| 词条 | Samarra culture |
| 释义 |
|name = Samarra culture |map = Mesopotamia Período 6.PNG |mapalt = |altnames = |horizon = |region = Mesopotamia |period = Neolithic |dates = c. 5500 – c. 4800 BCE |typesite = Samarra |majorsites = Tell Shemshara, Tell es-Sawwan |extra = |precededby = Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, Halaf culture, Hassuna culture, Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period |followedby = Ubaid period }}{{ Location map+|Iraq|width=300|float=right|caption=Map of Iraq showing important sites that were occupied by the Samarra culture (clickable map) |places= {{Location map~|Iraq|lat=34.198333|long=43.874167|position=left|label_size=75|label=Samarra}}{{Location map~|Iraq|lat=36.200709|long=44.938253|position=left|label_size=75|label=Tell Shemshara}}{{Location map~|Iraq|lat=34.116667|long=43.9|position=right|label_size=75|label=Tell es-Sawwan}}}} The Samarra culture is a Chalcolithic archaeological culture in northern Mesopotamia that is roughly dated to 5500–4800 BCE. It partially overlaps with Hassuna and early Ubaid. Samarran material culture was first recognized during excavations by German Archaeologist Ernst Herzfeld at the site of Samarra. Other sites where Samarran material has been found include Tell Shemshara, Tell es-Sawwan and Yarim Tepe.[1] At Tell es-Sawwan, evidence of irrigation—including flax—establishes the presence of a prosperous settled culture with a highly organized social structure. The culture is primarily known for its finely made pottery decorated with stylized animals, including birds, and geometric designs on dark backgrounds. This widely exported type of pottery, one of the first widespread, relatively uniform pottery styles in the Ancient Near East, was first recognized at Samarra. The Samarran Culture was the precursor to the Mesopotamian culture of the Ubaid period. At Tell Sabi Abyad and other Late Neolithic sites in Syria, scholars adopt increasingly vague terms such as Samarra "influenced", Samarra-"related" or even Samarra "impulses", largely because we do not understand the relationships with the traditional Samarra heartlands. The term may be extended to include sites in Syria such as Tell Chagar Bazar, Tell Boueid II, Tell Sabi Abyad or Tell Halula, where similar pottery is currently being Fig. 1 : Principal sites mentioned in the text. excavated in Pre-Halaf to Early Halaf Transitional contexts Samarra wareThe ceramic of this culture is named Samarra ware. See also
References1. ^{{cite journal|last=Blackham|first=Mark|title=Further Investigations as to the Relationship of Samarran and Ubaid Ceramic Assemblages|journal=Iraq|year=1996|volume=58|pages=1–15|jstor=4200416}} [2]{{Ancient Mesopotamia}}2. ^{{Cite journal|last=NIEUWENHUYSE|first=Olivier|last2=JACOBS|first2=Loe|last3=VAN AS|first3=Bram|last4=BROEKMANS|first4=Tom|last5=ADRIAENS|first5=A. Mieke|date=2001|title=Making Samarra Fine Ware - Technological Observations on Ceramics from Tell Baghouz (Syria)|jstor=41496601|journal=Paléorient|volume=27|issue=1|pages=147–165}} 3 : Archaeological cultures of the Near East|Ancient Mesopotamia|Samarra culture |
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