| 词条 | Martin 156 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Martin 156, referred to in the press variously as the "Russian Clipper", "Moscow Clipper", or "Soviet Clipper" was a very large flying boat aircraft intended for trans-Pacific service. The single example of the M-156 was designed and built in response to a request from Pan American World Airways to provide a longer-range replacement for the Martin M-130. Design and developmentMartin delivered three Martin Ocean Transport Model-130s (M-130) to Pan Am in 1935. The aircraft became aviation icons of their day and were flown by Pan Am as the China Clipper, Philippine Clipper and Hawaii Clipper.[1] Unfortunately for Martin, Pan Am rejected the M-156 in preference to the now classic Boeing 314. The Martin's model numbers reflected the aircraft's wingspan. Pan Am was seeking to expand its trans-Pacific air service between San Francisco and Hong Kong in 1937. This route had been pioneered by the Martin M-130 and Pan Am was in need of a larger aircraft. The San Francisco / Hawaii flight was 2,400 miles and took 18 – 20 hours. Pan Am would have configured the M-156 as a 26-berth sleeper. The trans-Pacific flights between Hawaii / Midway island / Wake Island / Guam / Manila / Hong Kong were less than half the California / Hawaii leg. With a lower fuel load requirement, the M-156 could carry additional passengers. The M-156 would have been converted to 33 - 56 day trip configuration. Pan Am and Matson Liners advertised an "Air-Sea Cruise" where Matson Liners carried passages from San Francisco to Honolulu. Passengers would then transfer to Pan Am Clippers for westward flights to China and the Orient.[2] After Pan Am selected the Boeing 314,[3] Martin negotiated a deal with the Soviet Union for this aircraft and the M-156 was never put into regular trans-Pacific service. The M-156 was sold to the Soviets and operated by Aeroflot on the Soviet Union's far-east routes under the designation PS-30. Like the M-130, the M-156/PS-30 was a four-engined, high-wing design with the wing mounted atop a pylon extension of the fuselage (hull). While the M-156/PS-30 retained the same length as its predecessor, its wingspan was increased by more than 27 ft (8.2 m) with the addition of flaps for increased control. The M-156/PS-30 also differed from the M-130 by having a horizontal stabilizer mounted atop a pylon at the rear of the hull, with twin vertical stabilizers and twin rudders located atop the horizontal stabilizer.[4] Along with the increase in wing size, fuel capacity was expanded from the M-130's 3,165 gal (11,981 l) to a total of 4,260 gal (16,126 l) in the M-156/PS-30. Power for each of the four engines increased from 850 hp (634 kW) to 1,000 hp (746 kW) utilizing the more powerful Wright Cyclone G2 radials.[5]The Soviet government purchased the M-156 from Martin in 1937. The sale included a set of production plans, engineering specifications and manufacturing licenses as the Soviets intended to mass-produce this aircraft. The German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 negated these plans. The single M-156/PS-30 was put into regular service in 1940 by Aeroflot and was utilized in the Soviet Far East along the Pacific coast. In this role, Aeroflot configured the aircraft to carry up to 70 passengers. It was flown by Aeroflot until 1944, at which time it was scrapped.[6] Specifications (Martin 156C){{aircraft specifications|plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=prop |ref={{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} |crew= |capacity=53 passengers (San Francisco - Hawaii) 26 passengers (San Francisco - Hong Kong) |payload main= |payload alt= |length main= 92 ft 2 in |length alt=28.11 m |span main=157 ft |span alt=47.87 m |height main=27 ft 2 in |height alt=8.29 m |area main= |area alt= |airfoil= |empty weight main= 31,292 lb |empty weight alt=14,194 kg |loaded weight main= 60,708 lb |loaded weight alt=27,561 kg |useful load main= |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main= |max takeoff weight alt= |more general= |engine (prop)=Wright Cyclone G2 |type of prop=radial piston engine |number of props=4 |power main= 1,000 hp |power alt=745 kW |power original= |power more= |propeller or rotor?= |propellers= |number of propellers per engine= |propeller diameter main= |propeller diameter alt= |max speed main= 182 mph |max speed alt= 293 km/h |cruise speed main= |cruise speed alt= |cruise speed more |stall speed main= |stall speed alt= |never exceed speed main= |never exceed speed alt= |range main= 3,000 miles |range alt=4,830 km |ferry range main= |ferry range alt= |ferry range more= |ceiling main= |ceiling alt= |climb rate main= |climb rate alt= |loading main= |loading alt= |thrust/weight= |power/mass main= |power/mass alt= |more performance= |avionics= }} See also
References1. ^Barry Taylor, Pan American's Ocean Clippers, TAB Aero, 1991. pp. 112, 116, 120–121. {{ISBN|0-8306-8302-X}}. 2. ^An American Saga – Juan Trippe and His Pan Am Empire, Robert Daily: © 1990 Random House 3. ^Barry Taylor, Pan American's Ocean Clippers, TAB Aero, 1991. pp. 160. {{ISBN|0-8306-8302-X}}. "On July 31, 1936, [Pan Am and Boeing] signed a contract for six aircraft, designated the B-314." 4. ^Pan Am – an Airline and its Aircraft, R.E.G. Davies Illustrated by Mike Machat, © 1987 Paladar Press 5. ^Pan Am – an Airline and its Aircraft, R.E.G. Davies Illustrated by Mike Machat, © 1987 Paladar Press 6. ^Aeroflot – an Airline and its Aircraft, R.E.G. Davies Illustrated by Mike Machat, © 1992 Paladar Press External links{{commons category-inline|Martin 156}}{{Martin aircraft}} 6 : United States airliners 1930–1939|Flying boats|Martin aircraft|Four-engined tractor aircraft|High-wing aircraft|Four-engined piston aircraft |
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