| 词条 | Marshal of the Royal Air Force | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Marshal of the Royal Air Force | image = | align = center | total_width = 200 | image1 = British RAF OF-10.svg | width1 = 88| height1 = 224 | alt1 = | caption1 = Sleeve insignia | image2 = British RAF OF-10 (ceremonial shoulder board).svg | width2 = 88| height2 = 224 | alt2 = | caption2 = Ceremonial shoulder board }} | image_size = 100 px | caption = Marshal of the Royal Air Force shoulder board | image2 = UK-Air-OF10-Flag.svg | image_size2 = 100px | caption2 = Marshal of the RAF rank flag. | country = {{flagu|United Kingdom|name=United Kingdom}} | service branch = {{air force|United Kingdom}} | abbreviation = MRAF | rank = Five-star rank | NATO rank = OF-10 | Non-NATO rank = O-11 | formation = 1927 | abolished = | higher rank = | lower rank = Air chief marshal | equivalents = Admiral of the Fleet Field Marshal }}{{Military ranks}} Marshal of the Royal Air Force (MRAF) is the highest rank in the British Royal Air Force (RAF).[1] In peacetime it was granted to RAF officers in the appointment of Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS), and to retired Chiefs of the Air Staff (CAS), who were promoted to it on their last day of service. While surviving marshals of the RAF retain the rank for life,[2] the highest rank to which officers on active service are promoted is now air chief marshal. Although general promotions to Marshal of the Royal Air Force have been discontinued since the British defence cuts of the 1990s, further promotions to the rank may still be made in wartime, for members of the Royal Family and certain very senior RAF air officers in peacetime at the discretion of the monarch; all such promotions in peacetime are only honorary, however.[3] In 2012, Charles, Prince of Wales was promoted to the rank while in 2014 Lord Stirrup, who had served as Chief of the Air Staff and Chief of the Defence Staff for over seven years, was also promoted. Marshal of the Royal Air Force is a five-star rank[4] and unlike the air marshal ranks, can properly be considered a marshal rank. MRAF has a NATO ranking code of OF-10, equivalent to an admiral of the fleet in the Royal Navy or a field marshal in the British Army.[5] The rank was instituted in 1919 and the first officer to be promoted to MRAF was Sir Hugh Trenchard in 1927. Since that time, including Trenchard, there have been 27 men who have held the rank. Of those, 22 have been professional RAF officers and five have been senior members of the British Royal Family. King George V did not formally hold the rank of marshal of the RAF; rather he assumed the title of Chief of the Royal Air Force.[6] In this capacity from time to time he wore RAF uniform with the rank insignia of a marshal of the RAF. He first publicly wore such uniform in 1935, the year before his death.[7] Excluding monarchs and other members of the Royal Family, the only two RAF officers ever to have held the rank without serving as Chief of the Air Staff were Lord Douglas of Kirtleside and Sir Arthur Harris. Both held high command during the Second World War. Harris was Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Bomber Command and Douglas was Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Fighter Command, Middle East Command and Coastal Command. OriginsPrior to the creation of the RAF's officer rank titles in 1919, it was proposed that by analogy with field marshal, the highest rank title should be air marshal. It was later decided to use the rank of air marshal as an equivalent rank to lieutenant general[8] and "marshal of the air" was put forward as the highest RAF rank. This new rank title was opposed by the then Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Sir Henry Wilson, who considered that the title was "ridiculous". However, the Chief of the Air Staff, Sir Hugh Trenchard was unmoved and the title was adopted. Though never held by a Royal Air Force officer, the rank title of marshal of the air lasted until April 1925, when it was changed to marshal of the Royal Air Force.[9] Questioned in the House of Commons, Secretary of State for Air Sir Samuel Hoare stated that the reason for the change in title was that marshal of the air was "somewhat indefinite in character" and the new title was deemed more appropriate.[10] It has also been reported that King George V was not happy with the title of marshal of the air, feeling it might imply attributes which should properly be reserved for God.[11] Insignia, command flag and star plateThe rank insignia consists of four narrow light blue bands (each on a slightly wider black band) above a light blue band on a broad black band. This insignia is derived from the sleeve lace of an admiral of the fleet and is worn on both the lower sleeves of the tunic or on the shoulders of the flying suit or the service working dress uniform. Marshals of the Royal Air Force wear shoulder boards with their service dress at ceremonial events. These shoulder boards show the air officer's eagle surrounded by a wreath, two crossed marshal's batons and, since the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, the St Edward's Crown representing royal authority.[12] Prior to 1953, the Tudor Crown (sometimes called the King's Crown) was used. The command flag of a marshal of the Royal Air Force has a broad red horizontal band in the centre with a thinner red band on each side of it. The vehicle star plate for a marshal of the Royal Air Force depicts five white stars (marshal of the Royal Air Force is equivalent to a five-star rank) on an air force blue background. The rank insignia and flag exists in some other air forces for equivalent ranks. The rank title differs slightly, often being a variation on marshal of the air force, usually with the name of the relevant air force in place of the words 'Royal Air Force'. A notable example of this practice is the rank of marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force. Marshals of the Royal Air Force
Unlike other MRAFs who only relinquished their appointments, Sir Peter Harding resigned from the RAF in 1994.[43] Consequently, his name is no longer to be found in the Air Force List.[44] See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/structure/commissionedranks.cfm |title=Ranks and Badges of the Royal Air Force |accessdate= 1 December 2007 |year=2007 |publisher=Royal Air Force}} 2. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1435306/Telegraph-Style-Book-The-Services.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | title=Telegraph style book: the Services | date=12 April 2008 | accessdate=12 May 2010}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/2014-birthday-honours-for-service-personnel-and-defence-civilians|title=2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians|date=13 June 2014|publisher=Ministry of Defence|accessdate=22 June 2014}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rafweb.org/Glossary.htm |title=Glossary |accessdate=21 March 2008 |last=Barrass |first=Malcolm |date=8 September 2007 |work=Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413024542/http://www.rafweb.org/Glossary.htm |archivedate=13 April 2008 |df= }} 5. ^{{cite book |title=The Queen's Regulations for the Army |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/linkedfiles/servingsoldier/termsofserv/discmillaw/ref/queens_regulations_incl_a27.pdf |format=pdf |accessdate=21 March 2008 |date=28 February 2000 |publisher=HMSO |location=Norwich |language= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=2–4/7 |chapter=Chapter 2 Part 4 |origyear=28 February 2000}} 6. ^{{cite journal |date=23 January 1953|title=From All Quarters |journal=Flight |volume=LXIII |issue=2296 |page=86 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1953/1953%20-%200088.html |format=pdf |accessdate=1 May 2009}} 7. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,847457,00.html |title=The King and the Sea |accessdate=2 April 2008 |date=29 July 1935 |work=Time }} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rafweb.org/Ranks1.htm |title=Commissioned Ranks of the Royal Air Force 1919 – present |accessdate=31 December 2007 |last=Barrass |first=Malcolm |date=11 June 2007 |work=Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127001742/http://www.rafweb.org/ranks1.htm |archivedate=27 November 2007 |df=dmy-all }} 9. ^{{Citation| title = New Royal Air Force Title| journal = Flight| volume = 17| issue = 17| year = 1923| pages = 249| url = https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1925/1925%20-%200249.html}} 10. ^{{cite hansard |jurisdiction= United Kingdom |title= MARSHAL OF THE ROYAL AIR FORCE|url= http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1925/may/12/marshal-of-the-royal-air-force|house= House of Commons |date= 12 May 1925|column= 1689W|speaker= Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|position= Secretary of State for Air}} 11. ^{{cite book | last =Laffin | first =John | authorlink =John Laffin | title =Swifter than Eagles. A biography of Marshal of the RAF Sir John Salmond | publisher =William Blackwood & Sons Ltd | year =1964 | location = | pages =149 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }} 12. ^Raf 1 13. ^{{London Gazette |issue=33235 |date=31 December 1926 |page=9 |supp=y }} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Trenchard.htm |title=Marshal of the RAF The Viscount Trenchard of Wolfeton |accessdate=25 May 2009 |last=Barrass |first=Malcolm |date=9 October 2007 |work=Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation }} 15. ^{{London Gazette |issue=33898 |date=30 December 1932 |page=15 |supp=y }} 16. ^{{London Gazette |issue=34251 |date=31 January 1936 |page=665 }} 17. ^{{London Gazette |issue=34351 |date=18 December 1936 |page=8187 }} 18. ^{{London Gazette |issue=34356 |date=1 January 1937 |page=17 }} 19. ^Baron Newall 20. ^{{London Gazette|issue=36309 |page=43 |date=31 December 1943 |supp=y}} 21. ^{{London Gazette|issue=37261 |date=11 September 1945|page=4532 }} 22. ^1 {{London Gazette|issue=37414 |date=28 December 1945 |page=187|supp=y }} 23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Harris.htm |title=Marshal of the RAF Sir Arthur Harris |accessdate=31 March 2008 |author= |last=Barrass |first=Malcolm |date=29 September 2007 |work=Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation }} 24. ^{{London Gazette|issue=38941 |supp=y|page=3045|date=13 June 1950}} 25. ^{{London Gazette |issue=39753 |date=13 January 1953 |page=349 |supp=y }} 26. ^{{London Gazette|issue=40186 |supp=y|page=3195|date=28 May 1954}} 27. ^{{London Gazette|issue=41266|date=27 December 1957|page=7593 |supp=y}} 28. ^{{London Gazette |issue=41409 |date=3 June 1958 |page=3561 |supp=y }} 29. ^{{London Gazette|issue=42644 |supp=y|page=2929|date=6 April 1962 }} 30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Elworthy.htm |title=Marshal of the RAF The Lord Elworthy of Timaru |accessdate=18 April 2008 |last=Barrass |first=Malcolm |date=16 June 2007 |work=Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation}} 31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Grandy.htm |title=Marshal of the RAF Sir John Grandy |accessdate=1 April 2008 |last=Barrass |first=Malcolm |date=16 June 2007 |work=Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation}} 32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Spotswood.htm |title=Marshal of the RAF Sir Denis Spotswood |accessdate=2 April 2008 |last=Barrass |first=Malcolm |date=7 October 2007 |work=Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation}} 33. ^{{cite book |last=Probert |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Probert |title=High Commanders of the Royal Air Force |publisher=HMSO |location=London |isbn=0-11-772635-4 |pages=133 |year=1991}} 34. ^{{cite book |last=Probert |first=Henry |title=High Commanders of the Royal Air Force |publisher=HMSO |location=London |isbn=0-11-772635-4 |pages=135 |year=1991}} 35. ^{{London Gazette |issue=47289 |date=1 August 1977 |page=9978 |supp=y }} 36. ^{{cite book |last=Probert |first=Henry |title=High Commanders of the Royal Air Force |publisher=HMSO |location=London |isbn=0-11-772635-4 |pages=137 |year=1991 }} 37. ^{{cite book |last=Probert |first=Henry |title=High Commanders of the Royal Air Force |publisher=HMSO |location=London |isbn=0-11-772635-4 |pages=139 |year=1991}} 38. ^{{cite book |last=Probert |first=Henry |title=High Commanders of the Royal Air Force |publisher=HMSO |location=London |isbn=0-11-772635-4 |pages=141 |year=1991}} 39. ^{{London Gazette |issue=53103 |date=9 November 1992 |page=18862 |supp=y }} 40. ^{{London Gazette |issue=53814 |date=10 October 1994 |page=14206 |supp=y }} 41. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/9335960/Prince-Charles-awarded-highest-rank-in-all-three-armed-forces.html |title=Prince Charles awarded highest rank in all three armed forces|publisher=Daily Telegraph|date=16 June 2012|accessdate= 17 June 2012}} 42. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/2014-birthday-honours-for-service-personnel-and-defence-civilians|title=2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians|date=13 June 2014|publisher=Ministry of Defence|accessdate=22 June 2014}} 43. ^{{cite book |last=Rallings |first=Colin |author2=Broughton, David |others=Farrell, David |title=British Elections and Parties Yearbook |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=0-7146-4243-6 |pages=179 |chapter=Reference Section |year=1996 }} 44. ^The Air Force List, 2006. HMSO {{ISBN|0-11-773038-6}} External links
3 : Military ranks of the Royal Air Force|Marshals of the Royal Air Force|Air force ranks |
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