Marwell Zoo is a {{Convert|140|acre|ha|sing=on}} zoo situated at Owslebury near Winchester, in the English county of Hampshire. It is owned and run by the registered charity Marwell Wildlife. The zoo is home to over 1,200 animals of 135 species. The charity undertakes a range of educational and conservation activities, with a particular focus on Africa in addition to work from its base.

History

The zoo was founded by John Knowles, opening in 1972. It was one of the earliest zoos in Europe to place an emphasis on animal conservation.^[6] Within a few years of its establishment, it became an important breeding centre for several species, some (e.g. the Mongolian wild horse) already extinct in the wild, others (e.g. the snow leopard and Siberian tiger) close to extinction.^[7]

The park is situated in the estate of Marwell Hall, a Grade I listed building originally built in 1320 by Walter Woodlock^[8] and largely rebuilt in 1816 by William Long.^[9] In the 1500s, the Hall belonged to the Seymour family, and there is a local tradition that Henry VIII married Jane Seymour there.^[10] Between September 1941 and March 1944, Cunliffe-Owen Aircraft used the area (part of the managing director's personal estate) as an airfield to support the manufacture of military aircraft at its nearby factory in Eastleigh. After the end of World War II, the area was returned to agricultural use until the establishment of the zoo.^[11][12]

In 1977, a giraffe called Victor tore a muscle in his leg, collapsed on his stomach, and was unable to get up. The press suggested that he had slipped while trying to mate and compared his situation to the splits.^[13] All attempts to get him on his feet failed, and his plight became a major international news story. Portsmouth Dockyard made a hoist to attempt to raise him onto his feet. He died of a heart attack very shortly afterward in the arms of his keeper Ruth.^[14] The publicity turned Marwell into a major tourist attraction, and interest was revived the following summer, when Victor's mate, Dribbles, gave birth to a female calf named Victoria.

In 1999, the zoo lost all of its penguins (22 African and 5 macaroni) to avian malaria.^[15] There were other cases in the UK but Marwell was the only zoo to lose its entire colony, which had arrived only two and a half years before to stock the new Penguin World exhibit. After consulting with experts, the exhibit was restocked with Humboldt penguins, which whilst endangered in the wild, are present in greater numbers in captivity.

In 2003, after constructing a new enclosure for critically endangered Amur leopards, a female leopard (Jade) escaped and fell from a tree to her death after being shot with a tranquiliser dart^[16] only days before the official opening of the exhibit. Following a replacement after the death of Jade, in 2005 the first cub born to the new Amur leopard pair, Amirah, escaped into the male's enclosure and was killed by her father.^[16] On 18 November 2007, a female Amur leopard cub (named Kiska following a public vote) was born as a result of a European Conservation Breeding Programme.

Both the park and charity changed their name to "Marwell Wildlife" in April 2009,^[18] to promote awareness of conservation work beyond the park. The charity had previously been called the Marwell Preservation Trust, and the park had been Marwell Zoological Park.

Animal exhibits

The park includes a number of themed areas, including:

• Roof of the World is themed along the Himalayan mountain range and exhibits snow leopards and owls in natural surroundings
• World of Lemurs a glass corridor around the lemur enclosures exhibiting: black and white ruffed lemur; Alaotran gentle lemur and ring tailed lemur.
• Penguin Cove was refurbished in 2012 and is home to thirty Humboldt penguins^[19]

• Aridlands & Desert Carnivores are home to addax, dorcas gazelles and curly tailed lizards.
• Fur, Feathers & Scales was renamed in 2015 and currently includes a walk-through aviary for African birds, Cold Blooded Corner, a reptile house housing rare species' such as Gila monster and Madagascan tree boa, a partula snail unit, Egyptian tortoises and sun conure aviaries.
• Australian Bush Walk is attached to Encounter Village and consists of two walk-through areas. The first part is home to Bennett's wallabies, and the second is an aviary is home to Wrinkled hornbills.
• Life in the Trees is modelled on an Indonesian rainforest and featuring a traditional long boat house as the centrepiece. This exhibit is home to siamangs, anoa and Asian small-clawed otters.

• The Valley Field features Przewalski horses, Bactrian camels and waterbuck roaming enclosed in {{Convert|25|acre|km2}} of land centred on a waterhole
• Wild Explorers Opened in July 2015, at a cost of £3.6m, this exhibits focuses on the natural history and conservation of southern white rhino, Grevy's zebra and scimitar-horned oryx.^[1]
• Formal Garden was opened in July 2010, and includes a knot garden, parterre garden and a kitchen garden as well as a self-guided 'tree trail'
• Energy For Life was opened in February 2018, and includes a tropical house walkway a science gallery and a submerged forest exhibit.

Animals

The zoo's exhibits^[21] include (in addition to those mentioned above in the Animal Exhibits section):

• 449 mammals of 81 species; including tamarins, meerkats, leopards, Amur tigers, fossa, giant anteater, ocelot and Sudan cheetahs.
• 309 birds of 42 species; including rheas, ibis and flamingoes
• 61 reptiles of 24 species; tortoises.
• 31 amphibians of seven species; including poison dart frogs
• 18 fish of seven species; including catfish.
• 839 invertebrates of 27 species; including leaf cutter ants.

In particular, Marwell houses a large collection of ungulates, including:

• Scimitar-horned oryx
• Arabian oryx
• Addax
• Roan antelope
• Sable antelope
• Lesser kudu
• Ellipsen waterbuck
• Nyala
• Dorcas gazelle
• Sitatunga
• Eastern bongo
• African forest buffalo
• Lowland anoa
• Grevy's zebra
• Hartmann's mountain zebra
• Chapman's zebra
• Przewalski's horse
• Somali wild ass
• Southern white rhino
• Lowland tapir
• Rothschild giraffe
• Okapi
• Collared peccary
• Warthog
• Pygmy hippopotamus
• Bactrian camel

Conservation

The main, current Marwell Wildlife conservation programmes include Managing Biodiversity in Hampshire, assisting Grevy's zebra and its ecosystem in Kenya; supporting threatened species in Zimbabwe and managing the population of small, vulnerable populations; and reintroducing the scimitar-horned oryx to the Sahara.^[22]

The zoo has been involved in reintroducing wild horse, golden lion tamarin, roan antelope and scimitar oryx to the wild. The oryx was extinct in the wild, but more than 200 calves have been born and reared at the zoo since 1972 and many of these have been released back to the Sahara with animals from Whipsnade Zoo and Edinburgh Zoo.

The charity carries out a range of research and education activities and provides the office for the IUCN antelope specialist group.

Marwell Zoo has had notable success breeding various endangered animals including: black and white ruffed lemur (critically endangered), scimitar-horned oryx, Amur leopard^[2] (critically endangered) and snow leopard.^[3] In July 2015 a critically endangered Sulawesi-crested macaque baby was born.^[4]

Facilities

The family attraction additionally includes five children’s playgrounds, various food kiosks, a picnic lodge, and Bushtucker Bites, as well as picnic areas on Marwell Hall lawn.^[5] There is a hotel adjacent to the park.^[6]

The Marwell Wildlife Railway (MWR), is a {{Track gauge|15in|lk=on}} gauge railway operating around part of the zoo site. It is commonly known as Marwell Zoo Railway, although its locomotive is lettered MWR to reflect the formal name. The line runs for a little less than a kilometre, and is served by two stations, Treetops Junction and Park End Halt. The line opened in 1987^[7] and still operates using the original rolling stock. It operates daily during school holidays, and at weekends for the rest of the spring, summer, and autumn. It is usually closed during the winter months.^[8]

Rolling stock on the railway was supplied by Severn Lamb. The only locomotive is a 2-6-0 steam-outline diesel hydraulic engine named Princess Anne.^[9] There are four passenger coaches, each capable of seating 16 adult passengers. The coaches are roofed, but open-sided. There is a 4-wheel open wagon for maintenance trains.

References