词条 | Martin PBM Mariner | ||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
The Martin PBM Mariner was an American patrol bomber flying boat of World War II and the early Cold War period. It was designed to complement the Consolidated PBY Catalina and PB2Y Coronado in service. A total of 1,366 were built, with the first example flying on 18 February 1939 and the type entering service in September 1940. Design and developmentIn 1937 the Glenn L. Martin Company designed a new twin-engined flying boat, the Model 162, to succeed its earlier Martin P3M and complement the PBY Catalina and PB2Y Coronado. It received an order for a single prototype XPBM-1 on 30 June 1937.[2] This was followed by an initial production order for 21 PBM-1 aircraft on 28 December 1937.[3] To test the PBM's layout, Martin built a ⅜ scale flying model, the Martin 162A Tadpole Clipper with a crew of one and powered by a single {{convert|120|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Chevrolet engine; this was flown in December 1937.[4] The first genuine PBM, the XPBM-1, flew on 18 February 1939.[2] The aircraft was fitted with five gun turrets, and bomb bays that were in the engine nacelles. The gull wing was of cantilever design, and featured clean aerodynamics with an unbraced twin tail. The PBM-1 was equipped with retractable wing landing floats that were hinged outboard, with single-strut supported floats that retracted inwards to rest beneath the wing, with the floats' keels just outboard of each of the engine nacelles. The PBM-3 had fixed floats, and the fuselage was three feet longer than that of the PBM-1. Operational historyThe first PBM-1s entered service with Patrol Squadron Fifty-Five (VP-55) of the United States Navy on 1 September 1940.[3] Prior to the USA's entry into World War II, PBMs were used (together with PBYs) to carry out Neutrality Patrols in the Atlantic, including operations from Iceland. Following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, PBMs were used on anti-submarine patrols, sinking their first German U-boat, U-158 on 30 June 1942.[4] PBMs were responsible, wholly or in part, for sinking a total of ten U-boats during World War II.[4] PBMs were also heavily used in the Pacific War, operating from bases at Saipan, Okinawa, Iwo Jima and the South West Pacific.[5] The United States Coast Guard acquired 27 Martin PBM-3 aircraft during the first half of 1943. In late 1944, the service acquired 41 PBM-5 models and more were delivered in the latter half of 1945. Ten were still in service in 1955, although all were gone from the active Coast Guard inventory by 1958 (when the last example was released from CGAS San Diego and returned to the U.S. Navy). These flying boats became the backbone of the long-range aerial search and rescue efforts of the Coast Guard in the early post-war years until supplanted by the P5M Marlin and the HU-16 Albatross in the mid-1950s.[6] PBMs continued in service with the U.S. Navy following the end of World War II, flying long patrol missions during the Korean War.[7] It continued in front line use until replaced by its successor, the P5M Marlin, with the last USN squadron equipped with the PBM, Patrol Squadron Fifty (VP-50), retiring them in July 1956.[8] The British Royal Air Force acquired 32 Mariners, but they were not used operationally, with some returned to the United States Navy.[9] A further 12 PBM-3Rs were transferred to the Royal Australian Air Force for transporting troops and cargo.[10][11] The Royal Netherlands Navy acquired 17 PBM-5A Mariners at the end of 1955 for service in Netherlands New Guinea.[12] The PBM-5A was an amphibian with retractable landing gear. The engines were {{convert|2100|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Pratt & Whitney R-2800-34. After a series of crashes, the Dutch withdrew their remaining aircraft from use in December 1959.[13] Variants
Prototype. Powered by two 1,600 hp (1,194 kW) R-2600-6 engines.[14]
Initial production version. 5× .50 inch (12.7 mm) machine guns. Two R-2600-6 engines; 21 built.[14]
Conversion of one PBM-1 as experimental catapult-launched long-range strategic bomber.[15]
Improved version. 1,700 hp (1,270 kW) R-2600-12 engines; 32 built.[15]
Unarmed transport version of PBM-3. 18 new build plus 31 converted from PBM-3.[15]
Improved patrol version with twin .50 in machine guns in nose and dorsal turrets, and single guns in tail turret and waist positions. AN/APS-15 radar in radome behind cockpit; 274 built.[16]
Designation for ex-RAF Mariner GR.1A after return to U.S. Navy.[16]
Dedicated anti-submarine aircraft with reduced armament (2× fixed 0.50 in machine guns in nose, single machine gun in port waist position and single gun in tail turret) and increased range; 94 built as new plus 62 conversions.[17][18]
Patrol bomber with increased power (two 1,900 hp (1,417 kW) R-2600-22s) and increased armament (twin 0.50 in machine guns in nose, dorsal and tail turrets, plus two waist guns). 259 built.[17]
Proposed version with two 2,700 hp (2,015 kW) Wright R-3350 engines; unbuilt.[19]
Version with 2,100 hp (1,566 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800 engines;[20] 628 built.[19]
Variant of PBM-5 with improved radar.[20]
Lightened anti-submarine variant of PBM-5.[19]
Improved anti-submarine aircraft with revised radar installation.[19]
Amphibian version of PBM-5, with retractable tricycle undercarriage; 36 built plus four conversions.[19]
British designation for 32 PBM-3B supplied to the Royal Air Force. Operators
Survivors
Accidents and incidents
Specifications (PBM-1){{aircraft specifications||plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=prop |ref=Jane’s Fighting Aircraft of World War II[34] |crew=Seven |length main=79 ft 10 in |length alt=23.50 m |span main=118 ft 0 in |span alt=36 m |height main=27 ft 6 in |height alt=5.33 m |area main=1,408 ft² |area alt=131 m² |empty weight main=33,175 lb |empty weight alt=15,048 kg |loaded weight main=56,000 lb |loaded weight alt=25,425 kg |useful load main= |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main= |max takeoff weight alt= |engine (prop)=Wright R-2600-6 |type of prop=14-cylinder radial engines |number of props=2 |power main=1,600 hp |power alt=1,194 kW |max speed main=178 kn |max speed alt=205 mph, 330 km/h |cruise speed main= |cruise speed alt= |stall speed main= |stall speed alt= |never exceed speed main= |never exceed speed alt= |range main=2,600 nmi |range alt=3,000 mi, 4,800 km |ceiling main=19,800 ft |ceiling alt=6,040 m |climb rate main=800 ft/min |climb rate alt=4.1 m/s |loading main= |loading alt= |power/mass main= |power/mass alt= |guns= 8 × .50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns (two each in nose, dorsal and tail turrets, one each in blisters amidships) |bombs=4,000 lb (1,800 kg) of bombs or depth charges or 2 × Mark 13 torpedoes }}{{clear}} See also{{Portal|United States Air Force}}
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}} ReferencesNotes1. ^"PBM Mariner in Action."{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 2. ^1 Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 318. 3. ^1 Green 1968, p. 177. 4. ^1 Dorr 1997, p. 115. 5. ^Dorr 1987, p. 116. 6. ^[https://cgaviationhistory.org/1943-coast-guard-acquires-martin-pbm-3-5-flying-boats/ "1943: Coast Guard Acquires Martin PBM-3/-5 Flying Boats."]US Coast Guard. Retrieved: 8 Dec 2018. 7. ^Dorr 1987, p. 118. 8. ^Roberts 2000, Appendix 1, p. 671. 9. ^March 1998, p. 172. 10. ^A70 Martin Mariner {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630170804/http://www.airforce.gov.au/raafmuseum/research/aircraft/series2/A70.htm |date=2009-06-30 }}. RAAF Museum:RAAF Point Cook. Retrieved: 24 May 2009. 11. ^{{cite web|last=Graham|first=Wynnum|title=RAAF PBM-3S Mariners|url=http://www.adf-serials.com.au/research/raaf-pbm.shtml|work=www.adf-serials.com|accessdate=16 May 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510064758/http://www.adf-serials.com.au/research/raaf-pbm.shtml|archivedate=10 May 2013|df=}} 12. ^Hoffmann 2002, p. 74. 13. ^Hoffman 2002, pp. 76–77. 14. ^1 2 Dorr 1997, p. 122. 15. ^1 2 Dorr 1997, p. 123. 16. ^1 Dorr 1997, p. 124. 17. ^1 Dorr 1997, p. 125. 18. ^Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 320. 19. ^1 2 3 4 Dorr 1997, p. 126. 20. ^1 Donald 1995, p. 184. 21. ^Hoffman 2003, pp. 29–31. 22. ^Hoffman 2003, p. 33. 23. ^Jefford 1988, p. 96. 24. ^"Mariner/Marlin - anywhere, anytime" 1993 Turner Publishing Company 1993. 25. ^"PBM-3/5 Mariner."{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} United States Coast Guard. Retrieved: 27 May 2009. 26. ^Hoffman 2003, pp. 31–32. 27. ^1 "Martin PBM-5A Mariner." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108035113/http://www.pimaair.org/collection-detail.php?cid=172 |date=2010-01-08 }} Pima Air and Space Museum. Retrieved: 2 August 2009. 28. ^Martin Mariner PBM-5 in Lake Washington." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719234143/http://www.nwrain.net/~newtsuit/recoveries/lkwash/pbm/pbm.htm |date=2011-07-19 }} Pima Air & Space Museum. Retrieved: 7 August 2009. 29. ^"Martin PBM Mariner Patrol Bomber-BuNo 59172." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207130909/http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/org12-6c.htm |date=2008-12-07 }} United States Navy, 29 March 2009. Retrieved: 7 August 2009. 30. ^"Martin 162A NX19168." airliners.net. Retrieved: 7 August 2009. 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19580910-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Martin PBM-5A Mariner P-303 Abadan Airport (ABD)|first=Harro|last=Ranter|date=|website=aviation-safety.net|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109100948/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19580910-0 |archivedate=2012-11-09|df=}} 32. ^Ranter, Harro and Fabian I. Lujan. "ASN Aircraft accident Martin PBM-5 Mariner CS-THB North Atlantic Ocean." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104033028/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19581109-0 |date=2012-11-04 }} Aviation Safety Network, 2005. Retrieved: 28 June 2011. 33. ^1958 / NOV / 09 - Accident with the Seaplane - CS-THB - disappeared between Lisbon and Funchal GIAA Final Report (in Portuguese) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125421/http://www.gpiaa.gov.pt/?cr=9516 |date=2015-04-02 }} 34. ^Bridgeman 1946, p. 245. Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
Further reading
External links{{Commons category}}
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