accessdate=24 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927011050/http://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/brasil/rj/bope-troca-a-mistica-farda-preta-por-camuflada-em-operacoes-diur/n1597570298890.html|archivedate=27 September 2017|df=dmy-all}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://camopedia.org/index.php?title=Georgia|title=Georgia - Camopedia|website=camopedia.org|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606110416/http://camopedia.org/index.php?title=Georgia|archivedate=6 June 2017|df=dmy-all}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://camopedia.org/index.php?title=Guinea|title=Guinea - Camopedia|website=camopedia.org|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606113330/http://camopedia.org/index.php?title=Guinea|archivedate=6 June 2017|df=dmy-all}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=https://kitup.military.com/2011/08/knock-off-iraqi-marpat.html|title=Knock-off Iraqi MARPAT|author=|date=31 August 2011|website=military.com|accessdate=24 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911163111/https://kitup.military.com/2011/08/knock-off-iraqi-marpat.html|archivedate=11 September 2017|df=dmy-all}} 35. ^https://specijalne-jedinice.com/Inostranstvo/Region/Jedinica-za-specijalne-zadatke-Tigrovi-Republike-Makedonije-English.html#sthash.4ZljdZ0l.dpbs 36. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pictame.com/user/wikalat_alafwaj/4094746993/1521973454844018256_4094746993 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2018-02-02 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064055/http://www.pictame.com/user/wikalat_alafwaj/4094746993/1521973454844018256_4094746993 |archivedate=3 February 2018 |df=dmy-all }} 37. ^https://specijalne-jedinice.com/Inostranstvo/Region/Specijalna-jedinica-policije-Republike-Slovenije-English.html#sthash.LGnIJ99k.dpbs 38. ^http://militaryland.net/ukraine/special-police-forces/poltava-battalion/ 39. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/uae/hidden-benefits-of-uniform-approach-1.353890|title=Hidden benefits of uniform approach|publisher= The National|date=May 5, 2011}} Further reading
External links{{Commons category}}
6 : 2001 in military history|American military uniforms|Camouflage patterns|Military camouflage|Products introduced in 2001|United States Marine Corps equipment |
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