“Marshal of the air force”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Marshal of the air force is the English term for the most senior rank in a number of air forces. The ranks described by this term can properly be considered marshal ranks.

No air force in an English-speaking country formally uses the exact title "marshal of the air force", although it is sometimes used as a shortened form of the full title. In several Commonwealth air forces and many Middle Eastern air forces the most senior rank is named "marshal of the", followed by the name of the air force (e.g. Marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force).

Brazil and Italy have used rank titles which literally translate as marshal of the air, whereas Portugal's rank translates as "marshal of the air force". Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe used the rank of Generalfeldmarschall (also used by the World War II German Army) The premier rank of Reichsmarschall was also held solely by Hermann Göring.

The first instance of this rank was marshal of the Royal Air Force, which was established on paper in 1919 and was first held by Lord Trenchard (from 1927 onwards). Other Commonwealth countries later adopted their own national versions of the rank but, unlike the United Kingdom, they have only used it as a ceremonial honour.

Seniority

Marshals of the air force can be properly considered marshals and such ranks are equivalent to the army rank of field marshal and the navy rank of admiral of the fleet. Marshal of the air force is a five-star rank and in NATO countries it is described by the ranking code of OF-10. As such a senior rank, it is very seldom held. It is awarded either in a ceremonial capacity to heads of state or members of royal families, or to the most senior officers in large air forces.

In the air forces of Australia, India, Thailand and the United Kingdom, marshals of the air force are immediately senior to air chief marshals. In the case of New Zealand, although the rank of marshal of the Royal New Zealand Air Force has been bestowed, no Royal New Zealand Air Force officer has attained higher rank than air marshal and the New Zealand rank of air chief marshal only exists on paper. A similar situation to the one in New Zealand also existed in Malaysia until the 1970s when the Royal Malaysian Air Force replaced its air-officer ranks with general-officer ranks, although it retained the rank of marshal of the Royal Malaysian Air Force. The rank of marshal of the Royal Canadian Air Force was never granted.^[1]

During Germany's Nazi period, the Luftwaffe (air force), in common with the Heer (army), used the rank of generalfeldmarschall (field marshal), which was equivalent to großadmiral (grand admiral) in the navy. Generalfeldmarschall was immediately senior to generaloberst (colonel general) and it was the most senior German air force and army rank until the promotion of Hermann Göring, the commander of the Luftwaffe, to the even higher rank of reichsmarschall (imperial marshal or marshal of the realm) in July 1940. The German ranks of reichsmarschall and generalfeldmarschall ceased to exist with the fall of the Third Reich.

Insignia and distinguishing flags

Rank insignia

There are a variety of rank insignia in use by the different air forces which maintain a rank of marshal of the air force. Some, such as the Royal Air Force, derive the pattern from the sleeve lace for an admiral of the fleet, using one broad light blue band on a wider broad black band with four narrow light blue bands each on slightly wider black bands. Others use a pattern of stars, typically numbering five in total.

Command flags

Current holders of the rank

As of 2017, there are 14 living individuals who hold or have held the rank, or its equivalents, of Marshal of the Air Force. 10 of those are royalty who have been appointed to the rank in a ceremonial capacity, including Queen Sirikit of Thailand, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Prince of Wales and the current head of state of Malaysia. In the case of Malaysia, the elected Yang di-Pertuan Agong is appointed a Marshal of the Air Force for his tenure as head of state, but relinquishes the rank after completing his term in office. He can, however, be re-appointed to the rank if he later serves another term.

The Duke of Edinburgh holds the ceremonial rank of a Marshal of the Royal Air Force, as well as the honorary ranks of Marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force and Marshal of the Royal New Zealand Air Force; owing to their smaller size, however, neither of the latter two air forces have ever used the rank in an operational capacity. Although the rank of Marshal of the Royal Canadian Air Force existed on paper until 1968, the Duke of Edinburgh was never appointed to this rank nor to the other Canadian 5-star ranks before they were abolished that year. In 2012, his son, the Prince of Wales, was appointed to the British rank.

The remaining four holders of the rank were all serving air officers, three of whom served as Chief of the Air Staff of the Royal Air Force, and were promoted to the rank of Marshal of the Royal Air Force upon concluding their tenure. Of those, only Lord Craig did not retire then, as he went on to serve as Chief of the Defence Staff as a Marshal of the RAF. In June 2014, retired Air Chief Marshal the Lord Stirrup was promoted to Marshal of the RAF in a ceremonial capacity, marking the first time since 1992 that an RAF air officer had been awarded the rank; Lord Stirrup had served as Chief of the Defence Staff from 2006 to 2010.

List of marshals of the air force

Other countries

The rank also exists or has existed (on paper) in Afghanistan, Bangladesh,^[42] Brunei, Iran, South Korea, Nigeria,^[43] Pakistan^[44] and South Vietnam, but not all of these countries have used it. The Turkish Air Force maintains a rank of hava mareşalı (literally air marshal but equivalent to five-star rank). The Indonesian Air Force maintains the rank of marsekal besar (literally, "great marshal" and also a five-star rank) although no Indonesian Air Force officer has ever been promoted to the rank. The French Air Force, in common with the French Army has marshal of France as its most senior rank. However, unlike the French Army, the Air Force has never had one of its officers created a marshal of France.

The United States does not use the rank, instead using general of the air force which has only been held once and is currently retained only on paper. China also does not use a marshal rank, preferring first class general (kong jun yi ji shang jiang) which has never been held by an air force officer and was abolished in 1994. Spain uses the equivalent rank of captain general of the Air Force which is held only by HM King Felipe VI.

Fictional use

A marshal of the air force is mentioned in Roald Dahl's book The BFG. Dahl himself was a Royal Air Force officer during World War II.

See also

References

1. ^CAP 6 Dress Orders for the Royal Canadian Air Force. Ottawa: RCAF, 1958. pp. 3–62.
2. ^{{London Gazette |issue=40137 |date=2 April 1954 |page=1959 }} Announcement of the appointment of HRH Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, as admiral of the fleet in the Royal Australian Navy, field marshal in the Australian Military Forces and marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force.
3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.royalark.net/Bahrain/bahrain10.htm|title=The Al-Khalifa Dynasty|accessdate=17 December 2008|last=Buyers|first=Christopher|work=The Royal Ark}}
4. ^http://www.incaer.aer.mil.br/MarTrompowsky.htm
5. ^http://www.rudnei.cunha.nom.br/FAB/en/patrono.html
6. ^¹Egypt
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royalark.net/Ethiopia/shoa6.htm |title=The Solomonic Dynasty - page 1 |accessdate=2010-09-02 |last=Buyers |first=Christopher |date= May 2001 – July 2007 |work=The Royal Ark }}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://4dw.net/royalark/Ethiopia/shoa7.htm |title=The Solomonic Dynasty - page 2 |accessdate=2008-04-08 |last=Buyers |first=Christopher |date= May 2001 – July 2007 |work=The Royal Ark }}
9. ^{{cite book |title=The Who's who of the Allied Governments |volume=2 |page=62 |location= |publisher=Allied Publications |year=1942 }}
10. ^http://www.rediff.com/news/report/marshal-of-iaf-arjan-singh-cremated-with-full-state-honour/20170918.htm
11. ^India
12. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.royalark.net/Arabia/hijaz1.htm |title=Al-Hashimi Dynasty |accessdate=17 December 2008 |last=Buyers |first=Christopher |work=The Royal Ark}}
13. ^¹Jordan {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207080422/http://www.gilani.com.pk/kings/kingsjordan.htm |date=2008-12-07 }}
14. ^Sultan Abdul Halim
15. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸Maylasia
16. ^{{London Gazette| issue=47237 | date=10 June 1977 |page=7127 |supp=y }}
17. ^Oman
18. ^http://www.archontology.org/nations/portugal/port010/craveiro.php
19. ^Portugal
20. ^Royal Gazette, Announcement of Royal Decree, Volume 58, Page 981, 28 July 2484 B.E.
21. ^Royal Gazette, Announcement from the Secretariat of the Cabinet pertaining to the awarding of military ranks, Volume 71, Chapter 47, Page 1672, 27 July 2497 B.E.
22. ^Royal Gazette, Announcement from the Secretariat of the Cabinet pertaining to the awarding of military ranks, Volume 76, Chapter 28, Page 12, 28 February 2502 B.E.
23. ^Royal Gazette, Announcement from the Secretariat of the Cabinet pertaining to the awarding of military ranks, Volume 77, Chapter 43, Page 2474, 24 May 2503 B.E.
24. ^Royal Gazette, Announcement from the Office of the Prime Minister pertaining to the awarding of military ranks, Volume 81, Chapter 3, Page 1, 11 January 2507 B.E.
25. ^Royal Gazette, Announcement from the Office of the Prime Minister pertaining to the awarding of military ranks, Volume 90, Chapter 64, Page 1, 6 June 2516 B.E.
26. ^Royal Gazette, Announcement from the Office of the Prime Minister pertaining to the awarding of military ranks, Volume 109, Chapter 111, Page 1, 4 August 2535 B.E.
27. ^Baron Newall
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Harris.htm |title=Marshal of the RAF Sir Arthur Harris |accessdate=2008-03-31 |author= |last=Barrass |first=Malcolm |date=2007-09-29 |work=Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation }}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Pike_TG.htm |title=Marshal of the RAF Sir Thomas Pike |accessdate=2008-04-20 |author= |last=Barrass |first=Malcolm |date=2007-09-01 |work=Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation }}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Elworthy.htm |title=Marshal of the RAF The Lord Elworthy of Timaru |accessdate=2008-04-18 |last=Barrass |first=Malcolm |date=2007-06-16 |work=Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation}}
31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Grandy.htm |title=Marshal of the RAF Sir John Grandy |accessdate=2008-04-01 |last=Barrass |first=Malcolm |date=2007-06-16 |work=Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation}}
32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Spotswood.htm |title=Marshal of the RAF Sir Denis Spotswood |accessdate=2008-04-02 |last=Barrass |first=Malcolm |date=2007-10-07 |work=Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation}}
33. ^{{cite book |last=Probert |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Probert |title=High Commanders of the Royal Air Force |year=1991 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |isbn=0-11-772635-4 |page=133}}
34. ^Probert, p. 135.
35. ^Probert, p. 137.
36. ^Probert, p. 139.
37. ^Probert, p. 141.
38. ^{{London Gazette |issue=53103 |date=9 November 1992 |page=18862 |supp=y }}
39. ^{{London Gazette |issue=53814 |date=10 October 1994 |page=14206 |supp=y }}
40. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/9335960/Prince-Charles-awarded-highest-rank-in-all-three-armed-forces.html "Prince Charles awarded highest rank in all three armed forces,"] Daily Telegraph, 16 June 2012. Accessed 18 June 2012.
41. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/2014-birthday-honours-for-service-personnel-and-defence-civilians|title=2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians|date=13 June 2014|publisher=Ministry of Defence|accessdate=22 June 2014}}
42. ^http://www.bangladeshnavy.org/ranks.html
43. ^http://www.nigerianairforce.net/AboutNAF/ColoursWings.aspx
44. ^{{cite web |url=http://www-ec.njit.edu/~axz6893/airforce.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-05-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304095423/http://www-ec.njit.edu/~axz6893/airforce.htm |archivedate=2007-03-04 |df= }}