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词条 SAE J1772
释义

  1. History

     Vehicle equipment  Combined Charging System (CCS) 

  2. Properties

     Connector  Charging  Safety 

  3. Signaling

     Control Pilot  Proximity Pilot   P1901 powerline communication  

  4. Compatible charging stations

  5. Competing standards

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Infobox connector
|name=SAE J1772
|type=Automotive power connector
|image=
|logo=
|caption=SAE J1772-2009 electric vehicle connector.
|manufacturer=Yazaki and others
|production_date=2009
|electrical= single-phase AC
|length= {{convert|33.5|mm|inch}}
|diameter= {{convert|43.8|mm|inch}}
|num_pins=5
| pin_custom1_name = L1
| pin_name_custom1 = Line 1
| pin_custom1 = single-phase AC
| pin_custom2_name = N
| pin_name_custom2 = Neutral
| pin_custom2 = single-phase AC
| pin_custom3_name = CP
| pin_name_custom3 = Control pilot
| pin_custom3 = post-insertion signalling
| pin_custom4_name = PP
| pin_name_custom4 = Proximity pilot
| pin_custom4 = pre-insertion signalling
| pin_custom5_name = PE
| pin_name_custom5 = Protective earth
| pin_custom5 = full-current protective earthing system
| pinout_notes = CCS Combo 1 extension adds two extra high-current DC pins underneath, and the two Alternating Current (AC) pins for Neutral and Line 1 are not populated.
}}

SAE J1772 (IEC Type 1), also known as a "J plug", is a North American standard for electrical connectors for electric vehicles maintained by the SAE International and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler".[1] It covers the general physical, electrical, communication protocol, and performance requirements for the electric vehicle conductive charge system and coupler. The intent is to define a common electric vehicle conductive charging system architecture including operational requirements and the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle inlet and mating connector.

History

The main stimulus for the development of SAE J1772 came from the California Air Resources Board (CARB). Formerly electric vehicles like the General Motors EV1 had used inductive charger couplers. These were ruled out in favor of conductive coupling to supply electricity for recharging with the board settling upon the SAE J1772-2001 standard{{hsp}}[2] as the charging interface for electric vehicles in California in June 2001.[3] Avcon manufactured a rectangular connector compliant with specification {{nobr|SAE J1772 REV NOV 2001}}, capable of delivering up to 6.6 kW of electrical power.[4] (Photos and description of this old-revision rectangular “AVCon connector” and “AVCon inlet” are at [5])

The CARB regulation of 2001 mandated the usage of SAE J1772-2001 beginning with the 2006 model year. Later requirements asked for higher currents to be used than the Avcon connector could provide. This process led to the proposal of a new round connector design by Yazaki which allows for an increased power delivery of up to 19.2 kW delivered via single phase 120–240 V AC at up to 80 amperes. In 2008 the CARB published a draft amendment to Title 13 section 1962.2 that mandated the usage of the oncoming SAE J1772 standard beginning with the 2010 model year;[6] this was approved in 2012.[7]

The Yazaki plug that was built to the new SAE J1772 plug standard successfully completed certification at UL. The standard specification was subsequently voted upon by the SAE committee in July 2009.[8] On January 14, 2010 the SAE J1772 REV 2009 was adopted by the SAE Motor Vehicle Council.[9] The companies participating in or supporting the revised 2009 standard include smart, Chrysler, GM, Ford, Toyota, Honda, Nissan, and Tesla.

The SAE J1772-2009 connector specification has been added to the international IEC 62196-2 standard (“Part 2: Dimensional compatibility and interchangeability requirements for a.c. pin and contact-tube accessories”) with voting on the final specification to close in May 2011.[10] The SAE J1772 connector is considered a “Type 1” implementation providing a single phase coupler.[11]

Vehicle equipment

The SAE J1772-2009 was adopted by the car manufacturers of post-2000 electric vehicles like the third generation of the Chevrolet Volt and Nissan Leaf as the early models. The connector became standard equipment in the U.S. market due to the availability of charging stations with that plug type in the nation’s electric vehicle network (with the help of funding such as ChargePoint America program drawing grants from provisions of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act).

The European versions were equipped with a SAE J1772-2009 inlet as well until the automotive industry settled on the IEC Type 2 “Mennekes” connector as the standard inlet — since all IEC connectors use the same SAE J1772 signaling protocol the car manufacturers are selling cars with either a SAE J1772-2009 inlet or an IEC Type 2 inlet depending on the market. There are also (passive) adapters available that can convert J1772-2009 to IEC Type 2 and vice versa. The only difference is that most European versions have an on-board charger that can take advantage of three-phase electric power with higher voltage and current limits even for the same basic electric vehicle model (such as Chevrolet Volt / Opel Ampera).

Combined Charging System (CCS)

SAE is developing a Combined Charging System with a Combo Coupler variant of the J1772-2009 connector with additional pins to accommodate fast DC charging at 200–450 volts DC and up to 90 kW. This will also use Power-line communication technology to communicate between the vehicle, off-board charger, and smart grid.[12] Seven car makers (Audi, BMW, Daimler, Ford, General Motors, Hyundai, Porsche, Volvo, and Volkswagen) had agreed to introduce the “Combined Charging System” in mid-2012.[13] The first vehicles using the SAE Combo plug were the BMW i3 released in late 2013, and the Chevrolet Spark EV released in 2014.[14] In Europe, the combo coupler is based on the Type 2 (VDE) AC charging connector maintaining full compatibility with the SAE specification for DC charging and the HomePlug Green PHY PLC protocol.[15]

Properties

Connector

The J1772-2009 connector is designed for single phase electrical systems with 120 V or 240 V such as those used in North America and Japan. The round {{convert|43|mm|in}} diameter connector has five pins, with three different pin sizes (starting with the largest), for each of:

  • AC line 1 and line 2
  • Ground pin
  • Proximity detection, and control pilot
Proximity detection
Prevents movement of the car while connected to the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE; i.e., the charging station) and signals the latch release button to the vehicle.
Control pilot
Communication line used to signal charging level between the car and the EVSE, can be manipulated by vehicle to initiate charging as well as other information.

A 1 kHz square wave at ±12 volts generated by the EVSE on the control pilot line to detect the presence of the vehicle, communicate the maximum allowable charging current, and control charging begin/end.[16]

The connector is designed to withstand 10,000 mating cycles (a connection and a disconnection) and exposure to the elements. With 1 mating cycle per day, the connector's lifespan should exceed 27 years.

Charging

The J1772 standard defines two charging levels in 2017 revision in Section 5.1, Table 9 [17]:

Voltage Phase Max Current

(Amps-continuous)

Branch Circuit Breaker

rating (Amps)

 Power

(not from J1772 table)

AC Level 1 120 V AC 1-phase12 A

16 A

15 A (min)

20 A

1.44 kW

1.92 kW

AC Level 2 208 to 240 V AC 1-phase<= 80 APer NEC 625up to
19.20 kW

The SAE J1772 committee has also proposed a DC connector based on the SAE J1772-2009 AC connector shape with additional DC and ground pins to support charging at 200–450 V DC and 80 A (36 kW) for DC Level 1 and up to 200 A (90 kW) for DC Level 2[18] after evaluating the J1772-2009 connector against other designs including the JARI/TEPCO connector used by the CHAdeMO DC fast charge protocol.[19] The SAE DC Level 3 charging levels have not been determined, but the standard as it exists {{as of|2009|lc=on}} has the potential to charge at 200–600 V DC at a maximum of 400 A (240 kW).

For example, a 240 kW charger that charges a plug-in vehicle, such as the BMW i3 with range extender that gets 100 miles per 21.7 kWh (155 MPGe, 217 Wh per mile), would get approximately 18 miles of range per minute that a driver spends charging throughout the life of the car. To put this into perspective, the Ford Taurus FWD 3.5L, which the EPA compares as an average new gasoline only car, gets 23 MPG, meaning that a gasoline pump that pumps at 7 gallons per minute gives 161 miles of range per every minute that a driver spends pumping gas throughout the life of the car.[19]

Safety

The J1772 standard includes several levels of shock protection, ensuring the safety of charging even in wet conditions. Physically, the connection pins are isolated on the interior of the connector when mated, ensuring no physical access to those pins. When not mated, J1772 connectors have no power voltages at the pins,[20] and charging power does not flow until commanded by the vehicle.[21]

The power pins are of the first-make, last-break variety. If the plug is in the charging port of the vehicle and charging, and it is removed, the shorter control pilot and proximity detection pin will break first causing the power relay in the charging station to open, cutting all current flow to the J1772 plug. This prevents any arcing on the power pins, prolonging their lifespan. The proximity detection pin is also connected to a switch that is triggered upon pressing the physical disconnect button when removing the connector from the vehicle. This causes the resistance to change on the proximity pin which commands the vehicle's onboard charger to stop drawing current immediately. The vehicle can then release the control pilot which will cause the power relay to release.

Signaling

The signaling protocol has been designed so that[21]

  • supply equipment signals presence of AC input power
  • vehicle detects plug via proximity circuit (thus the vehicle can prevent driving away while connected) and can detect when latch is pressed in anticipation of plug removal.
  • control pilot functions begin
    • supply equipment detects plug-in electric vehicle (PEV)
    • supply equipment indicates to PEV readiness to supply energy
    • PEV ventilation requirements are determined
    • supply equipment current capacity provided to PEV
  • PEV commands energy flow
  • PEV and supply equipment continuously monitor continuity of safety ground
  • charge continues as determined by PEV
  • charge may be interrupted by disconnecting the plug from the vehicle

The technical specification was described first in the 2001 version of SAE J1772 and subsequently the IEC 61851-1 and IEC TS 62763:2013. The charging station puts 12 V on the Control Pilot (CP) and the Proximity Pilot (AKA Plug Present: PP) measuring the voltage differences. This protocol does not require integrated circuits, which would be required for other charging protocols, making the SAE J1772 robust and operable through a temperature range of −40 °C to +85 °C.

Control Pilot

Control Pilot (Mode): The charging station sends a 1 kHz square wave on the control pilot that is connected back to the protected earth on the vehicle side by means of a resistor and a diode (voltage range ±12.0±0.4 V). The live wires of public charging stations are always dead if the CP-PE (protective earth) circuit is open, although the standard allows a charging current as in Mode 1 (maximum 16 A). If the circuit is closed, then the charging station can also test the protective earth to be functional. The vehicle can request a charging state by setting a resistor; using 2.7 kΩ a Mode 3 compatible vehicle is announced (vehicle detected) which does not require charging. Switching to 880 Ω the vehicle is ready to be charged and switching to 240 Ω the vehicle requests with ventilation charging in which case charging power is only supplied if the area is ventilated (i.e., outdoors).

The Control Pilot line circuitry examples in SAE J1772:2001 show that the current loop CP-PE is connected permanently on the vehicle side via a 2.74 kΩ resistor, making for a voltage drop from +12 V to +9 V when a cable is hooked up to the charging station, which activates the wave generator. The charging is activated by the vehicle by adding parallel 1.3 kΩ resistor resulting in a voltage drop to +6 V or by adding a parallel 270 Ω resistor for a required ventilation resulting in a voltage drop to +3 V. Hence the charging station can react by only checking the voltage range present on the CP-PE loop.[22] Note that the diode will only make for a voltage drop in the positive range; any negative voltage on the CP-PE loop will shut off the current as being considered a fatal error (like touching the pins).

Base status Charging status Resistance, CP-PE Resistance, R2 Voltage, CP-PE
Status Aen|Standby}} Open, or ∞ Ω +12 V
Status Ben|Vehicle detected}} 2740 Ω +9±1 V
Status Cen|Ready (charging)}} 882 Ω 1300 Ω +6±1 V
Status Den|With ventilation}} 246 Ω 270 Ω +3±1 V
Status Een|No power (shut off)}} 0 V
Status Fen|Error}} −12 V
Control Pilot (Current limit): The charging station can use the wave signal to describe the maximum current that is available via the charging station with the help of pulse width modulation: a 16% PWM is a 10 A maximum, a 25% PWM is a 16 A maximum, a 50% PWM is a 32 A maximum and a 90% PWM flags a fast charge option.[23]

The PWM duty cycle of the 1 kHz CP signal indicates the maximum allowed mains current. According to the SAE it includes socket outlet, cable and vehicle inlet. In the US, the definition of the ampacity (ampere capacity, or current capacity) is split for continuous and short term operation.[23] The SAE defines the ampacity value to be derived by a formula based on the 1 ms full cycle (of the 1 kHz signal) with the maximum continuous ampere rating being 0.6 A per 10 µs (with the lowest 100 µs giving 6 A and the highest 800 µs giving 48 A).[22]

PWM duty cycle indicating ampere capacity[23]
PWM SAE continuous SAE short term
50%30 A36 A peak
40%24 A30 A peak
30%18 A22 A peak
25%15 A20 A peak
16%9.6 A
10%6 A

Proximity Pilot

Proximity Pilot: The Proximity pin, PP (also known as plug present), as shown in the SAE J1772 example pinout, describes the switch, S3, as being mechanically linked to the connector latch release actuator. During charging, the EVSE side connects the PP-PE loop via S3 and a 150 Ω R6; when opening the release actuator a 330 Ω R7 is added in the PP-PE loop on the EVSE side which gives a voltage shift on the line to allow the electric vehicle to initiate a controlled shut off prior to actual disconnection of the charge power pins. However many low power adapter cables do not offer that locking actuator state detection on the PP pin.

P1901 powerline communication

In an updated standard due in 2012, SAE proposes to use power line communication, specifically IEEE 1901, between the vehicle, off-board charging station, and the smart grid, without requiring an additional pin; SAE and the IEEE Standards Association are sharing their draft standards related to the smart grid and vehicle electrification.[24]

P1901 communication is compatible with other 802.x standards via the IEEE 1905 standard, allowing arbitrary IP-based communications with the vehicle, meter or distributor, and the building where chargers are located. P1905 includes wireless communications. In at least one implementation, communication between the off-board DC EVSE and PEV occurs on the pilot wire of the SAE J1772 connector via HomePlug Green PHY power line communication (PLC).[25][26][27]

Compatible charging stations

In North America and Japan, the Chevrolet Volt,[28] Nissan Leaf,[29] Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Mitsubishi PHEV, Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid, Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, Smart electric drive, Ford Focus EV, Ford Fusion Energi, Honda Clarity (Electric and Plug-in Hybrid), and Kia Soul EV all come with 120 V portable charging leads that couple a 120 V mains plug to the car's J1772 receptacle; in the countries where 220-230 V domestic mains electricity is common, the portable EVSE leads commonly supplied with the vehicle can perform a level 2 charge from a domestic mains plug, albeit at a lower current than a dedicated high-current charging station.

Products compatible with SAE J1772-2009 include:

  • Webasto home charging stations.[30]
  • BTCPower (Broadband TelCom Power), the first commercially available SAE DC Fast Charger in the United States[31][32]
  • Bosch Power Max home charging stations
  • ClipperCreek products include CS-40,[33] LCS-25[34] and LCS-25p,[35] HCS-40.[36] The product with highest charging current is CS-100.[37]
  • ChargePoint CT4000 intelligent charger, cable management, driver services; CT500, CT2000], CT2100, and CT2020 families of ChargePoint Networked Charging Stations[38]
  • Eaton Pow-R-Station Family of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations[39]
  • ECOtality Blink home wall-mount and commercial stand-alone charging stations[40][41]
  • eMotorWerks JuiceBox Open Source 18 kW 75 A EVSE[42]
  • EverCharge AC Charge Station 208 - 240 Vac 30 A 7.2 kW max[43][44]
  • EVSEadapters EVSE240V16A] 240 V 16 A Portable Level 2 EVSE[45]
  • EVoCharge – Retractable Reel EVSE’s designed to support Residential, Commercial and Industrial Markets.
  • GE Wattstation available in 2011[46]
  • GoSmart Technologies ChargeSPOT line of charging stations
  • GRIDbot's "UP" family of charging stations
  • Hubbell PEP Stations[47]
  • Leviton home charging stations at a range of power levels, with separate pre-wire kit that allows one to plug into a NEMA 6 240 V receptacle[48]
  • Siemens VersiCharge for cost effective residential, semi-public, and fleet level 2 EV charging.
  • SemaConnect ChargePro Charging Stations
  • TucsonEV - J1772 Adapter Boxes, J1772 Extension cords, Inlets and Plugs with and without cord, J1772 Compatible EVSE for 240 V/30 A, Zero Motorcycle to J1772 Adapter, Tesla UMC to J1772 conversion, 30A and 40A EV UL listed cord.
  • Circontrol Circarlife product range includes EV charging infrastructure with post and wall mount units with J1772 standard[49]
  • OpenEVSE Project - Open Source Design for EVSE.
  • Smart EVSE project - Open Source EVSE with multistation current sharing.
  • eStation Level-2 Charger by Vega. Part of chargeNET network in Sri Lanka.

Competing standards

The proposal of the Mennekes connector initiated by RWE and Daimler has been added as a "Type 2" implementation to IEC 62196 (IEC Type 2) providing a single and three phase coupler.[11][50] The connector was specified in the VDE-AR-E 2623-2-2 standard - this connector specifies up to 63 A three-phase (at 400 V in Central Europe) which makes for a maximum of 63 A × 400 V × {{radic|3}} = 43.6 kW. Additionally the IEC 62196-2 standard specifies a "Type 3" connector providing a single and three phase coupler with shutters.[11] All plug types - including Type 1 (SAE), Type 2 (VDE) and Type 3 - share the same specifications for the pilot pin taken from the IEC 61851-1 standard.

Tokyo Electric Power Company has developed a specification solely for automotive high-voltage DC fast charging using the JARI DC connector, and formed the CHAdeMO (abbreviation of "CHArge de MOve", equivalent to "charge for moving") association with Japanese automakers Mitsubishi, Nissan and Subaru to promote it.[51]

References

1. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/stakeholders/infrastructure/finalsaej1772.doc |title=SAE Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler, SAE J1772, REV. MONTH01 |date=2001-09-27 |accessdate=2009-10-23 |author=Hybrid - EV Committee |format=DOC |publisher=SAE International }}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/charger/uid.pdf |title=Rulemaking: 2001-06-26 Updated and Informative Digest ZEV Infrastructure and Standardization |date=2002-05-13 |work=title 13, California Code of Regulations |publisher=California Air Resources Board |accessdate=2010-05-23|quote=Standardization of Charging Systems}}
3. ^{{cite press release |title=ARB Amends ZEV Rule: Standardizes Chargers & Addresses Automaker Mergers |url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/newsrel/nr062801.htm |publisher=California Air Resources Board |date=2001-06-28 |accessdate=2010-05-23| quote=the ARB approved the staff proposal to select the conductive charging system used by Ford, Honda and several other manufacturers}}
4. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/charger/15notice.pdf |title=Rulemaking: 2001-06-28 15 DAY NOTICE ZEV Infra 15day Ntc2-28.doc |author=California Air Resources Board |author2=Alexa Malik |accessdate=2009-10-23 |format=PDF}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://carstations.com/types/j01 |title=SAE J1772-2001(older AVCON) Electric Vehicle Chargers |publisher=CarStations |date=2013-01-24 |accessdate=2014-01-25}}
6. ^"Report on the Current Situation and Future Direction of Electric Vehicle Charger Standardisation"{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, SMMT, July 2010
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/2011zevreg/attachb5.pdf |title=Attachment B-5. Final Regulation Order, Zero Emission Vehicle Regulation: Electric Vehicle Charging Requirements, Title 13, California Code of Regulations|date=2012-03-22 |work=title 13, California Code of Regulations |publisher=California Air Resources Board |accessdate=2017-06-21|quote=Section 1962.3. Electric Vehicle Charging Requirements}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/06/28/underwriters-laboratories-approves-sae-j1772-charging-plug/ |title=Underwriters Laboratories approves SAE J1772 charging plug |date=2009-06-29 |accessdate=2009-10-10 |author=Sam Abuelsamid |quote=Underwriters Laboratories has completed its certification testing on the connector developed by Yazaki.}}
9. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.sae.org/mags/AEI/7479 |title = SAE standard on EV charging connector approved |date = 2010-01-15 |publisher = SAE International |accessdate = 2010-03-14 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100206220148/http://www.sae.org/mags/AEI/7479 |archivedate = 2010-02-06 |df = }}
10. ^"Document: 23H/250/CDV - : IEC 62196-2 Ed. 1: Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors and vehicle inlets - Conductive charging of electric vehicles - Part 2: Dimensional compatibility and interchangeability requirements for a.c. pin and contact-tube accessories", IEC, 13 December 2010
11. ^1 2 “IEC International Standard for EV charging — A step forward for global EV roll-out”, IEC Newslog, 3. February 2011
12. ^{{cite press release |title=New SAE International Quick-Charge EV Connector Standard Gaining Momentum |url=http://www.sae.org/servlets/pressRoom?OBJECT_TYPE=PressReleases&PAGE=showRelease&RELEASE_ID=1587 |publisher=SAE International |date=2011-08-04 |accessdate=2011-08-11}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.auto123.com/en/news/universal-charging-for-electric-cars?artid=136620 |title=Universal charging for electric cars|publisher=Auto123.com |date=2011-11-15}}
14. ^{{cite web |last=Seabaugh |first=Christian |title=First Test: 2014 Chevrolet Spark EV 2LT SparkSS |url=http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/alternative/1309_2014_chevrolet_spark_ev_2lt_first_test/ |publisher=Motor Trend |accessdate=18 February 2014 |date=2013-09-13}}
15. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.ishavsveien.no/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Current_status_of_the_Combined_Charging_System_v1.2.pdf |title = Current Status of the Combined Charging System |date = 2011-11-08 |author = Dr. Heiko Doerr |publisher = Coordination Office Charging Interface (Audi, VW, BMW, Daimler, Porsche |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426054301/http://www.ishavsveien.no/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Current_status_of_the_Combined_Charging_System_v1.2.pdf |archivedate = 2012-04-26 |df = }}
16. ^SAE EV Charging Systems Committee, SAE Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler
17. ^J1772 Oct 2017 Section 5.1 Table 9
18. ^ 
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=32972&id=32235&id=32551&id=32817|title=Comparison Side-by-Side - 2013 Chrysler 200, 2013 Ford Taurus FWD, 2013 Toyota Venza, and 2013 Hyundai Santa Fe Sport 2WD|publisher=Fueleconomy.gov|author=U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy|date=2012-11-30|accessdate= 2012-12-09}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://gm-volt.com/2009/08/20/charging-the-chevy-volt/ |title=Charging the Chevy Volt web chat |date=2009-08-20 |website=GM-Volt.com |accessdate=2010-09-03 |quote=When a J1772 standard plug (like on the Volt) is disconnected from the vehicle, no voltage is present at the pins.}}
21. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/earthobservationsSCC/IEEE_SAE_J1772_Update_10_02_08_Gery_Kissel.pdf |title=SAE J1772 Update For IEEE Standard 1809 Guide for Electric-Sourced Transportation Infrastructure Meeting |author=Gery Kissel, SAE J1772 Task Force Lead |date=2010-02-18 |publisher=SAE International |accessdate=2010-09-03}}
22. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/stakeholders/infrastructure/finalsaej1772.doc|title=SAE J1772 - SAE Electric Vehicle Conductive Charger Coupler|date=August 2001|accessdate=2012-04-09|at=Appendix A, Typical Pilot Line Circuitry}}
23. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/39489467/definition-and-implementation-of-a-global-ev-park-amp-charge|title=Definition and implementation of a global EV charging infrastructure|publisher=BRUSA Elektronik|author=Anro Mathoy|date=17 January 2008|accessdate=2012-04-08}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sae.org/mags/aei/10128 |title=SAE's J1772 'combo connector' for ac and dc charging advances with IEEE's help |last1=Pokrzywa |first1=Jack |last2=Reidy |first2=Mary |date=2011-08-12 |work= |publisher=SAE International |accessdate=2011-08-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614003155/http://www.sae.org/mags/aei/10128 |archivedate=2012-06-14 |df= }}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://papers.sae.org/2013-01-1188/ |title=Development and Implementation of SAE DC Charging Digital Communication for Plug-in Electric Vehicle DC Charging |publisher=Papers.sae.org |accessdate=2014-01-25}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://techportal.eere.energy.gov/technology.do/techID=1108 |title=Smartgrid EV Communication module (SpEC) SAE DC Charging Digital Communication Controller - Energy Innovation Portal |publisher=Techportal.eere.energy.gov |accessdate=2014-01-25}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.anl.gov/technology/project/smart-grid-ev-communication-module |title=Smart Grid EV Communication Module | Argonne National Laboratory |publisher=Anl.gov |accessdate=2014-01-25}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/08/11/gm-shows-off-120v-and-240v-chargers-for-2011-chevy-volt/ |title=GM shows off 120 V and 240 V chargers for 2011 Chevy Volt|author=Sebastian Blanco |date=2009-08-11 |work= |website=Autoblog.com |accessdate=2010-06-27}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/faq/list/charging#/leaf-electric-car/faq/list/charging |title=Nissan LEAF Electric Car | Answers | Charging |publisher=Nissan |accessdate=2010-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424143119/http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/faq/list/charging#/leaf-electric-car/faq/list/charging |archive-date=2010-04-24 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
30. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.evsolutions.com/|title=Webasto EV Solutions|author=Spencer Skelly|first=|date=2018-06-01|work=https://www.evsolutions.com/|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2018-06-01|df=}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.btcpower.com/products-and-applications/EV-Fast-Charger/ |title=EV Fast Charger - Products and Applications - BTCPower (Broadband TelCom Power, Inc.) |publisher=BTCPower |accessdate=2014-03-02}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.anl.gov/technology/articles/argonne-recognized-excellence-technology-transfer|title=Argonne Recognized for Excellence in Technology Transfer |publisher=Argonne National Laboratory |accessdate=2016-03-06}}
33. ^{{cite press release |title=ClipperCreek Ships the Only UL Listed SAE Compatible Charging Station |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100507006052/en/ClipperCreek-Ships-the-Only-UL-Listed-SAE |publisher=ClipperCreek |date=2010-05-07 |accessdate=2010-06-26}}
34. ^{{cite press release | title=ClipperCreek Introduces the Smallest 240 V Plug and Cord Connected EV Charge Station Available |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130916005726/en/ClipperCreek-Introduces-Smallest-240V-Plug-Cord-Connected |publisher=ClipperCreek |date=2013-09-16 |accessdate=2014-01-05}}
35. ^{{cite press release | title=ClipperCreek Announces the $549 LCS-25 with More Wall Plugs, Direct Replacement for ECOtality Residential Customers |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20131112007194/en/ClipperCreek-Announces-549-LCS-25-Wall-Plugs-Direct |publisher=ClipperCreek |date=2013-11-12 |accessdate=2014-01-05}}
36. ^{{cite press release | title=ClipperCreek Introduces HCS-40 Lowest Priced 30 Amp |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20131209006583/en/ClipperCreek-Introduces-HCS-40-Lowest-Priced-30-Amp |publisher=ClipperCreek |date=2013-12-09 |accessdate=2014-01-05}}
37. ^{{cite web |title=CS-100, 75 A, 240 V charging, 25′ cord |publisher=ClipperCreek |url=http://clippercreek.com/store/product/charging-station-cs-100-high-power |accessdate=2014-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106174914/http://clippercreek.com/store/product/charging-station-cs-100-high-power/ |archive-date=2014-01-06 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
38. ^{{cite press release |title=Coulomb Technologies Achieves UL Listing from Underwriters Laboratories for ChargePoint Networked Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles |url=http://www.coulombtech.com/pr/news-press-releases-2010-0609.php |publisher=Coulomb Technologies |date=2010-06-09 |accessdate=2010-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708194536/http://www.coulombtech.com/pr/news-press-releases-2010-0609.php |archive-date=2011-07-08 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.eaton.com/Electrical/USA/MarketSolutions/AlternativeEnergy/ElectricVehicle/CT_284663 |title=Electric Vehicle Solutions |publisher=Eaton.com |accessdate=2014-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202094539/http://www.eaton.com/Electrical/USA/MarketSolutions/AlternativeEnergy/ElectricVehicle/CT_284663 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
40. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/07/27/ecotality-and-frog-design-debut-eye-catching-blink-ev-chargers/ |title=ECOtality and Frog Design debut eye-catching Blink EV chargers |author=Donald Melanson |date=2010-07-27 |publisher=Engadget |accessdate=2010-07-29}}
41. ^{{cite press release |title=ECOtality Introduces Blink The First Smart, Interactive, Iconic EV Chargers and Network |url=http://www.ecotality.com/pressreleases/07272010_Blink_Debut.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027164936/http://ecotality.com/pressreleases/07272010_Blink_Debut.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2010-10-27 |publisher=ECOtality |date=2010-07-27 |accessdate=2010-07-29 }}
42. ^http://emotorwerks.com/products/online-store/product/show/44-customizable-juicebox-a-high-power-level-2-ev-charging-station-60a-15kw
43. ^{{cite web|url=https://evercharge.net/datasheet|title=EverCharge Level 2 Datasheet|author=EverCharge|first=|date=|work=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2019-04-04|df=}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2018/05/05/ev-charging-at-multi-family-housing-solutions-leaders-in-usa-cleantechnica-report/|title=EV Charging At Multi-Family Housing — Solutions & Leaders In USA (#CleanTechnica Report)|author=Kyle Field|first=|date=2018-05-05|work=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2019-04-04|df=}}
45. ^https://www.evseadapters.com/j1772-charging-cords/evse-charger
46. ^{{cite web |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/07/13/ge-unveils-new-electric-car-charger-the-wattstation-w-video/1#c29257260 |title=GE unveils new electric car charger, the WattStation [w/video] |author=Sebastian Blanco |date=2010-07-13 |publisher=Autoblog Green |accessdate=2010-07-13}}
47. ^http://www.hubbell-wiring.com/press/pdfs/WLDEE001.pdf
48. ^{{cite press release |title=Leviton Announces Residential Charging Stations for Electric Vehicle Market |url=http://www.leviton.com/OA_HTML/ibeCCtpSctDspRte.jsp?section=32896&minisite=10026 |publisher=Leviton |date=2010-07-20 |accessdate=2010-07-29}}
49. ^{{cite web |url=http://productos.circontrol.com/en/circarlife/car-park-box-single-phase-1-outlet-type-1 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-07-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212004527/http://productos.circontrol.com/en/circarlife/car-park-box-single-phase-1-outlet-type-1 |archivedate=2013-02-12 |df= }}
50. ^{{cite web |title=62196 Part 2-X: Dimensional interchangeability requirements for pin and contact-tube vehicle couplers |url=http://theeestory.com/files/IEC_62196-2-X_Proposal_2009-01-29.pdf |author=Winfried Tröster |date=2009-01-29 |publisher=International Electrotechnical Commission |accessdate=2010-04-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716232506/http://www.theeestory.com/files/IEC_62196-2-X_Proposal_2009-01-29.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-16 |df= }}
51. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/01/akerwade-20100115.html |title=Tokyo Electric Power Licenses Aker Wade to Build Level III Fast Chargers |date=2010-01-15 |publisher=Green Car Congress |accessdate=2010-04-13}}

External links

  • SAE J1772 Committee
{{SAE International}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Sae J1772}}

4 : International Electrotechnical Commission|Mains power connectors|Plug-in hybrid vehicle industry|Automotive standards
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