“Marylebone Cricket Club”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Marylebone Cricket Club (the MCC) is a cricket club founded in 1787 and based since 1814 at Lord's cricket ground, which it owns, in St John's Wood, London, England. The club was formerly the governing body of cricket in England and Wales and, as the sport's legislator, held considerable global influence.

In 1788, the MCC took responsibility for the Laws of Cricket, issuing a revised version that year. Although changes to the Laws are now determined by the International Cricket Council (ICC), the copyright is still owned by MCC.^[1]

For much of the 20th century, commencing with the 1903–04 tour of Australia and ending with the 1976–77 tour of India, MCC organised international tours in which the England cricket team played Test matches. On these tours, the England team was called MCC in non-international matches. In 1993, its administrative and governance functions were transferred to the ICC and the Test and County Cricket Board (TCCB).

The club's own teams are essentially ad hoc because they have never taken part in any formal competition. MCC teams have always held first-class status depending on the quality of the opposition. To mark the beginning of each English season, MCC plays the reigning County Champions.

History and role

Origin

The origin of MCC was as a gentlemen's club that had flourished through most of the 18th century, including, at least in part, an existence as the original London Cricket Club, which had played at the Artillery Ground through the middle years of the century. Many of its members became involved with the Hambledon Club through the 1770s and then, in the early 1780s, had returned to the London area where the White Conduit Club had begun in Islington. It is not known for certain when the White Conduit was founded but it seems to have been after 1780 and certainly by 1785. According to Pelham Warner, it was formed in 1782 as an offshoot from a West End convivial club called the Je-ne-sais-quoi, some of whose members frequented the White Conduit House in Islington and played matches on the neighbouring White Conduit Fields, which had been a prominent venue for cricket in the 1720s.^[2] Arthur Haygarth said in Scores and Biographies that "the Marylebone Club was founded in 1787 from the White Conduit's members" but the date of the formation of the White Conduit "could not be found".^[3]

This gentlemen's club, which was multi-purpose, had a social meeting place at the Star and Garter on Pall Mall. It was the same club that was responsible for drafting the Laws of Cricket at various times, most notably in 1744 and 1774, and this lawgiving responsibility was soon to be vested in the MCC as the final repose of these cricketing gentlemen. When the White Conduit began, its leading lights were George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea (1752–1826) and the Hon. Colonel Charles Lennox (1764–1819), who later became the 4th Duke of Richmond. White Conduit was nominally an exclusive club that only "gentlemen" might play for, but the club did employ professionals and one of these was the bowler Thomas Lord, a man who was recognised for his business acumen (he became a successful wine and provisions merchant) as well as his bowling ability.^[4]^[5]

The new club might have continued except that White Conduit Fields was an open area allowing members of the public, including the rowdier elements, to watch the matches and to voice their opinions on the play and the players. The White Conduit gentlemen were not amused by such interruptions and decided to look for a more private venue of their own.^[5] Winchilsea and Lennox asked Lord to find a new ground and offered him a guarantee against any losses he may suffer in the venture.^[6]^[5] Lord took a lease from the Portman Estate on some land at Dorset Fields where Dorset Square is now sited; and the ground was prepared and opened in 1787. It was initially called the New Cricket Ground, perhaps because it was off what was then called "the New Road" in Marylebone, when the first known match was played there on 21 May but, by the end of July, it was known as Lord's.^[9] As it was in Marylebone, the White Conduit members who relocated to it soon decided to call themselves the "Mary-le-bone Club".^[10] The exact date of MCC's foundation is lost but seems to have been sometime in the late spring or the summer of 1787.^[7] On 10 & 11 July 1837, a South v North match was staged at Lord's to commemorate the MCC's Golden Jubilee. Warner described it as "a Grand Match to celebrate the Jubilee of the Club" and reproduced the full scorecard.^[7]^[8]

On Wednesday, 25 April 1787, the London Morning Herald newspaper carried a notice: "The Members of the Cricket Club are desired to meet at the Star and Garter, Pall Mall, on Mon., April 30. Dinner on table exactly at half past five o'clock. N.B. The favour of an answer is desired".^[9] The agenda is unknown but, only three weeks later on Saturday, 19 May, the Morning Herald advertised: "A grand match will be played on Monday, 21 May in the New Cricket Ground, the New Road, Mary-le-bone, between eleven Noblemen of the White Conduit Club and eleven Gentlemen of the County of Middlesex with two men given, for 500 guineas a side. The wickets to be pitched at ten o'clock, and the match to be played out". No post-match report has been found but, as G. B. Buckley said, it was "apparently the first match to be played on Lord's new ground".^[9]

A total of eight matches are known to have been played at Lord's in 1787, one of them a single wicket event. The only one which featured the Mary-le-bone Club took place on Monday, 30 July. It was advertised in The World on Friday, 27 July 1787: "On Monday, 30 July will be played (at Lord's) a match between 11 gentlemen of the Mary-le-bone Club and 11 gentlemen of the Islington Club".^[10] Buckley stated that "this is the earliest notice of the Marylebone Club".^[10] As with the inaugural match at Lord's, no post-match report of the inaugural MCC match has been found.

Grounds

There have been three Lord's grounds: the original on the Portman Estate and two on the Eyre Estate. All three sites lie to the west of Regent's Park. Thomas Lord leased the original ground, now referred to as Lord's Old Ground, from the Portman Estate in 1787 and MCC played there until 1810 when Lord, after objecting to a rent increase, decided on termination of the lease to lift his turf and move out.^[7] Over 200 matches are known to have been played there, mostly involving MCC and/or Middlesex. The Old Ground was on the site now occupied by Dorset Square which is east of Marylebone Station and west of Baker Street. To commemorate the association, a plaque was unveiled in Dorset Square on 9 May 2006 by Andrew Strauss.

Lord had been aware some years before 1810 that the Portman Estate intended to let the site on building leases which would command the much higher rent of over £600 per annum.^[7] On 15 October 1808, he rented two fields in the North Bank area of the St John's Wood Estate, which belonged to Richard Eyre, a local landowner after whom Eyre's Tunnel on the Regent's Canal was named. Rental on the Eyre site was only £54 per annum for a term of eighty years and free of both land tax and tithe.^[11]

The new ground was ready for use in 1809 and so Lord had two grounds at his disposal for the 1809 and 1810 seasons. The North Bank ground was sub-let to St John's Wood Cricket Club, which eventually merged with MCC.^[12] Lord officially took over his second ground on 8 May 1811 by literally re-laying there his turf from the Old Ground. He did this so that "the noblemen and gentlemen of the MCC should be able to play on the same footing as before".^[12] According to Warner, however, the relocation was unpopular with many MCC members and, as a result, the club played no matches there in either 1811 or 1812.^[12] This may have been so but cricket generally was in decline at the time because of the Napoleonic Wars. The Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians (the ACS) holds that "(from) 1810 to 1814 the game was all but dead", largely because of the war and "the very real threat of civil unrest in England".^[13] The second venue is now generally known as Lord's Middle Ground. In the three years that Lord controlled it, only six matches are known to have taken place there and just three of these (all in 1813) involved MCC. The Middle Ground's exact location is uncertain but it is understood to have been in North Bank at the north end of Lisson Grove and that the Regent's Canal has been cut through it. This means that it was partially on the canal route and somewhere in the area now bounded by Lisson Grove (the B507) to south-west, Lodge Road to north-west, Park Road (the A41) to north-east and the Regent's Canal to south-east. It was less than 300 metres from the site of the modern Lord's ground.^[12]

Lord was forced to abandon the Middle Ground because of the canal construction. The decision on the route was made by Parliament in 1813. Lord approached the Eyre family who were willing to lease him another plot nearby in St John's Wood, but at an increased rent of £100 per annum. Lord accepted and again removed and relaid his turf in time for the start of the 1814 season. This third ground was the present Lord's, now home to MCC for over 200 years.^[12]

Laws of Cricket

MCC is the custodian of, and remains the copyright holder of, the Laws of Cricket. Its Laws sub-committee is responsible for debating and drafting changes to the Laws, with the Main Committee then voting on any changes proposed.^[14]

Membership

MCC has 18,000 full members and 5,000 associate members. Members have voting rights and can use the Pavilion and other stands at Lord's to attend all matches played at the ground.^[15]

In order to join the waiting list of candidates for membership one must obtain the vote (of which each full member has one a year) of three members, and the additional sponsorship of a person on the List of MCC Sponsors (which consists of members of all MCC Sub-Committees; MCC Committee; MCC Out-Match Representatives; and the Current, Past, and Designate President). As the demand for membership always outstrips supply each year, there continues to be a substantial waiting list for Full Ordinary Membership, currently around 27 years.^[15] There are, however, ways to lessen the time it takes to become a full member: one may qualify as a Playing Member, or Out-Match Member (although this carries none of the privileges of membership, apart from being able to play for the club).^[15] In addition, membership rules allow a certain number of people each year to be elected ahead of their turn; beneficiaries have included Sir Mick Jagger and, notably, in 2018 prime minister Theresa May. MCC also grants limited honorary membership to people who have had distinguished cricket careers. The club was a male-only bastion until the 1990s but it now recognises achievement in women's cricket with, for example, Charlotte Edwards an inductee in the 2010s.^[15]

Controversies

The club's members persistently refused to allow female membership well into the 1990s, with club ballots on the change unable to attract the two-thirds majority amongst the membership required for implementation.^[16] The move to change was spearheaded by Rachael Heyhoe Flint who applied as "R Flint" to slip into the male-only application system. A 70% majority of members eventually voted to allow female membership in September 1998, so ending 212 years of male exclusivity, and 10 honorary life members were immediately admitted, including Heyhoe Flint. Up until this time, the Queen, who is the club's patron, was the only woman (other than domestic staff) permitted to enter the Pavilion during play.^[17] In February 1999, five women were invited to join as playing members.^[18]

Further controversy occurred in 2005 when the club was criticised (including by a few of its own members)^[19] for siding with the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) over the latter's decision to award television rights for Test cricket to British Sky Broadcasting, thus removing Test cricket from terrestrial television. The Secretary and Chief Executive of MCC at the time, Roger Knight, represented the club on the board of the ECB and was party to this controversial and much criticised decision,{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} prior to which Test cricket had been shown free to viewers on British television for more than half a century.

Another controversy was MCC's decision to allow members and other spectators to continue to bring limited amounts of alcoholic drinks into the ground at all matches. This decision challenged the ICC, which was attempting to implement a ban on this practice at all international matches around the world. MCC has opted to write to the ICC on an annual basis to seek permission for members and spectators to import alcohol into Lord's. No other Ground Authority has thought it necessary to seek permission from the ICC for their members and spectators to import alcohol into their cricket ground, there being money to be made out of selling alcohol themselves.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

Given its heritage, MCC continues to participate in the administration of English cricket, and in 2010 offered Lord's as a neutral venue for Pakistan to stage a "home" Test match, as scheduled by the ICC, versus Australia; the club's initial offering was made with the intention that Pakistan, whose terrorist-stricken country had rendered it a no-go area for international cricket, could remain within the international cricketing fold.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

The Secretary & Chief Executive of the club has a place on the administrative board of the England and Wales Cricket Board and it is reported that Keith Bradshaw (the outgoing Secretary & Chief Executive) may have been influential in the removal from office of England Coach Duncan Fletcher in April 2007.^[20]

In 2012, MCC made headlines over a controversial redevelopment plan, Vision for Lord's, that would have increased capacity but included construction of residential flats on some of the MCC site. Internal strife over the process of making a decision on the proposal led to the resignation of former prime minister John Major from the main committee.^[21]

Today

Coaching

MCC has long had a deep involvement in coaching the game of cricket. The club's head coach leads an extensive operation involving the running of an indoor-cricket school and a team of coaches in England and around the world. The club has traditionally produced a coaching manual, the MCC Cricket Coaching Book, a bible for cricket skills, and runs training programmes for young cricketers, including many at its Lord's Indoor Centre.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} MCC continues to tour around England, playing matches against various state and private schools. This tradition has been followed since the 19th century. The club has other sporting interests with both a real tennis and a squash court on site at Lord's, and golf, chess, bridge and backgammon societies.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

Club colours

From the beginning of the 20th century, MCC organised the England cricket team and, outside Test matches, the touring England team officially played as "MCC" up to and including the 1976/77 tour of India. The England touring team wore the distinctive red and yellow stripes of the Marylebone Cricket Club as their colours for the last time on the tour to New Zealand in 1996/97.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

The true provenance of MCC's colours is (and probably will remain) unknown, but its players often turned out sporting sky blue until well into the 19th century. The club eventually settled on the now well-recognised colours of scarlet and gold.^[22]^[23] One theory is that MCC adopted these colours from J&W Nicholson & Co's gin after the company's chairman, MCC benefactor William Nicholson (1825–1909), secured the club's position at Lord's with a loan.^[24] Another theory, which chimes with the club's origins, is that MCC borrowed its colours from the livery colours (racing) of a founding patron, Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond, of Goodwood fame.^[25]

Image

Often viewed as overly staid and pontifical (i.e. "Establishment"), the club has of late improved its image in the eyes of the public and media, partly because it remains a citadel for tradition in a fast-changing landscape and partly because it has made a concerted move towards image-improvement. "It would be overstating things to claim that the MCC has come full circle," admitted Andrew Miller at the beginning of October 2008, "but at a time of massive upheaval in the world game, the... colours of NW8 have ceased to represent everything that is wrong with cricket, and instead have become a touchstone for those whose greatest fear is the erosion of the game's traditional values."^[26]

Status

Until 2013 the MCC was a private members club (and this meant that it had the status of an unincorporated association). This status had several limitations. Since an unincorporated association is not a legal entity, it could not own property (such as Lord's Cricket Ground itself) in its own name. It could not sue anybody, or indeed be sued (any legal action had to be taken against the Secretary & Chief Executive personally). In the event that a claim was successful, the committee and even the members themselves would have had to fund any financial shortfall. The club therefore called a Special General Meeting in June 2012 to consider petitioning the Queen in Council to incorporate the club by Royal Charter.^[27] The charter would remove many of the barriers and simplify the administration of the club.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

Resulting from the petition, in December 2012 the club was granted a Royal charter, two previous attempts having been unsuccessful. As a result, the club became an incorporated association and is now able to hold assets, including the Lord's ground, in its own name instead of via a custodian trustee. It also meant that the individual members, as the club's owners, no longer have a potential liability should the club ever get into serious financial trouble.^[28]

MCC Universities

Since 2005 the MCC has funded six university cricket academies known as the MCC Universities (MCCUs), which were previously funded (from 2000) by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB). (Prior to 2010 they were known as the University Centres of Cricketing Excellence, or UCCEs.) These are based at Cambridge, Cardiff, Durham, Leeds/Bradford, Loughborough and Oxford, and incorporate a total of thirteen universities.^[29] Since 2012 all six MCCUs have held first-class status. Each MCCU plays a trio of matches against professional county sides at the beginning of each season, with first-class status conferred on the first two of these matches.^[30] In 2018, the MCC and ECB announced that the ECB would be resuming responsibility for funding the university centres from 2020 and would run a tender process for new cities to join the scheme. The change is also likely to result in more T20 cricket in the programme.^[31]^[32]

Officers of the club

Presidents serve a twelve-month term and cannot normally serve two terms in succession. Notable exceptions occurred during World War I and World War II. In 1914, Lord Hawke was appointed President and was asked to remain in the post till the end of the war.^[33] As a result, Hawke was MCC President for five years from 1914 to 1918 inclusive and was succeeded in 1919 by the former Hampshire slow left-arm bowler Henry Forster, who shortly afterwards succeeded to the title of Lord Forster of Lepe.^[34] Throughout the war, Lord's was used for military purposes, including training and recreation. Problems frequently arose but, in Wisden's view, Hawke was "the greatest help in giving wise counsel towards their solution".^[35] Hawke's tenure was exceeded by that of Stanley Christopherson who was appointed in 1939 and remained in situ for seven years until 1945 before he was succeeded by General Ronald Adam.^[36] In his Barclays World of Cricket essay about the MCC Presidency, E. W. Swanton said that "there is no pretence of democracy about it" and commented on how few were untitled up to the Second World War. As he said, membership of the aristocracy was a more important factor than any cricketing prowess.^[37] In the 21st century there have been MCC Presidents who as players were wholly professional: Tom Graveney, Derek Underwood, Mike Gatting and Matthew Fleming.

Each President is required to nominate his successor at the Annual General Meeting (AGM) which takes place during his term of office.^[38] The club chairman and the treasurer serve a three-year term. Both are appointed by the committee (but subject to approval of the voting members). Both can serve terms in succession. The secretary and chief executive (a joint role) is the senior employee of the club and is appointed solely by the MCC committee.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

The committee consists of the above officers plus the chairmen of any other committees that may exist at the time of any meeting plus twelve elected members. Elected committee members are appointed for a three-year term. An elected committee member cannot be re-elected upon retirement unless there is a gap of at least one year between terms of office.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/ |title=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |date=2016 |accessdate=22 June 2017}}
2. ^Warner, p. 17.
3. ^Haygarth, p. 68.
4. ^Haygarth, p. 70.
5. ^¹²Birley, p. 47
6. ^Altham, p. 51.
7. ^¹²³Warner, p. 18.
8. ^Warner, pp. 28–29.
9. ^¹²Buckley, FL18C, p.110.
10. ^¹²Buckley, FL18C, p.115.
11. ^Warner, p. 18–19.
12. ^¹²³⁴Warner, p. 19.
13. ^ACS, Important Matches, p. 4.
14. ^{{cite web|title=MCC AND THE LAWS OF CRICKET|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/introduction/|website=lords.org|accessdate=17 November 2017}}
15. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=http://www.lords.org/mcc/the-club/mcc-membership-how-to-join/|title=MCC Membership - How to Join - Lord's|publisher=Lords.org|accessdate=22 June 2017}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/cricket/181459.stm|title=MCC set to accept women|publisher=BBC|date=27 September 1998}}
17. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/297853.stm|title=MCC delivers first 10 maidens|publisher=BBC|date=16 March 1999}}
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/cricket/277627.stm|title=Five maidens join Lord's|publisher=BBC|date=11 February 1999}}
19. ^{{cite news |url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/0,1563,1673091,00.html |title=ECB in Knott over TV deal |publisher=The Guardian |date=23 December 2005 |location=London |first=Paul |last=Kelso |accessdate=12 May 2010}}
20. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/6608545.stm|title=England to limit coach's powers|publisher=BBC|date=30 April 2007}}
21. ^{{cite news|last=Hoult|first=Nick|title=New MCC chief executive Derek Brewer starting afresh on the controversial Vision for Lord's|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/9265199/New-MCC-chief-executive-Derek-Brewer-starting-afresh-on-the-controversial-Vision-for-Lords.html|accessdate=2 March 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=15 May 2012}}
22. ^Rule 1 of the MCC club rules (dated 1 July 2013) states, "The club shall be called the Marylebone Cricket Club and its colours shall be Scarlet and Gold".
23. ^Para 7 of the Royal charter states, "The colours of the club shall be scarlet and gold"
24. ^{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Glenys |title=The colours of MCC |work=About MCC |publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club |url=http://www.lords.org/mcc/about-mcc/the-colours-of-mcc,1045,AR.html |accessdate=19 July 2009 |quote=William Nicholson continued to loan the club substantial amounts for numerous projects over the next 30 years and was President of MCC in 1879. William Nicholson was the owner of the Nicholson's Gin Company, the colours of which were red and yellow. Although no written proof has yet been found there is a strong family tradition that the adoption of the red and gold was MCC's personal thank you to William Nicholson for his services to the club - sport's first corporate sponsorship deal perhaps! |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602022559/http://www.lords.org/mcc/about-mcc/the-colours-of-mcc,1045,AR.html |archivedate=2 June 2009 |df=dmy-all }}
25. ^{{cite web|title=From Lads to Lord's, The History of Cricket: 1781 – 1786: 1787 – Lord's and the MCC|last=Leach|first=John|year=2007|accessdate=20 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629140319/http://www.jl.sl.btinternet.co.uk/stampsite/cricket/ladstolords/1787.html|archivedate=29 June 2011|url=http://www.jl.sl.btinternet.co.uk/stampsite/cricket/ladstolords/1787.html}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/371969.html|title=We're riding the crest of a cricket revolution|last=Miller|first=Andrew|date=1 October 2008|work=Cricinfo|accessdate=19 February 2010}}
27. ^Notice of Special General Meeting to be held on 25 June 2012
28. ^{{cite news |title=Sport in Brief: Cricket |work=The Daily Telegraph |page=S21 |date=15 December 2012}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lords.org/mcc/youth-cricket/mcc-universities/ |title= MCC Universities - investing in a cricketing education |work=www.lords.org |publisher= |date= |accessdate=21 March 2014|archive-date=26 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326223853/http://www.lords.org/mcc/youth-cricket/mcc-universities/}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/domestic/mccus,316455,EN.html |title=All MCCUs granted first-class status |publisher=ECB |accessdate=16 September 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191640/http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/domestic/mccus,316455,EN.html |archivedate=5 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}
31. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/banner/university_cricket_is_safe_but_t20_more_likely,_says_graveney.html|title=University cricket is safe but T20 more likely, says Graveney|work=The Cricketer|author=James Coyne|date= 5 July 2018}}
32. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23528781/ecb-resume-funding-university-cricket|title=ECB to resume funding of University cricket|work=CricInfo|date=17 May 2018}}
33. ^Pope & Dyson, pp. 50–51.
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://ww1talk.co.uk/showthread.php?1543-Southend-John-and-Alfred-Forster-WW1-War-Memorial |publisher=World War I Talk |title=Southend - John and Alfred Forster WW1 War Memorial |accessdate=24 July 2010}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/151836.html |work=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack |year=1939 |title=The late Lord Hawke |accessdate=21 August 2010}}
36. ^Barclay, p. 49.
37. ^Barclay, pp. 48–49.
38. ^Rules of the Marylebone Cricket Club (1 July 2013)